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PubMed1994

Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs: isoleucine.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the utilization of ileal digestible isoleucine by growing pigs. In the first, the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in cottonseed meal, lupin-seed meal and soya-bean meal was determined in pigs fitted with 'T'-shaped cannulas. In the second, three isoleucine-deficient diets were formulated to 0.23 g ileal digestible isoleucine/MJ digestible energy (DE) with the three protein concentrates contributing the only source of isoleucine in sucrose-based diets. An additional three diets were formulated with supplements of isoleucine to confirm that isoleucine was limiting in the first three diets. The growth performance and retention of isoleucine by pigs given the six diets over the 20-45 kg growth phase were then determined. The apparent ileal digestibility of isoleucine in the three protein concentrates (proportion of total) was: cottonseed meal 0.68, lupin-seed meal 0.86, soya-bean meal 0.86. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in growth rates (g/d) and crude protein deposition rates (g/d) of the pigs given the three diets formulated to 0.23 g ileal digestible isoleucine/MJ DE: cottonseed meal 590, 84; lupin-seed meal 613, 87; soya-bean meal 594, 91 (SEM 13.0, 2.9) respectively. The response of pigs to the addition of isoleucine confirmed that isoleucine was limiting in these diets. The proportion of ileal digestible isoleucine retained by pigs given the cottonseed meal (0.65) was slightly lower than that retained by pigs given soya-bean meal (0.73; P < 0.05). These results indicate that values for the ileal digestibility of isoleucine in protein concentrates more closely reflect the proportion of isoleucine that can be utilized by the pig than occurs for other amino acids such as lysine, threonine and methionine.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2004

Effect of phytase supplementation on phosphorus digestibility in low-phytate barley fed to finishing pigs.

Forty crossbred barrows (Camborough 15 Line female x Canabred sire) weighing an average of 79.6 +/- 8.0 kg were used in a factorial design experiment (5 barleys x 2 enzyme levels) conducted to determine the effects of phytase supplementation on nutrient digestibility in low-phytate barleys fed to finishing pigs. The pigs were assigned to one of 10 dietary treatments comprised of a normal 2-rowed, hulled variety of barley (CDC Fleet, 0.26% phytate) or 2 low-phytate hulled genotypes designated as LP422 (0.14% phytate) and LP635 (0.09% phytate). A normal, hulless barley (CDC Dawn, 0.26% phytate) and a hulless genotype designated as LP422H (0.14% phytate) were also included. All barleys were fed with and without phytase (Natuphos 5000 FTU/kg). The diets fed contained 98% barley, 0.5% vitamin premix, 0.5% trace mineral premix, 0.5% NaCl and 0.5% chromic oxide but no supplemental phosphorus. The marked feed was provided for a 7-day acclimatization period, followed by a 3-day faecal collection. In the absence of phytase, phosphorus digestibility increased substantially (P < 0.05) as the level of phytate in the barley declined. For the hulled varieties, phosphorus digestibility increased from 12.9% for the normal barley (0.26% phytate) to 35.3 and 39.8% for the two low-phytate genotypes (0.14 and 0.09% phytate respectively). For the hulless varieties, phosphorus digestibility increased from 9.2% for the normal barley (0.26% phytate) to 34.7% for the hulless variety with 54% of the normal level of phytate (0.14% phytate). In contrast, when phytase was added to the diet, there was little difference in phosphorus digestibility between pigs fed normal barley and those fed the low-phytate genotypes (significant barley x enzyme interaction, P = 0.01). For the hulled varieties, phosphorus digestibility was 50.1% for the barley with the normal level of phytate (0.26% phytate) compared with 51.1 and 52.4% for the varieties with 54 and 35% of the normal level of phytate (0.14 and 0.09% phytate respectively). For the hulless varieties, phosphorus digestibility increased from 47.1% for the normal barley (0.26% phytate) to 54.4% for the hulless variety with 54% of the normal level of phytate (0.14% phytate). In conclusion, both supplementation with phytase and selection for low-phytate genotypes of barley were successful in increasing the digestibility of phosphorus for pigs. Unfortunately, the effects did not appear to be additive. Whether or not swine producers will choose low-phytate barley or supplementation with phytase as a means to improve phosphorus utilization, will likely depend on the yield potential of low-phytate barley and the additional costs associated with supplementation with phytase.

