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PubMed1988

Preference differences for sucrose solutions in young and aged squirrel monkeys.

Licking patterns and molarity preferences, elicited by two sets of sucrose solutions (0.0 to 1.75 M and 1.0 to 3.0 M), were measured in six young and six aged squirrel monkeys. Sucrose preference thresholds were determined for each age group using sucrose concentrations from 0.025 to 0.1 M. Age was unrelated to sucrose preference thresholds. Consummatory activity of all monkeys increased monotonically as sucrose concentrations increased from 0.0 to 1.0 M. Aged, but not young, monkeys continued to increase consumption until sucrose concentrations exceeded 1.5 M. All monkeys increased consumption by increasing number of licks, number of licking bursts and total time spent licking. Unlike young monkeys, aged monkeys displayed high within animal variability of tongue contact times, exponentially decreasing rates of licking at high molarities, constant consumption efficiency decrements, and consistent negative correlations between tongue contact and following tongue off times.

Aging↗
PubMed1992

Acute effects of oral low doses of pyridostigmine on simple visual discrimination and unconditioned consummatory acts in rats.

Pyridostigmine bromide (Pyr), a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor, is currently suggested to be the most effective pretreatment drug against intoxication with potent organophosphates (OP). This investigation was conducted to determine if oral low doses of Pyr would affect performance of a simple visual discrimination task, and further to assess the alterations of motor or motivational function that might underlie the performance deficits in the water-deprived rats. Rats were trained extensively on a successive light-intensity discrimination implemented with the use of a multiple schedule. The multiple schedule consisted of one fixed-ratio (FR-10) and one differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL-10 s) component, which were signalled by the 10-s discriminative stimuli of bright (S+) and dim (S-) houselights, respectively, in simple alternation. The light intensity difference (S-/S+) was about 0.6. Pyr, at doses (3-12 mg/kg), which did not cause overt symptoms, moderately decreased S+ respondings but did not affect S- respondings. The ratio of S+/S- respondings, an index of discrimination performance, was moderately decreased. Over the range of doses evaluated, Pyr also attenuated the corresponding water intake in a dose-dependent manner, but it did not significantly affect locomotor activity. The lowest effective doses of the above affected behaviors were virtually identical (6 mg/kg). These results suggest that the disruptive effects of a single oral low dose of Pyr on the rat operant performance involve motivational dysfunction rather than motor impairment.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Licking patterns for sucrose solutions by young and aged squirrel monkeys.

The licking elicited by 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 M sucrose solutions was measured in six young and six aged squirrel monkeys. All tongue-on and tongue-off times were recorded in addition to conventional measures of lick rate and consumption. Consummatory activity by both groups increased monotonically with sucrose concentration. Aged monkeys displayed greater within animal variability of tongue-on times than did young monkeys. Distributions of pause lengths between licking bursts contained two components, one varying inversely with sucrose concentration, the other varying inversely with age. Distributions of licks per burst contained a component that increased with sucrose concentration but none varying with age. Results indicated that licking deteriorated little with age and that consumption is controlled mainly by length and spacing of bursts, not by individual lick parameters.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

Neuropeptides and sexual behaviour.

