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PubMed2004

Public thresholds for chlorinous flavors in U.S. tap water.

Considering this rapid growth in the purchasing of bottled water and home filtration devices, utilities are increasingly concerned about consumer dissatisfaction with tap water quality. This project aimed to characterize public perceptions of chlorinous flavors in drinking water, and how these impact customers' choices with respect to consumption of tap water alternatives. On-site taste tests at seven water utilities with 30 to 40 panelists at each site, were conducted using a forced-choice triangle test method (ASTM method E679-91) to measure public sensitivity to chlorine and chloramine in drinking water. The chlor(am)ine concentration increased from set to set. The best-estimate sensitivity limit for each panelist was the geometric mean of that concentration at which the last miss occurred and the next (adjacent) higher concentration. The measured sensitivity limit of average American populations to free chlorine (159 persons tested) and chloramine (93 persons tested) in tap water were 0.8 and 3.7 mg/L Cl2, respectively. These thresholds are much higher than those previously reported in the literature using trained FPA panels. No significant differences were observed between tap water users and users of tap water alternatives or between the various markets tested with respect to average sensitivity, though individual sensitivity varied widely.

Community Participation↗
PubMed2005

[Influence of storage methods on microtensile bond strength of dentin adhesive system].

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of teeth stored with different methods and different durations of storage on the microtensile bond strength of the dentin adhesive system Single Bond. METHODS: 30 human first premolars were stored immediately after extraction in one of five commonly used methods respectively: 0.02% distilled water and thymol, 10% formalin, 1% chloramine, distilled water at 4 degrees C and were refrigerated at -20 degrees C. After 10 days, 90 days, the dentin adhesive system Single Bond and composite Z250 were applied to superficial occlusal flat dentin according to the manufacturers' instructions and microtensile bond strength measurements were evaluated, freshly extracted teeth being used as control. Stero-microscope and scanning electronic microscope were used to evaluate the fracture modes of the microtensile bond strength specimens. Two-way ANOVA was used for analysis of the microtensile bond strengths among different groups. RESULTS: The results showed that there was significant difference among five tooth storage methods on the microtensile bond strength of dentin bonding agent (P=0.01). Compared with freshly extracted teeth, two of five storage methods/media, 0.02% distilled water and thymol at 4 degrees C (P=0.008) and distilled water at 4 degrees C (P=0.024), resulted in significantly lower microtensile bond strengths. The duration of teeth storage had no effect on the microtensile bond strength of dentin bonding agent (P=0.279). The interaction of two factors was significant (P=0.000). Stero-microscope and SEM examination indicated that all fracture modes were adhesive failures. CONCLUSIONS: From this study, it can be concluded that the teeth storage methods/media can influence the microtensile bond strength of Single Bond adhesive system. If sufficient numbers of freshly extracted teeth are not available for bond strength test, the freezing teeth at -20 degrees C and teeth stored in 1% chloramine at 4 degrees C are preferred .

Dental Bonding↗
PubMed1990

[Possibilities of chemical detoxification of aflatoxin].

The efficacy of inactivation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1, 2.0-2.6 mg per kg) in aqueous medium in exposure to 21 chemicals or their mixtures for two hours and for two days was evaluated by measuring the extracts on a fluorescence spectrophotometer. Reduction to less than 10% of the original AFB1 content within two hours was recorded when the medium contained 1.5% potassium permanganate, 2.5 and 5% Chloramin B (Lachema) or soda, and when there was 5% ammonia heated to 60 degrees C, 5% sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide, or 50% chromosulphuric acid. AFB1 and other fluorescing metabolites were completely destroyed after two days of exposure to a 5% ammonia solution heated to 60 degrees C for the first two hours and after two days of exposure to 5% Chloramin B, 5% soda, 5% calcium hydroxide, 50% chromosulphuric acid, and mixture of 2.5% sulphuric acid with 0.75% potassium permanganage. Acids used alone had the lowest effectiveness.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed1990

[Determination of blood cyanide using head-space gas chromatography with electron capture detection].