6-Phytase↗

PubMed1994

Effect of tannins on starch digestibility and TMEn of triticale and semipurified starches from triticale and field beans.

1. The effects of field bean tannin-containing hulls (T-hulls), non-tannin hulls (NT-hulls) and tannin extract on starch digestibilities and TMEn of triticale and semipurified starches from triticale and field beans were evaluated with adult cockerels and 3-week-old-chicks. 2. For both cockerels and chicks, the digestibility and TMEn of semipurified starches from triticale were higher than those from beans. Starch digestibilities of triticales (range 99.1 to 97.7%), of semipurified starches from triticales (range 96.5 to 89.9%) and from field beans (range 75.4 to 71.6%) were similar for both cockerels and chicks. 3. The addition of NT-hulls improved, in general, the digestibility of semipurified starches for both chicks and cockerels, which suggests that fibre improves the digestion of semipurified starches. 4. The effects of tannins of T-hulls on semipurified starch from beans and from triticale were different. Tannins always decreased the digestibility and TMEn of semipurified starch from field beans but only decreased the digestibility and TMEn of semipurified starch from triticale when fed to chicks, but not when fed to cockerels. 5. The addition of tannin extract always decreased the digestibility of semipurified starches by a greater amount than T-hulls, which supports the idea that the effect of tannins depends on the quantity of tannin ingested.

Aging↗

PubMed1997

Ileal amino acid digestibility assay for the growing meat chicken--effect of the imposition of a fasting period and the nature of the test diet.

1. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cold-pelleting, the length of the fasting period before feeding of the test diet and the nature of the test diet on apparent ileal nitrogen (N) digestibility in the broiler chicken. 2. Four-week-old broiler chickens were given a pelleted or non-pelleted maize/soyabean meal (basal) diet. The birds were starved for 24 h, given a single test meal (25 g) by intubation and killed 4 h after the start of feeding by administration of a barbiturate, to allow sampling of ileal digesta (terminal 15 cm). Cold-pelleting did not affect apparent ileal N digestibility. 3. Four-week-old broiler chickens were fasted for 12 or 24 h and then received a test meal (1 h free access) of either a pelleted soyabean meal or a pelleted meat-and-bone meal diet or were continuously fed on one of the two diets. The imposition of a fast did not affect apparent ileal N digestibility. However, a 24 h fasting procedure was preferred, as the between animal variation for apparent ileal N digestibility was lower than for the 12 h fast or for continuous feeding. 4. Four-week-old broiler chickens were given either semi-synthetic starch-based diets containing maize, wheat bran, meat-and-bone meal or fish meal as the sole sources of protein or each of these diets in combination with the basal diet (50:50 on a dry matter basis). With the exception of the maize diet, the apparent ileal N digestibility values calculated by correcting for the digestibility of the basal dietary component were significantly lower than when digestibility was determined directly using a diet in which the respective proteins were the sole protein source. This implies that interactions between the dietary ingredients influence estimates of apparent ileal N digestibility.

Aging↗

PubMed2002

Development of an in vitro system simulating bucco-gastric digestion to assess the physical and chemical changes of food.