Many neuropeptides are involved in the control of sexual behaviour at the central level. Among these, the most studied are adrenocorticotropin, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, oxytocin and opioid peptides. This attempt to review old and new neuropharmacological, biochemical and psychobiological studies in this field, shows that all these neuropeptides apparently facilitate sexual behaviour, except for opioid peptides, which inhibit sexual performance, in most of the species studied so far (rats, mice, monkeys and humans). However, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin releasing factor, neuropeptide Y, galanin, cholecystokinin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide may be also involved in the control of sexual behaviour. Apparently, corticotropin releasing factor, neuropeptide Y and cholecystokinin inhibit, while substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide facilitate, sexual behaviour. In contrast, gonadotropin-releasing hormone has been reported to exert a facilitative, inhibitory or no effect at all on sexual behaviour. Galanin was also shown either to facilitate or inhibit sexual behaviour. The above-mentioned putative role of the neuropeptides in sexual behaviour derives mainly from studies done in rats. In these studies, neuropeptides, their antisera or drugs that act as agonists or antagonists of neuropeptide receptors, were tested for their effect on sexual behaviour after systemic, intracerebroventricular, or intracerebral administration. The latter were infused into brain areas relevant for sexual behaviour, such as the medial preoptic area, and the ventromedial and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. The above studies show that little information is available on the mechanisms by which neuropeptides influence sexual behaviour. Also unclear is whether the above neuropeptides influence the anticipatory phase (sexual arousal and/or motivation) or the consummatory phase (performance) of sexual behaviour, except for opioid peptides. New information about the role of neuropeptides may come from the application of molecular biology and genetic manipulation techniques to the study of sexual behaviour. Of these, FOS protein determination, antisense oligonucleotides aimed at the neutralisation of neuropeptide and/or neuropeptide receptor mRNAs in specific brain areas, and gene ablation seem the most promising. Although still in the early stages, it is likely that these methodologies will provide new insights into the role of neuropeptides in the control of sexual behaviour.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Selective effects of the delta-opioid receptor agonist DPDPE on consummatory successive negative contrast.

Two experiments explored the role of the opioid system in a situation involving a surprising reduction in reward magnitude: consummatory successive negative contrast. Rats received access to 32% sucrose solution (preshift Trials 1-10) followed by 4% solution (postshift Trials 11-15). Independent groups received an injection of either the vehicle or the delta-receptor agonist [D-Ala2-,N-Me-Phe4,Gly-ol] enkephalin (DPDPE; 24 microg/kg). DPDPE attenuated the contrast effect when injected before Trial 11 but not when injected before Trial 12. An additional experiment showed that the attenuating effect of partial reinforcement on the recovery from contrast was reduced by DPDPE injections administered before nonreinforced preshift trials.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1985

Reinforcement delay of one second severely impairs acquisition of brain self-stimulation.

The effect of delayed reinforcement on the acquisition of lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation was investigated. Brain stimulation reinforcement minimizes cues associated with reinforcement delivery (secondary reinforcement) and, by eliminating consummatory responses, permits precise temporal control of the interval between the operant response and reinforcement. Different groups were trained in daily 1-h sessions for brain stimulation reinforcement at one of 4 delay intervals (1, 2, 3 or 6 s). Responses made during the delay interval were not reinforced and reset the delay timer. Control groups (IMMEDIATE) were reinforced immediately, but were required to space responses--according to a delayed reinforcement of low rates (DRL) schedule--for an interval corresponding to one of the delay of reinforcement intervals. The DRL schedule equalized opportunities for reinforcement and non-reinforcement. At all intervals, rats trained with delayed reinforcement had significantly lower bar-press rates than controls trained with immediate reinforcement under DRL. When reinforcement schedules were switched (DELAY groups now get IMMEDIATE and vice versa), response rates rapidly shifted to levels appropriate to the new schedule. The pre-switch results indicate that delays even as short as 1 s markedly impede the acquisition of self-stimulation behavior. The post-switch results suggest that delay of reinforcement, like stimulation intensity, may determine the strength of hypothalamic reinforcement and hence final levels of performance.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Toward a refined phenomenology of mania: combining clinician-assessment and self-report in the French EPIMAN study.