Two head-space gas chromatographic methods for the determination of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in blood were demonstrated using electron capture detector (ECD). One was the double head-space gas sampling technique and the other used the reaction pre-column packed with Chloramine-T for the conversion of HCN into cyanogen chloride (CNC1). In the former method, HCN in blood was firstly released by acidification, and then the HCN gas was replaced into the another vial in which Chloramine-T solution had been placed. The head-space gas in the second vial was analyzed by gas chromatograph (GC). In the latter, HCN gas released was directly injected into the GC pre-connected the reaction column. The conversion of HCN into CNC1 was easily achieved by both methods. The use of dichloromethane as an internal standard and PTFE-faced septum for the sealing of vial greatly improved the precision and reliability of these analytical methods. The calibration curves by these methods gave good linearity and the lower detection limit taken from these plots was ca. 0.05 micrograms/ml. In particular, the reaction pre-column method, by which blood cyanide can be analyzed rapidly and accurately with only simple alteration of apparatus, is superior in the routine analysis of blood cyanide.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1990

Improving the tumor retention of radioiodinated antibody: aryl carbohydrate adducts.

Improved methods for attaching radioiodine to monoclonal antibodies have been developed. Ten aryl carbohydrate adducts were synthesized by the reductive amination of a carbohydrate with an aryl amine, using sodium cyanoborohydride as a reducing agent. After purification by chromatography and characterization by nuclear magnetic resonance they were iodinated using the chloramine-T method. Iodinated adducts were activated with cyanuric chloride and incubated with protein at room temperature. The immunoreactivity and avidity of radioiodinated tyramine cellobiose (TCB) labeled antibody were fully preserved when compared to electrophilically radioiodinated antibody. Radioiodinated TCB-and tyramine glucose-labeled monoclonal antibodies showed much greater intracellular retention of radioiodine when compared to electrophilically radioiodinated monoclonal antibodies. Neither radioiodinated tyramine nor radioiodinated TCB had any specific tissue uptake or retention. In mice the retention of radioiodinated TCB labeled anti-Thy-1.1 antibody (1A14) by Thy-1.1-bearing lymphoma cells was 2 times greater than that of chloramine-T labeled 1A14 antibody, whereas the plasma clearance curve and uptake in normal tissues was not changed. This method of radioiodinating monoclonal antibodies increases the retention time of radioiodine in tumor and thus may obviate the problem of intracellular deiodination, a perceived disadvantage of electrophilically iodinated antibodies, with respect to tumor retention of radioactivity.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[An evaluation of the sensitivity to antiseptic preparations of clinical strains of microorganisms in the family Enterobacteriaceae].

Classical enterobacterial strains are sensitive to the working concentrations of pervomur, dioxydine, resorcinol, sodium sulfacyl, iodopyrone, chlorhexidine and boric acid, resistant to the action of cetyplyridinium chloride, rivanol, roccal and ethonium. In enterobacterial populations strains with acquired resistance to chloramine B, iodopyrone, chlorhexidine and resorcinol are present. Hospital strains of enterobacteria are characterized by higher, in comparison with extrahospital strains, resistance to ethonium, sodium sulfacyl, lodopyrone, chloramine B and resorcinol.

Abscess↗
PubMed1988

Neutrophil-induced depletion of adenosine triphosphate in target cells: evidence for a hypochlorous acid-mediated process.

Human neutrophils, incubated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), caused a rapid and substantial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion in lymphoblastoid Daudi cells without producing lysis. Catalase (which destroys hydrogen peroxide), taurine and methionine (which scavenge hypochlorous acid), and chloride omission from the medium prevented the ATP fall. An ATP depletion comparable to that induced by neutrophils was observed by replacing neutrophils with an appropriate myeloperoxidase-H2O2-Cl- enzymatic system. Together, these data suggest that the neutrophil ATP depleting activity involves the myeloperoxidase-catalyzed transformation of H2O2 into HOCl. Moreover, the free H2O2 remaining in the neutrophil extracellular environment is ineffective. In fact, a comparable amount of enzymatically generated H2O2 did not cause Daudi cell ATP loss. A direct role for H2O2 in the neutrophil-induced Daudi cell ATP depletion was observed only under artificial conditions, that is, in the presence of the heme enzyme inhibitor azide, which prevented the HOCl production but dramatically augmented the extracellular H2O2 level. Similar levels of ATP depletion in Daudi cells were induced by amounts of reagent HOCl comparable to those generated by neutrophils. As the generated HOCl can rapidly react with a variety of neutrophil-derived nitrogenous compounds (primarily ammonia and taurine) to yield chloramines, these chlorinated oxidants might contribute to the neutrophil-mediated ATP depletion. Nevertheless, the main and well-characterized chloramines (ammonia-derived monochloramine, NH2Cl, and taurine monochloramine, TauNHCl) were devoid of ATP-depleting capacity. Thus, the results suggest that the neutrophil-induced ATP depletion in Daudi cells is HOCl-dependent, is not mediated by NH2Cl or TauNHCl, and could be promoted either by HOCl directly or by an unknown derivative oxidant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1986

