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PubMed1999

The association between characteristics of dating relationships and condom use among heterosexual young adults.

Although there is some evidence that relationship-level factors influence sexual behavior, they have received far less attention than individual-level factors as potential correlates of condom use. This study surveyed 210 undergraduate men and women to examine the association between relationship characteristics and condom use. Higher levels of love, longer relationships and more serious and committed relationships were individually associated with less condom use. In a multiple logistic regression model controlling for HIV/sexually transmitted disease (STD) risk perception and contraceptive method, relationship length was the only relationship factor that independently predicted condom use (OR = .91; 95% CI = .84-.99). Use of a hormonal contraceptive method was negatively associated with condom use in the multivariate model (OR = .12; 95% CI = .06-.27), and mediated the association between relationship factors and condom use. Study results suggest that HIV/STD prevention interventions may be improved by addressing relationship characteristics, particularly the length of a dating relationship.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

[Adolescence and contraception: 1. A study knowledge and use among women hospitalized for childbirth or abortion].

A study of the knowledge and utilization of contraceptive methods by adolescent is presented. An analysis was carried out based on data collected from interviews with and recorded case histories of 78 puerperal adolescents (childbirth or abortion), assisted by an obstetric service in the county of Cotia, SP, Brazil, between May 1 and July 31, 1986. Of all the adolescents studied, 61.5% had some knowledge of contraceptive methods; the findings showed that such knowledge was influenced by factors such as: age, school background, parity and marital status. The main sources of information on contraception were: friends, relatives and partners, in this order; those least sought for in this regard were health professionals. Only one in each ten adolescents made use of some contraceptive measure, the most prevalent methods being the contraceptive pill, the Ogino-Knauss method, condoms and coitus interruptus. In all of the cases of the utilization of these methods the same had been "recommended" by persons belonging to the adolescents' social group, and had been acquired in shops, without any health control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Modern trends in contraception.

Substantial improvements have been made in oral contraceptives, a new injectable contraceptive (Norplant), and the intrauterine device (IUD). Major risks with oral contraceptives have declined substantially, and a number of noncontraceptive health benefits have been discovered. Norplant is probably the first new contraceptive in recent years, and offers long-term contraception with high efficacy and modest risks. The IUD, by carefully selecting users, is a safe and efficacious contraceptive method. The major risk, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), is far less common if one avoids use in the presence of risk factors for PID.

Contraceptive Agents, Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraception. Helping patients choose.

Clients have more contraceptive alternatives available today than at any time in the past. While most clients have some knowledge of the various contraceptive methods, they frequently require more specific information from the health-care professional to determine the suitability of a particular method for individual use. Nurse practitioners are trained to provide clients with accurate information and to help them explore individual needs and preferences for a contraceptive method.

Contraception↗
PubMed2005

[Sexual debut in adolescence and gender relations: a cross-sectional study in São Paulo, Brazil, 2002].

This cross-sectional study aimed to assess gender differences in adolescents in relation to onset of sexual activity. A total of 406 15-19-year-old adolescents from a family health unit in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, were interviewed from May to December 2002. Nearly half had already had their first sexual intercourse, at a mean age of 15, independently of gender. Sexual debut was usually unplanned (72.7%) and inside the home (86.1%). An equal proportion (61.0%) of males and females used some contraceptive method in their first sexual intercourse; however, more males had used a contraceptive method in their most recent intercourse. Having initiated their sexual activity in stable, affective relationships, females proved to be more vulnerable to STD/AIDS, since they switched from condoms to the pill in their subsequent sexual activity. Male adolescents continued to use mostly condoms, probably because they were involved mainly in non-stable relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Contraception and the risk of ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis.