The release of nutrients from solid food depends on the physical and chemical characteristics of substrates, and on dynamic physiological events including pH, gastric emptying and enzymatic secretion. Our laboratory has developed an in vitro digestive system mimicking mouth and stomach processes to determine physical and chemical changes of bread during digestion. To simulate oral-phase digestion, bread was minced and subjected to in vitro amylase digestion, releasing 219 +/- 11 g oligosaccharides/kg total carbohydrate. During the gastric phase, bread proteins, which are converted into insoluble aggregated proteins during breadmaking, were emptied in various states of peptic digestion: undigested aggregated proteins and degraded proteins of intermediate and low molecular weight. The mean particle size of ground bread decreased progressively to the end of the gastric digestion (from 292 to 109 microm). The in vitro digestive system proved to be a useful tool for understanding the dynamic digestion of various food components held within the structure of a food matrix.

Bread↗

PubMed2003

Digestion rate of legume carbohydrates and glycemic index of legume-based meals.

A study was performed to examine the rate of digestion of available carbohydrate in legumes and its mixtures with cereals, prepared as commonly eaten. The legumes and cereals studied were lentil (Lens sculenta), pea (Pisum sativum), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, var tortola), rice (Oryza sativa) and spaghetti. Foods were purchased at the city market. Total starch content and the carbohydrate digestion rates were determined using the enzymatic method proposed by Englyst et al. Total starch levels ranged from 7.78 g/100 g in cooked flour bean to 20.6 g/100 g in a bean-spaghetti dish, and dietary fiber contents ranged from 2.4 g/100 g in a cooked 70:30 lentil-rice mixture to 5.26 g/100 g in a cooked whole bean. The rapid digestion rate carbohydrates showed values from 4.8 in the bean soup to 8.9 in the bean-spaghetti combination. The same results show, expressed as rapid available glucose (RAG), the amount of rapid carbohydrate/100 g food or meal as eaten, and as the starch digestion index (SDI), the percentage of rapid carbohydrate digestion rate in relation to the total amount of carbohydrate. The RAG values ranged between 5.0 for cooked beans and 10 for cooked beans and spaghetti, and the SDI ranged between 40 for cooked pea flour and 62 for cooked bean flour. Legumes prepared as soup showed a higher rapid digestion rate than legumes prepared as whole grain. The bean-spaghetti based-meal and the lentil-based meal showed glycemic index mean and standard deviation values of 76.8 +/- 43.4 and 49.3 +/- 29.5, RAG values of 7.0 and 6.0, and SDI values of 57 and 54, respectively. The knowledge of the importance of the carbohydrate digestion rates in human health in increasing, and probably will soon be used in the development of the food pyramid. The foods with a moderate fraction of rapid digestion rate, such as legumes, should be included in the base of the pyramid.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Phenolic compounds in red wine digested in vitro in the presence of iron and other dietary factors.

Quantitative and qualitative changes in the phenolic composition of red wine may occur during digestion in the lumen, particularly when other dietary components are present. In this study, mixtures of red wine, iron, and ascorbic acid, meat or casein were subjected to a simulated gastrointestinal digestion. This process involves incubation of samples for 4.5 h at 37 degrees C, at different pH values, in the presence of peptic enzymes and fractionation of digests through a dialysis membrane with a molecular weight cut-off of 6000-8000. Selected phenolic compounds were determined in undigested samples and in their dialysable digests by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A dramatic decrease in the concentration of the selected phenolic compounds was observed in all samples after they were digested in vitro. Moreover, when iron and/or protein were added to red wine samples, changes in the phenolic profile of the undigested and of the in vitro digested samples were detected. These results suggest that interactions between red wine phenolic compounds and iron, protein and/or digestion components are important determinants of the physicochemical properties and the concentration of these phenolic compounds in the lumen. The in vitro methodology employed herein offers a tool for the study of phenolic compounds under conditions of simulated gastrointestinal digestion, incorporating lumenal events that may affect phenolic compounds.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMed2005

Effect of age of growing turkeys on digesta viscosity and nutrient digestibility of maize, wheat, barley and oats fed as such or with enzyme supplementation.