BACKGROUND: Because manic patients lack insight, they are generally considered unreliable observers of their own psychopathology. The present analyses sought to examine to what extent patient reports could improve formal diagnostic criteria for mania--and be validated against the Carroll-Klein (CK) psychobiological model of bipolarity. METHOD: 104 DSM-IV acutely manic (hospitalized) patients provided self-assessment on the Ahearn--Carroll scale, the Multiple Visual Analogue Scales of Bipolarity (MVAS-BP). A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on MVAS-BP, and the data on factorial scores were then compared to dimensional scores according to the CK model and to factors on the Beigel-Murphy Manic State Rating Scale (MSRS) completed by psychiatrists. RESULTS: The PCA identified a general factor accounting for 33% of the total variance; after varimax rotation, seven independent factors emerged, essentially in coherence with the signs and symptoms of DSM-IV mania, except for the 'social disinhibition' factor, which does not figure out as a distinct criterion in DSM-IV. Strong correlations were obtained (r > or = 0.80) between the four major factors of MVAS-BP and the four dimensional categories of the CK model: 'Consummatory Reward' with F1 'Elation and Inflated Self-esteem' (r=0.93), 'Incentive Reward' with F2 'Activation' (r=0.84), 'Psychomotor Pressure' with F3 'Acceleration' (r=0.85), and 'Central Pain' with F4 'Anxiety-Depression' (r=0.84). The F2 'Activation' appeared to be strongly correlated (r > or = 0.70) to all categories of the CK model. Correlational analysis between the factor structure of MVAS-BP and the MSRS showed significant coefficients on the scores assessing the emotional factors of 'Elation' and 'Depression.' Among the MVAS-BP factors, only 'Activation' was correlated to the majority of clinician ratings as obtained by the MSRS. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide overall construct validity to the DSM-IV criteria for mania. Self-assessment of this disorder appears feasible and potentially useful in practice; lack of insight, poor judgment, and distractibility obviously require assessment by a clinician. Although our data are correlational and require prospective validation, they nonetheless suggest that (1) activation should be raised to the status of the stem criterion for mania, (2) to specify mood as elated, depressive, anxious, or irritable, and (3) to give individual status to social disinhibition (indiscriminate gregariousness) as a core pathological behavior in mania. Combining clinician- and self-observation thus produces a more precise and complete phenomenology of mania. We finally submit that the foregoing reformulation provides a psychobiological basis to the manic construct as formulated in the Carroll-Klein model.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed2001

Dissociation of reward anticipation and outcome with event-related fMRI.

Reward processing involves both appetitive and consummatory phases. We sought to examine whether reward anticipation vs outcomes would recruit different regions of ventral forebrain circuitry using event-related fMRI. Nine healthy volunteers participated in a monetary incentive delays task in which they either responded to a cued target for monetary reward, responded to a cued target for no reward, or did not respond to a cued target during scanning. Multiple regression analyses indicated that while anticipation of reward vs non-reward activated foci in the ventral striatum, reward vs non-reward outcomes activated foci in the ventromedial frontal cortex. These findings suggest that reward anticipation and outcomes may differentially recruit distinct regions that lie along the trajectory of ascending dopamine projections.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Serotonin manipulations and the structure of feeding behaviour.

Experimental manipulations of 5-HT by central or peripheral procedures produce clear effects on food intake. Interpretation of these effects can be improved by monitoring changes in the behavioural structure of feeding and by designing experiments which adjust the contextual and temporal dimensions of feeding. Experimental techniques include micro-analysis of behaviour, macro-analysis of meal patterns, dietary self-selection of macro-nutrients, analysis of appetite and satiety sequences, appetitive and consummatory aspects of instrumental performance and dietary-induced hyperphagia. Using these procedures in conjunction with various pharmacological treatments including the administration of tryptophan, 5-hydroxy-tryptophan, 5-HT, re-uptake blockers, synaptic releasers, synthesis blockers, receptor blockers and others it has been demonstrated that 5-HT manipulations give rise to a specific constellation of changes in feeding parameters. The most prominent changes following peripheral or central (paraventricular nucleus) injections are a reduction in meal size and a curtailment of eating rate. These changes can be distinguished from those induced by other pharmacological treatments and are consistent with a modulation of the process of satiation and the state of satiety. Changes in feeding induced by 5-HT manipulations are not secondary to non-specific behavioural alterations.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1988

Feeding and hypothalamic stimulation increase dopamine turnover in the accumbens.