Inhibition of neutrophil cytolysin production by target cells.

Neutrophils, triggered by heat-aggregated human IgG (Agg.IgG), were found to lyse chicken red blood cells (CRBC) as determined by a 51Cr release method. The lysis was inhibited by azide, catalase, chloride-free medium and amino acids, suggesting the requirement for myeloperoxidase (MPO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), chloride ions (Cl-), and hypochlorous acid (HOC1), respectively. These results indicate that neutrophils lyse CRBC through an HOCl-(ie, MPO-H2O2-Cl-) dependent process. Although HOCl can react with neutrophil-derived nitrogenous (N-) compounds to yield chloramines, the main and well-characterized chloramines did not play a direct role in the lysis of CRBC in our model system. Thus, it appears that lysis is due either to HOCl or to an unknown compound derived from and with characteristics similar to HOCl. When CRBC were replaced with HRBC targets, no lysis could be observed. Treatment of HRBC with carmustine, to inhibit the glutathione cycle, did not affect the cell resistance to lysis by neutrophils. Conversely, the inhibition of HRBC catalase activity with aminotriazole (AT) made the cells susceptible to neutrophil-mediated HOCl-dependent lysis: this suggests that HRBC escape lysis by neutrophils through an AT-inhibitable, ie catalase-dependent, process. Through an identical catalase-dependent process, HRBC were capable of efficiently preventing the H2O2 and HOCl recovery from Agg.IgG-triggered neutrophils, tested under experimental conditions similar to those used for cytolytic assays. Together, these data suggest that HRBC targets, endowed with high catalase activity, escape neutrophil-mediated lysis by consuming (by catalase) neutrophil-derived H2O2, so that HOCl cannot be produced in amounts sufficient to promote lysis. Parallel experiments, performed with AT-treated CRBC, showed that these cells, endowed with a relatively low catalase content, only partially limit neutrophil cytolytic efficiency by a process qualitatively similar to that observed with HRBC targets. The results provide evidence that target cells can restrain neutrophil cytolytic efficiency by interfering with the MPO-H2O2-Cl system through their catalase activity.

Amitrole↗
PubMed1988

The comparative study of reactive oxygen species generated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes as alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor inactivators-possible application for antioxidant prevention of emphysema.

The oxidative inactivation of alpha 1-proteinase (alpha 1AP) inhibitor is a one of mechanisms that may lead to the pulmonary emphysema. This process is caused by oxidants derived from atmosphere and released from lung phagocytes. These cells produce various oxidants hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hypochlorous acid (HClO), hydroxyl (OH.) and superoxide (O2-) radicals after inflammatory stimulation. In this study I have investigated the effects of H2O2 (1.5 x 10(-5) to 1.5 x 10(-2) M) alone or with addition of FeCl2 (50 microM) in order to generate OH., chloramine-T (1.5 x 10(-5) to 1.5 x 10(-3) M) which generates HClO, glucose 10 mg/ml-glucose oxidase (12.5 to 80 mU/ml)-H2O2 generating system, xanthine 0.2 mM-xanthine oxidase (12.5 to 80 mU/ml)-O2-2 generating system on the elastase inhibitory activity of alpha 1AP in vitro. H2O2 was weak in alpha 1AP inactivation--only concentration of H2O2 1.5 x 10(-2) caused severe loss of its activity to 23 +/- 8% inhibition of elastase. Addition of FeCl2 to H2O2 and following OH. generation did not enhance its alpha 1AP inactivation. O2-2 generating system inhibited moderately alpha 1AP. The % inhibition of elastase at concentration of xanthine oxidase 80 mU/ml was 65 +/- 7. HClO was most effective as an alpha 1AP inactivator. All used chloramine-T concentrations completely suppressed alpha 1AP activity. The obtained results and in vivo consumption of H2O2 by polymorphonuclear leukocyte myeloperoxidase for HClO production suggest that scavenging of these reactive oxygen species may be useful in prevention of emphysema.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1986