The effects of age of growing turkeys and beta-glucanase-xylanase activity-containing feed enzyme supplementation on digestibility and feeding value of pelleted maize, wheat, barley and oats were investigated in growing turkeys using excreta collection and ileal sampling by slaughter. Excreta were collected and turkeys were slaughtered at 4, 8 and 12 weeks of age. Viscosity of jejuno-duodenal digesta, caecal volatile fatty acid concentration, ileal crude protein digestibility, total tract fat digestibility and AMEN were assayed using titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. The highest viscosities were observed in barley and wheat. Viscosity of wheat, barley and oats digesta decreased while caecal volatile fatty acid concentration, fat digestibility and AMEN increased with age. Ileal crude protein digestibility was highest in wheat and lowest in barley. Ileal crude protein digestibility significantly declined with age in most feeding treatments. Enzyme reduced digesta viscosity most efficiently in wheat and barley and improved ileal crude protein digestibility, total tract fat digestibility and AMEN in wheat, barley and oats, but interactions occurred, the effect of enzyme on viscosity being the most remarkable for wheat and barley and for the young birds.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

Effect of extrusion on trypsin inhibitor activity and nutrient digestibility of diets based on fish meal, soybean meal and white flakes.

The effects of moist extrusion processing of diets containing fish meal (FM) and conventional defatted soybean meal (SBM) or untoasted defatted soybean meal (white flakes [WF]) on amino acid composition, trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients were studied. Three diets with the nutritional characteristics of feeds for salmonid fish were formulated: one control based on FM as protein source and two others where 40% of total amino acids from FM were substituted by either SBM or WF. Each diet was fed to mink either as an unextruded mixture of the ingredients or as extruded pellets in order to determine the effect of extrusion processing. Extrusion did not change the amino acid composition of the diets significantly, but reduced the TIA of both diets containing soy products by approximately 76%. Intake of the unextruded WF diet was only one-third compared with the other diets. The dry matter concentration in faeces from mink fed diets containing soy products was significantly lower than in mink fed the FM diet. Digestibility of crude protein, all amino acids and fat was lower, but starch higher, in the unextruded WF diet than in the FM and SBM diets, whereas no significant differences were found among the extruded diets. Extrusion of the WF diet increased digestibility of protein and all amino acids. The greatest increase in digestibility after extrusion of the WF diet was observed for cysteine followed by tryptophan. Extrusion of the FM and SBM diets had no significant effect on amino acid digestibility. Digestibility of starch was, in general, increased by extrusion. It is concluded that the heat treatment involved in typical moist extrusion processing used for fish feed may be sufficient to inactivate most of the TIA in unheated soybean meal, and to increase digestibility of the protein in WF to approximately the same level as found for SBM and FM. Still, extrusion is a lenient process with minor effects on nutrient digestibility of diets containing fish meal or toasted soybean meal as major protein sources.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2006

Influence of different fibre sources on digestibility and nitrogen and energy balances in growing pigs.

The present study was undertaken to investigate how three different fibre sources, sugar beet pulp, soya bean hulls and pectin residue, constituting 15% of diets for growing pigs, influenced daily body gain, feed conversion, apparent faecal digestibility and nitrogen and energy balances. Eight castrated crossbreed pigs (30-80 kg live weight) were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin-square design with one control diet and three fibre containing diets. Daily body weight gain and feed conversion were not affected by the dietary treatments. The apparent faecal digestibility of organic matter (OM) and energy were significantly lower for the fibre diets (OM: 0.81-0.85; energy: 0.78-0.83) compared to the control diet (OM: 0.88; energy: 0.86). The apparent faecal digestibility of crude protein (CP) was lower for the fibre diets (0.71-0.78) compared to the control diet (0.83), although it was only significantly lower for the sugar beet pulp and pectin residue diets. The pectin residue diet, which contained the highest amount of dietary fibre, lignin and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides, had the lowest digestibility of OM, CP and energy. There was a tendency (p = 0.07) for a diet effect on retained nitrogen in proportion to digested nitrogen, where the sugar beet pulp and pectin residue diets had numerically the highest values. Heat production and retained energy in proportion to metabolizable energy intake were not affected by fibre inclusion. It was concluded that the inclusion of sugar beet pulp, soya bean hulls and pectin residue in diets for growing pigs decreased the apparent faecal digestibility and in the diets with sugar beet pulp and pectin residue higher utilization of digested nitrogen for retention compensated for the lower amount of digested nitrogen.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1979