The hypothesis that the dopaminergic system plays a role in feeding behavior was tested in three experiments. First, microdialysis was performed in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) at 20 min intervals during free feeding in rats at 80% of normal body weight. Extracellular concentration of dopamine (DA), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and homovanillic acid (HVA) increased significantly during eating indicating an increase in DA turnover. Second, microdialysis samples were collected from the NAC during bar pressing with a) a signal light on and food available, b) the light on but no food available, c) neither light nor food. Only when food was available did extracellular DA, DOPAC and HVA increase significantly. This increase in DA turnover occurred in the accumbens but not in the ventral striatum. Third, electrical stimulation of the perifornical lateral hypothalamus (LH) that was capable of inducing feeding increased extracellular DA, DOPAC and HVA in the NAC. This occurred whether the animal had food to eat or not. The effect of LH stimulation on DA turnover resembled the effects of free feeding and operant feeding in Experiments 1 and 2. Perifornical LH stimulation did not increase dopamine turnover in the ventral striatum. The results show that perifornical LH stimulation activates the mesolimbic dopamine system and that dopamine release in the accumbens is involved in feeding. The increase in dopamine turnover outlasted the consummatory act. This suggests that accumbens dopamine may be related to sensory input, feeding reflexes, food reward or memory processes and not just to the consummatory act itself.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Behavioural disturbances in adult CD-1 mice and absence of effects on their offspring upon SO2 exposure.

Adult male and female CD-1 mice were exposed to different SO2 concentrations (0,5,12, or 30 ppm) for 24 days, from 9 days before the formation of breeding pairs to pregnancy day 12-14. This exposure was near-continuous, covering about 80% of the total time indicated. The offspring of exposed dams were cross-fostered shortly after birth to dams not previously exposed. Videorecordings of the adult subjects' activities during the first hour after the start of exposure showed marked, acute transient behavioural effects such as increase of rearing and social interactions, which were more pronounced in males than in females. Subsequent activity tests on exposure days 3, 6, and 9 showed subacute effects including a dose-dependent decrease of grooming and an increase of digging as well as changes in chamber crossing and wall-rearing which were not dose-dependent; most of these effects were more pronounced in females than in males. Food and water consumption and body weight declined in a dose-dependent fashion only after the formation of breeding pairs, when consummatory responses were enhanced in the controls. Reproductive performance as well as postnatal somatic and neurobehavioural development of the offspring (the latter assessed by an observational test battery including eight reflexes and responses) were not affected by SO2. Passive avoidance acquisition and retention at the young adult stage (60 days) and response changes produced by repeated apparatus exposure in non-reinforced animals (habituation) were similarly unaffected. Overall, the data indicate that SO2 produces transient, acute behavioural disturbances and more subtle subacute response changes in adult mice which may be due, at least partly, to a functional interference with olfactory modulation of mouse behaviour. The absence of effects on reproductive performance and neurobehavioural development of the offspring suggests that the risk to the developing organism from gestational SO2 exposure is low.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

C-PR neuron of Aplysia has differential effects on "Feeding" cerebral interneurons, including myomodulin-positive CBI-12.