The current knowledge of the association between contraceptive methods and the risk of ectopic pregnancy was evaluated by means of a meta-analysis. Case-control and cohort studies published between 1978 and 1994 in English, French, German and Dutch were retrieved by a search in Medline, a hand-search on recent medical journals and cross-references. Papers reporting on the association between contraceptives and ectopic pregnancy were judged according to predefined entrance criteria concerning selection of control groups, and retractability of raw data enabling the calculation of crude odds ratios. Common Odds Ratios (COR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated if homogeneity was not rejected. Twelve case-control studies and one cohort study were detected. CORs could be calculated for current and past use of oral contraceptives, past IUCD use and tubal sterilization. All assessed contraceptives protect against ectopic pregnancy. Women becoming pregnant after sterilization or while currently using an IUCD are at an increased risk. The IUCD is the only contraceptive method associated with an increased risk after discontinuation of its use.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Postpartum contraceptive practice in hospitals of the Federal District].

For many women living in developing areas, childbirth is the only time when they receive medical care in a clinical setting. These women may not return until they are ready to deliver their next baby. Without access to family planning counseling and effective contraceptive methods, they are likely to become pregnant again within a year or two. Where contraceptive information and services are available to women receiving maternity care, many choose to begin using contraception in the postpartum period. Some elect to have an IUD inserted immediately after delivery or to undergo sterilization while still in the hospital. Under a postpartum contraceptive program administered by the IMSS in one hospital and the same program established in another hospital of the SSA, more than half of postpartum and postabortion women began using contraception or underwent sterilization before they left the hospital. In contrast, the other hospitals under the analysis showed a wide range of contraception coverage from 7 to 55 percent. A formal postpartum contraception program is necessary to establish in all the hospitals in order to improve coverage. Counseling is an important component for all women who must have adequate information before they choose a contraceptive method.

Contraception↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A decade of Nepal's family planning program: achievements and prospects.

Knowledge and practice of family planning in Nepal increased considerably from mid-1976 through mid-1986, with significant improvements in the availability of and accessibility to contraceptives. However, a proportionately larger share of the achievements were made during 1976-81 than in 1981-86. The impact on fertility of contraceptive use during the decade was minimal. Knowledge and use of reversible contraceptive methods remained very low, primarily because of the continued strong emphasis on sterilization in Nepal's family planning program. Consequently, the welfare of many couples who may be in need of contraception for spacing births, but not necessarily for terminating childbearing, does not appear to be adequately addressed by the program. A more balanced emphasis on reversible methods of contraception does not necessarily imply that a substantially higher level of contraceptive prevalence would be required to reach the fertility target. Several steps to improve program performance and contraceptive method mix are suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Efficacy, tolerability and acceptability of a novel contraceptive vaginal ring releasing etonogestrel and ethinyl oestradiol.

A novel contraceptive vaginal ring releasing etonogestrel 120 microg and ethinyl oestradiol 15 microg daily over a period of 3 weeks was tested. Each ring was used for one cycle, comprising 3 weeks of ring use followed by a 1 week ring-free period. This 1 year, multicentre study assessed the contraceptive efficacy, cycle control, tolerability and acceptability of the contraceptive. Altogether, 1145 women were exposed to the vaginal ring for 12,109 cycles (928 woman-years). Six pregnancies occurred during treatment, giving a Pearl Index of 0.65 (95% confidence interval 0.24--1.41). Cycle control was very good, since irregular bleeding was rare (2.6--6.4% of evaluable cycles) and withdrawal bleeding (mean duration 4.7--5.3 days) occurred in 97.9--99.4% of evaluable cycles. Compliance to the prescribed regimen was high with criteria being fulfilled in 90.8% of cycles. The ring was well tolerated. The majority of women considered this new contraceptive method easy to use, and it offers an effective, convenient, well-accepted and novel method for hormonal contraception.

Cervix Uteri↗
PubMed1994

Pregnancy during adolescence.

Adolescent pregnancy continues to be one of our most challenging public health issues. Prevention is the most important goal that can be sought. Pediatricians can play a major role with young people and their families in pursuit of this goal. Young women who become pregnant must be referred early to obstetric care so that either early prenatal care can be established or an abortion can be performed early so as to prevent morbidity by delaying the procedure. New contraceptive methods such as contraceptive implants provide hope that improved contraceptive technology will aid in decreasing the likelihood of adolescent pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Contraceptive needs and practices among women attending an inner-city STD clinic.