[Sensitivity of Ps. aeruginosa to disinfectant agents].

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, isolated from semen of bulls as well as from the surrounding milieu at Artificial Insemination Stations, were tested for susceptibility to disinfection agents, such as fesiasept, concentrate C4, and chloramine with 25% active chlorine and sodium hydroxide. The investigation was carried out in vitro under practical conditions too. The analysis of results led to the conclusion that in the case of environmental contamination with Ps. aeruginosa along with semen contamination most effective proved concentrate C4 in the form of 2.5 per cent water solution. The disinfection of lab glassware and equipment, instruments, towels, kerchiefs, cloths, and white overalls and aprons is to be carried out with 1.5 per cent water solution of chloramine.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Resistance of Salmonella abortus ovis to disinfectant agents].

By the method "test-vector" the influence of solutions of chlorinated lime, chloramine, sodium base formalin was investigated over 30 strains Salm. abortus ovis isolated from fecal and vaginal samples, as well as from aborted foetus. It was established that S. abortus ovis manifests different stability against the separated disinfectants. These microorganisms are most sensitive to the action of chlorine preparations. For that reason is recommended to use the chlorinated lime and the chloramine with priority for disinfection of Salm. abortus ovis.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Characteristics of gram-negative microflora on environmental objects in puerperal wards and their resistance to antibacterial preparations and disinfectants].

The species composition of gram-negative opportunistic bacteria isolated from different objects at three puerperal wards of a maternity clinic was studied. Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter were found to have a fairly wide circulation. The objects most contaminated by these bacteria were determined. The study showed that up to 33.3% of the isolated hospital strains of gram-negative bacteria were characterized by multiple resistance to antibiotics used in medical practice and to sulfathiazole. The strains showed the highest sensitivity to gentamicin and kanamycin. Most of the hospital strains were sensitive to chloramine and nirtan, but 4-13% of Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains showed enhanced resistance to 0.1% chloramine solution.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1981

[Physical methods (ultrasound) and disinfecting agents for decontaminating the water in poultry meat processing].

Productional and laboratory experiments were carried out to study the effect of ultra sound with a view to decontaminating the water in the vats for cooling poultry carcasses and skin cover as well as that of disinfection means (inkosan, actofor, yomil S, chalamide, and chloramin). In vitro studies revealed that the use of ultra sound in the decontamination of cooling water and poultry meat surface did not produce the necessary effect. The iodofor preparations inkosan and yomil S as well as the agents chalamide and chloramine added in fixed concentrations to the water in cooling vats were not shown to be able to inactivate Salmonella organisms on the surface of experimentally contaminated poultry carcasses. Inkosan at the rate of 1:1000, and yomil S at 0.2 and 0.4 per cent produced a 100 per cent bactericidal effect against the microflora in vat waters regardless of their initial contamination. Except for yomil S at 0.4 per cent these agents did not affect the organoleptic properties of poultry meat.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Comparison of three iodination methods for human somatotropin.

Human somatotropin (growth hormone) iodinated by use of lactoperoxidase or Chloramine T added stoichiometrically has been compared with hormone iodinated by conventional Chloramine T method. The three preparations were indistinguishable, both in their stability to storage and in their suitability for use in radioimmunoassay. Degradation of tracer, as measured by decreasing precipitability with trichloroacetic acid, was found to be an unsatisfactory measure of immunoreactivity, because aggregates of high relative molecular mass formed during storage at--15 or--80 degrees C are less immunoreactive.