Head lifting and other aspects of the appetitive central motive state that precedes consummatory feeding movements in Aplysia is promoted by excitation of the C-PR neuron. Food stimuli activate C-PR as well as a small population of cerebral-buccal interneurons (CBIs). We wished to determine if firing of C-PR produced differential effects on the various CBIs or perhaps affected all the CBIs uniformly as might be expected for a neuron involved in producing a broad undifferentiated arousal state. We found that when C-PR was fired, it produced a wide variety of effects on various CBIs. Firing of C-PR evoked excitatory input to a newly identified CBI (CBI-12) the soma of which is located in the M cluster near the previously identified CBI-2. CBI-12 shares certain properties with CBI-2, including a similar morphology and a capacity to drive rhythmic activity of the buccal-ganglion. Unlike CBI-2, CBI-12 exhibits myomodulin immunoreactivity. Furthermore when C-PR is fired, CBI-12 receives a polysynaptic voltage-dependent slow excitation, whereas, CBI-2 receives relatively little input. C-PR also polysynaptically excites other CBIs including CBI-1 and CBI-8/9 but produces inhibition in CBI-3. In addition, firing of C-PR inhibits plateau potentials in CBI-5/6. The data suggest that activity of C-PR may promote the activity of one subset of cerebral-buccal interneurons, perhaps those involved in ingestive behaviors that occur during the head-up posture. C-PR also inhibits some cerebral-buccal interneurons that may be involved in behaviors in which C-PR activity is not required or may even interfere with other feeding behaviors such as rejection or grazing, that occur with the head down.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The influence of smoking on reward responsiveness and cognitive functions: a natural experiment.

AIMS: To investigate the effects of (a) nicotine abstinence and (b) cigarette smoking after abstinence, on reward responsiveness and cognitive functions which are putatively dependent on activity in the dopaminergic system implicated in smoking. DESIGN: During Ramadhan, Muslim smokers elected to abstain from smoking either for the whole month (RAMQUIT) or during daylight hours (DAYQUIT). These groups, and non-smokers (NOSMOKE), were assessed on two occasions 6 hours apart (TEST1 and TEST2). DAYQUIT participants had abstained for 6 hours at TEST1 and smoked a single cigarette immediately prior to TEST2. RAMQUIT participants had abstained for at least 10 days prior to TEST1 and remained abstinent at TEST2. NOSMOKE and RAMQUIT participants are a small snack prior to TEST2 to control for non-specific consummatory effects. SETTING: TEST1 was conducted at the mosque and TEST2 in participants' homes. PARTICIPANTS: All were male; mean age was 26.7 years. Modal cigarette consumption prior to Ramadhan by both the 13 DAYQUIT and the 11 RAMQUIT smokers was 21-30 per day. DAYQUIT subjects rated themselves as more dependent. MEASUREMENTS: The Card Arranging Reward Responsivity Objective Test (CARROT), testing behavioural responsiveness to small financial incentive; digit span, measuring attention; verbal fluency, indexing frontal lobe function; and the two-choice guessing test (2CGT; at TEST1 only), measuring response stereotypy. FINDINGS: At TEST1, compared with non-smokers, both smoking groups showed greater stereotypy (2CG) and lower reward responsiveness (CARROT). DAYQUIT participants improved on all measures after smoking a single cigarette. No marked changes were seen in the other groups. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that (i) abstaining smokers have impaired dopaminergic function and (ii) nicotine consumption may boost their dopaminergic activity.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Excitotoxic lesions of the gustatory thalamus eliminate consummatory but not instrumental successive negative contrast in rats.

Lesions of the gustatory thalamus (GT) prevent the occurrence of between-session contrast effects (i.e., anticipatory negative contrast and consummatory successive negative contrast [cSNC]) involving liquid rewards. These deficits are attributed to a disruption of the reward comparison mechanism that computes the value of the current reward relative to the expected reward. Instrumental successive negative contrast (iSNC), which occurs following a surprising reduction in the magnitude of a solid food reward, is also keyed off the detection of a disparity between the value of the expected and actual rewards. The present study examined whether neurotoxic lesions of the GT prevent the occurrence of iSNC just as they abolish cSNC. In Experiment 1, both GT-lesioned and neurologically intact rats trained with 10 food pellets and shifted to one food pellet showed a significant iSNC effect. In Experiment 2, the same GT-lesioned rats failed to show cSNC when shifted from 1.0M sucrose to 0.15% sodium saccharin. The obtained pattern of results suggests that separate reward comparison mechanisms with different neural substrates underlie expression of cSNC and iSNC.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Dissociation of gustatory and weight regulatory responses to quinine following lateral hypothalamic lesions.