To assess the potential need, interest, and benefits of provision of contraceptive services in sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics, we surveyed 516 women attending an inner-city STD clinic regarding contraceptive and sexual practices, STD prevalence, knowledge of contraceptive-related STD prophylaxis, and interest in contraceptive services within the STD clinic setting. The study population was at high risk for unintended pregnancy and STDs; at time of interview 46 per cent of women were not contracepting and 59 per cent were treated for STD or STD exposure. Two-thirds of women had at least one prior pregnancy and 50 per cent had at least one living child. Only 26 per cent of women knew that some contraceptive methods may reduce the risk of STD acquisition; however, 62 per cent expressed interest in contraceptive methods which would reduce their risk of STD acquisition. This study suggests that provision of contraceptive services in STD clinic settings may address dual needs in a group at high risk for both unintended pregnancy and STD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of the effects of vasectomy and experimental cryptorchidism in rats: II. Epididymal histology.

Vasectomy is a male contraception method that its side effects and reversibility rate are still controversial. Effects of vasectomy on epididymal morphology and function, which plays a crucial role in sperm maturation and storage, have not yet fully described. Therefore the present study was planned to find out the effects of vasectomy on epididymal structure, and comparisons of these effects were also made with the effects of a persistent infertility model, experimental cryptorchidism. To do this, 15 male Swiss albino rats were divided into 3 groups. While 5 animals were sham-operated, the rest were undergone either vasectomy (5 rats) or experimental cryptorchidism (5 rats) procedures. Epididymal tissue samples were collected prepared for light microscopy. Tissue sections were stained using appropriate staining techniques and evaluated under the light microscope. While there were distinct alterations in the epididymal morphology following experimental cryptorchidism, vasectomized rat epididymal features seemed similar to those seen in the sham-operated group. In conclusion, it could be suggested that the vasectomy might be a convenient method for male contraception.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Color Doppler sonographic study of the uterine artery in patients using intrauterine contraceptive devices.

A transvaginal Doppler sonographic examination of uterine artery blood flow was performed. Resistance and pulsatility indices were measured in 101 women, 74 of whom were using an intrauterine contraceptive device, and 27 controls, who were not using any contraceptive method. The intrauterine contraceptive device users were divided into three groups: those with normal bleeding (n = 34); those with abnormal uterine bleeding without medication (n = 16); and those with abnormal bleeding corrected with use of prostaglandin inhibitors (n = 24). The resistance and pulsatility values were significantly lower in the group of women using intrauterine contraceptive devices who had abnormal bleeding than in all other groups (P<0.001). All other comparisons were nonsignificant. A pulsatility index of less than 2 may be associated with a higher risk for development of intrauterine contraceptive device-induced bleeding.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Family planning: a need in primary care].

The reformation of Primary Care (PC) permits a more satisfactory and coordinated approach to family planning (FP). We evaluated the profile of the potential users of FP by means of a survey of 182 females made in a Primary Care center (CAP). The most commonly used contraceptive methods were oral contraceptives (20.3%), coitus interruptus (Cl) (18%), condom (17%) and female sterilization (12.6%). 66.6% of failures were attributed to Cl. 32.25% of the intrauterine device users and 24.4% of those taking oral contraceptives reported problems. 24.7% of females were controlled in the CAP II, 19.7% by their private gynecologist, 16.5% in the municipal CP and 6% in the CAP. 30.2% of the users did not follow and type of control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Vasectomy.

In summary, a vasectomy is a safe, simple, and effective method of male contraception without any known long-term health hazards. Because of its simplicity, it is performed in more than 500,000 patients per year, mainly in a physician's office, making it a very cost-effective contraceptive method. With the introduction of the microscope into the operating suite of the urologist, this procedure that was once considered permanent is amenable to reversal at a later date.

Antibody Formation↗