[Possibilities of prediction the digestibility of crude nutrients by fullgrown and growing sheep from the crude nutrient content of the rations. 2. Rations with a higher content of crude fibers (mixtures of straw and concentrated feed as sole feed].

Eight variants of recipes for mixtures of straw and concentrated feed with 10 to 60 per cent straw more or less finely ground (86 to 314 g crude fibre per kg dry matter) and fattening feed for lambs (50 g crude fibre per kg dry matter) were checked concerning the digestibility of crude nutrients for fullgrown wethers and 60 to 80-, 80 to 100-and 100 to 120-day-old lambs which had been ablactated at an age of 60 days. The digestibility for wethers was significantly higher than for lambs, between the age groups of which there were no significant differences concerning the digestibility. In accordance with the results with rations on the basis of concentrated feed as checked and described in the first piece of information, the content of crude fibres in the rations had a negative influence on the digestibility of organic matter, NFE and energy whereas there was a positive relation with the digestibility of crude fibres. The regression functions established for mixtures of straw and concentrated feed concerning the dependence of the digestibility on the content of crude fibres showed a relatively good coincidence in the range of a low content of crude fibres with the corresponding regression functions which were described in the first piece of information for rations of concentrated feed. The equations for the digestibility of crude fibres were an exception. In contrast to this, the quantitative relations between crude fibres and the digestibility as established in the first piece of information for rations with a low content of crude fibres cannot be transferred to rations with a higher content of crude fibres.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1988

[The energy requirement of heifers. 4. Comparison of the digestibility and rumen physiologic parameters in heifers and full-grown sheep].

In 159 comparative studies with fully grown sheep and heifers of the digestibility and of rumen physiologic values at a variation of the feed ration in the crude fibre content between 112 and 318 g, in the crude protein content between 94 and 194 g and in the content of nitrogen free extractive between 484 and 641 g/kg DM is provided that the digestibility of energy in heifers was, on average, 4 digestibility units lower than in sheep. The corresponding values for the digestibility of crude protein and crude fibre are 12 and 3.5 digestibility units. Due to the lower methane energy excretion of the heifers the difference at the level of metabolizable energy is reduced to 1.5% of the gross energy. The level of the differences in digestibility is influenced by the development of the young cattle and the composition of the rations. In young cattle of the live weight range between 100 and 150 kg the digestibility of the energy is 6-8 units lower than in sheep. A higher crude fibre content in the ration diminishes the difference in the digestibility of energy and the nutrients between the two animal species.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1993

Predictions of protein digestibility and lysine absorption in pigs.

With 294 feedstuffs-classified into 22 feedstuff categories-, from which in the original literature besides the crude protein (CP) and lysine (lys) contents their precaecal (pc) and partly their total (t) digestibilities in pigs had been presented, assessments of the pc and t apparent digestibilities (AD%) were done by two different ways. Between the prediction possibility using the mean value of nondigestible CP resp. lys (mean ndCP, means ndlys, g/kg DM) and the usual way of calculating average digestive coefficients (mean ADCP%, mean ADlys%) there were with regard to the validity of predictions only small differences, with the tendency of partly more advantageous results by the first cited procedure. Good assessments of pc ADCP% and pc ADlys%, where 70 ... 100 per cent of the single feedstuffs showed prediction errors of only < or = 5 digestibility units, were got for the protein concentrates field bean, lupin, soybean meal, sunflower seed meal, rapeseed meal, yeast and casein as well as with some restrictions for sorghum, linseed meal, blood meal and poultry by-product meal. Less reliable and connected with more uncertainties are the pc digestibility predictions for cereals, peas, cottonseed meals, meat (& bone) meals and fish meals: only 20 ... 30 per cent of the single feedstuffs showed good appraisals with differences < or = 5 digestibility units. In the rule t digestibilities can be assessed more exactly than pc digestibilities, for lys these predictions are mostly less precise than for CP.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1981

Digestive system membranes: freeze-fracture evidence for differentiation and flow in Paramecium.