In a two-phase experiment, consummatory (Phase 1) and body weight regulation (Phase 2) responses to quinine adulteration of a wet mash diet were measured in rats recovered from bilateral lateral hypothalamic lesions (LH; n = 16) and in unoperated control rats (C; n = 18). In Phase 1, all rats were fed wet mash adulterated with increasing concentrations of quinine sulfate every other day, and fed unadulterated wet mash on the alternate days. Group LH consumed a significantly lower proportion of quinine-adulterated wet mash relative to unadulterated wet mash, displaying a steeper concentration-response function and a lower rejection threshold than did Group C. In Phase 2, Groups LH and C were maintained exclusively on quinine-adulterated mash for 20 days. This procedure caused equivalent weight loss in the two groups. Therefore, an apparent exaggerated aversion to quinine-adulterated food does not appear to contribute abnormally to the weight regulation exhibited by rats with lateral hypothalamic damage.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Disruptive effects of lateral hypothalamic stimulation on the lick-interrupt cycle in rats.

Consummatory licking at a water spout was compared with licking at a dry spout maintained by electrical hypothalamic stimulation in the same rats. Both forms of licking, recorded photoelectrically, were maintained on a fixed ratio 8 schedule. Duration of reinforcement delivery was equated [300 ms]. A computer analysis of the temporal distribution of licks in each 1024 ms period from onset of reinforcement revealed that lateral hypothalamic stimulation decreased the occurrence of licking and disrupted the normally synchronous pattern of this behaviour. An analysis of the effects of delivering lateral hypothalamic stimulation contingent on water-maintained licking revealed that this effect of stimulation was clearly current-dependent. It is proposed that differences in licking rates maintained by water and by electrical hypothalamic stimulation, respectively, are due to response interference in the latter case. This interference effect is also proposed to be a major factor underlying higher reward thresholds for self-stimulation when licking is the operant response.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Control of sleep states in the rat by short light-dark cycles.

The effects of 60-60 min light-dark (LD) cycles on sleep, feeding, drinking and motor activity were investigated in the rat. Waking, consummatory behaviour and motor activity were inhibited by light, while sleep was enhanced. The effects were dependent on the intensity of light. The percentage of slow wave sleep (SS) increased within the first 15 min of the light period and reached a plateau within 30 min. The reduction of SS during darkness showed a similar time-course. The percentage of paradoxical sleep (PS) started to increase only 15 min after the onset of light and continued to rise during the first 15 min of darkness. All parameters exhibited a free-running circadian rhythm. The LD-induced changes of SS were largest during the circadian phase in which the animal was active. The changes of PS which succeeded the onset or offset of light, were largest in the inactive circadian phase. The most immediate influence of changes in illumination is exerted on the slow wave component of sleep. Hypotheses to account for the temporary dissociation between the two sleep states are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Behavioural analysis of the anorectic effects of fluoxetine and fenfluramine.

Two sets of experiments were carried out to compare the effects of fenfluramine and fluoxetine on consummatory and operant behaviour. In food-deprived rats allowed access to a 35% sucrose solution, an initial period of sucrose consumption was followed by a short period of grooming and exploratory behaviour, later superceded by resting. This "behavioural satiety sequence" was advanced by fluoxetine, but disrupted by dl-fenfluramine, which suppressed post-prandial resting, even at sub-anorectic doses. Fluoxetine also elicited resting behaviour following water drinking. However, this did not appear to be a non-specific sedative effect, since fluoxetine increased post-prandial grooming. In rats performing on random interval schedules of food reinforcement, fluoxetine caused proportionally greater decreases in responding on a reinforcement-lean schedule (RI-300s), as compared to a reinforcement-rich schedule (RI-7.5s); this effect is similar to that of a reduction in level of food deprivation. By contrast, fenfluramine reduced responding equally on both schedules. In both paradigms, the effects of fluoxetine were compatible with an increase in postprandial satiety, but the effects of fenfluramine were not.

Animals↗