Growth Hormone↗
PubMed1995

[Preliminary assessment of the effect of disinfectants on skin changes in health service workers].

During a five-year period (1 Jan. 1989 and 31 Oct. 1994) epidermal tests with disinfectants (formalin, sterinol, lysoformin, aldesan, septyl, chloramine, lysol, chlorhexidine) and their components (glutaraldehyd, phenol, hydroquinone) were performed on 322 health service workers examined at the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine due to suspected occupational dermatitis. It was found that 89 (27.6%) subjects examined were oversensitive, at least, to one disinfectant, mostly to formalin, sterinol (benzalkonium bromide), lysoformin and chloramine. Frequent occurrence of allergy to metals (nickel, cobalt, chromium, mercury) was observed in persons oversensitive to disinfectants.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Two in-vivo protocols for testing virucidal efficacy of handwashing and hand disinfection.

Whole-hands and fingerpads of seven volunteers were contaminated with poliovirus type 1 Sabin strain in order to evaluate virucidal efficacy of different forms of handwashing and handrub with alcohols and alcohol-based disinfectants. In the whole-hand protocol, handwashing with unmedicated soap for 5 min and handrubbing with 80% ethanol yielded a log reduction factor (RF) of > 2, whereas the log RF by 96.8% ethanol exceeded 3.2. With the fingerpad model ethanol produced a greater log RF than iso- or n-propanol. Comparing five commercial hand disinfectants and a chlorine solution (1.0% chloramine T-solution) for handrub, Desderman and Promanum, both composed of ethanol, yielded log RFs of 2.47 and 2.26 respectively after an application time of 60 s, similar to 1.0% chloramine T-solution (log RF of 2.28). Autosept, Mucasept, and Sterillium, based on n-propanol and/or isopropanol, were found to be significantly less effective (log RFs of 1.16, 1.06 and 1.52 respectively). A comparison of a modified whole-hand and the fingerpad protocol with Promanum showed similar results with the two systems suggesting both models are suitable for testing the in-vivo efficacy of handwashing agents and hand disinfectants which are used without any water.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[The effect of temperature on bactericidal activity of certain disinfectants].

Increase of the temperature by 10 degrees C (on the temperature range 22-32 degrees C) grows up the bactericidal activity of the disinfectants like Laurosept, Chloramine, Sterinol and Jodoseptan against E. coli and S. aureus. It has not observed the influence on the bactericidal activity of Septyl against S. aureus. Surface-active agents are more effective at higher temperature against S. aureus, phenolic disinfectants and Chloramine against E. coli.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1976

[Laboratory control of disinfectant effectiveness of sodium dichlorisocyanurate].

The level of active chlorine was determined to reach 59% in the first part of the trial; this corresponds to data asserted by the producer. In the solubility test, the preparation was classified as well-soluble. The determined sodium dichlorisocyanurate dilution coefficient suggests that increasing concentrations of the active substance do not imply any significant reduction of the time needed for exposure, and considering the value of the temperature coefficient (1.166) use can be considered as possible at different temperatures of environment, especially at lower temperature levels. During the effectiveness determinations on tissue carriers, 100% disinfecting effect was achieved at a 0.1% weight concentration per volume after five minutes of exposure against E. coli and Staph. aureus germs. For brief information, theeffectiveness of sodium dichlorisocyanurate on the spores of Bacillus subtilis was also examined. At the concentrations of 0.1% and 1% weight per volume, no favourable result was obtained even after 120 minutes of exposure. When buliding material was used as carriers (metallic sheets, bricks, wood, concrete) the total of 192 smears were prepared. Each of the carriers was adjusted in two positions--horizontal and vertical. 100% effectiveness against the germs of S. aureus was obtained at the concentration of 0.35% active chlorine (0.6% wt. per active chlorine concentration as ls carriers in the Chloramin B comparative test (28% act. chlorine). The comparison of effectiveness on the basis of the same concentrations of active chlorine in both chemicals revealed that sodium dichlorisocyanurate is repeatedly effective at a 0.020% active chlorine concentration. In Chloramin B the active concentration was 0.13% active chlorine.

Animals↗