Freeze-fractured membranes of digestive vacuoles of randomly feeding Paramecium caudatum exhibit dramatic differences in intramembrane particle (IMP) number and distribution on both E- and P-fracture faces. By pulse-feeding latex spheres to cells we have demonstrated that these differences are related to the age of the digestive vacuoles, and that the membranes of such vacuoles undergo a specific sequence of changes during the digestive cycle. Young digestive vacuoles (DV-I; less than or equal to 6 min), nascent vacuoles still connected to the cytopharynx, and discoidal vesicles, from which vacuole membrane is derived, all have a highly particulate E face and a less particulate P face. As early as 3 min after feeding, a second category of digestive vacuoles (DV-II) can be recognized, which are both considerably smaller in diameter and lack particles on their E face. These findings suggest that the endocytic removal of DV-I membrane material associated with the formation of DV-II vacuoles involves a concomitant and selective removal of E-face particles, as essentially no changes are seen in the density of P-face particles on the two types of vacuoles. Beginning at 10 min the first DV-III vacuoles are encountered. These are both larger than the DV-II vacuoles and possess very prominent E-face particles, which resemble those on the E face of the numerous lysosomes bordering the digestive vacuoles. DV-III vacuoles also exhibit a substantial increase in P-face particles. These membrane changes closely parallel, and are probably correlated with, the physiological events occurring within the vacuole lumen: concentration of food, killing of prey, and digestion. Calculations of the amount of membrane removed from DV-I to form DV-II and of the increase in membrane surface area during the transition from DV-II to DV-III indicate that as much as 90% of the initial phagosome (DV-I) membrane can be removed before digestion begins. The enlargment of DV-II must be caused by fusion with adjacent lysosomes which also contribute the new populations of IMPs to the DV-III membrane. The appearance of numerous endocytic structures on older DV-III vacuoles suggests that membrane is retrieved from DV-III before defecation.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

In vitro digestion of gliadin by gastrointestinal enzymes and by pyrrolidonecarboxylate peptidase.

The enzymatic hydrolysis of whole gliadin has been studied in vitro using sequential treatments by pepsin, trypsin, and pancreatin. Amino-terminal pyroglutamic acid-peptides were formed at each stage of the digestion process and the concentration of these peptides increased as the hydrolysis proceeded. Digests were further fractionated on columns of AG 50W-X8 or SE-Sephadex. Enzymic digests and selected column fractions were analyzed with pyrrolidonecarboxylate peptidase. Each digest or fraction was degraded further by this peptidase. Enzyme activity was greatest towards peptic-tryptic-pancreatic digests, peptic-tryptic digests, peptic digests, and undigested gliadin, in that order. The stability of lysosomal membranes to synthetic L-pyroglutamic acid, L-pyroglutamyl-L-alanine, L-pyroglutamyl-L-proline, and to selected fractions of the enzymic digests was tested. Each treatment ruptured lysosomal membranes. Findings are discussed in relation to the normal catabolism of gliadin and the alterations that may occur in certain pathological states.

Aminopeptidases↗

PubMed1984

The digestion of total and cell wall monosaccharides of alfalfa by sheep.

The effect of dietary starch on the digestibility of total and cell wall (CW) monosaccharides of alfalfa hay, was examined in sheep equipped with rumen and duodenal cannulas. The experiment consisted of two treatments. In one of them the sheep received 803 g dry matter (DM) of alfalfa hay (A), and in the second, 242 g DM alfalfa hay + 553 g of a purified starchy concentrate mixture (A + conct ). Rumen volume was not significantly different between treatments, but the mean retention time of markers in the rumen was shorter, and their rate of passage was faster in the A treatment than in the A + conct treatment. The overall digestibility of total CWs and CW constituents was not depressed in the A + conct treatment, the values for total CW being: 58.2 and 58.9% for the A and A + conct treatments, respectively. However, the digestion of CW monosaccharides in the rumen of the A + conct sheep was reduced despite the 100% longer retention time of particles in the rumen. The complimentary digestion of the potentially digestible CW monosacharides has been completed in the hindgut. The digestibility of CW glucose was higher (72%) than that of xylose (57%) in both treatments. CW glucuronic acid was the least digestible constituent (40%). Soluble uronic acids, representing the pectic material, were highly digestible (86.5% in A), but this was reduced to 80.3 in the A + conct treatment.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Effects of baking hulless barley on the digestibility of dietary components as measured at the ileum and in the feces in pigs.

The effects of different baking conditions on the apparent digestibility of dietary components were examined in pigs with an ileal cannula. The pigs were fed a hulless barley-based diet that was 1) uncooked, 2) baked for 4 h using high moisture, low temperature (37% dry matter, 121 degrees C) conditions (HMLT), or 3) baked for 1 h using lower moisture, high temperature (48% dry matter, 204 degrees C) conditions (LMHT). Ileal digesta and fecal dry matter were not different between the three diets. Pigs fed the HMLT and LMHT diets had 4% and 2% higher starch digestibility at the ileum, respectively, than did pigs fed the uncooked diet (P less than 0.05). Total Klason lignin recovered at the terminal ileum was similar for all diets even though initial Klason lignin values for the LMHT diet were twice that of the uncooked or HMLT diet. Digestibility of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) as measured at the ileum and in the feces of pigs fed the baked diets was about 10% higher than in pigs fed the uncooked diet (P less than 0.1). The ratio of NSP ileal digestion:NSP digestion as measured in the feces was over 0.75 for all diets. Baking increased digestibility in the barley-based diet by increasing the digestibility of starch and dietary fiber. Increasing the severity of baking (LMHT) tended to decrease digestibility compared to the mild baking (HMLT), but not significantly.

Absorption↗

PubMed1999

D-tagatose has low small intestinal digestibility but high large intestinal fermentability in pigs.

The digestibility of D-tagatose, its effect on the digestibility of macronutrients and the metabolic response of the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract to the ingestion of this carbohydrate were studied in pigs. Eight pigs were fed a low fiber diet comprising 15% sucrose (control group). Another eight pigs were fed a similar diet except that 100 g sucrose per kg diet was replaced by D-tagatose (test group). After 18 d, the pigs were killed and the gastrointestinal contents removed for analysis. The digestibility of D-tagatose was 25.8 +/- 5.6% in the distal third of the small intestine. The small intestinal digestibilities of dry matter (86.9 +/- 1.3 vs. 92.9 +/- 0.9%), gross energy (74.4 +/- 1.6 vs. 80.7 +/- 1.8%) and sucrose (90.4 +/- 2.5 vs. 98.0 +/- 0.5%) were lower (P < 0. 05) in the pigs fed D-tagatose. Digestibilities of starch, protein and fat did not differ between groups. D-Tagatose, sucrose and starch were fully digested in the large intestine. The fecal digestibilities of energy, dry matter and fat did not differ between the two groups, whereas D-tagatose reduced the fecal digestibility of protein (91.1 +/- 0.6 vs. 93.5 +/- 0.7%, P < 0.05). D-Tagatose served as a substrate for the microbiota in the cecum and proximal colon as indicated by a reduced pH, and a greater ATP concentration, adenylate energy charge (AEC) ratio and concentration of short-chain fatty acids. In particular, the increase in the concentrations of propionate, butyrate and valerate suggests possible health benefits of this monosaccharide.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