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PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro antimutagenicity of capsaicin toward heterocyclic amines in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98.

Capsicum fruits are widely consumed as a component of the human diet. Capsaicin is the principle substance responsible for their hot, pungent taste. Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are formed during cooking of meats and are mutagenic/carcinogenic compounds. In this study, we looked at whether capsaicin showed anti-mutagenic effects toward HCA-induced mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 when incubated with 0.5 mg liver S9 protein from rat, hamster and human. The HCAs used were Trp-P-2, Glu-P-1 and PhIP. Capsaicin, at non-toxic amounts of 0.25 and 0.5 micromole/plate, expressed a dose-dependent inhibition of the mutagenicity of Glu-P-1 and PhIP when they are metabolically activated by rat, hamster and human liver S9 and of Trp-P-2 when activated by rat and hamster liver S9. In contrast, capsaicin enhanced the mutagenicity of Trp-P-2 in TA98 when incubated with human liver S9. The lack of consistency in the anti-mutagenic action of capsaicin toward HCAs is puzzling and currently unresolved.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Activity of polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein of banana fruit tissues].

The activity of polygalacturonase and the protein inhibiting this enzyme, which affected polygalacturonases of phytopathogenic fungi Verticillium dahliae and Gloesporium musarium, were detected in banana (Musa acumthata L.) fruit of cultivars Cavendish and Korolevskii. The polygalacturonase from banana fruit was inhibited by the preparations of the protein inhibitor not only from bananas but also from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers and pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2006

Ascorbic acid contents of Pakistani fruits and vegetables.

Fresh fruits and vegetables are good sources of vitamin C which is known for its antioxidant and immune-enhancing effects. The objective of this study was to determine ascorbic acid (vitamin C) contents of regularly consumed fruits and vegetables available in Pakistani markets. Most commonly used fresh fruits and vegetables were homogenized in 5% trichloroacetic acid, and ascorbic acid contents in the extracts were determined using a spectrophotometric method. Banana, custard apple, orange, lemon, guava and papaya were found to be very rich in ascorbic acid. Among vegetables, capsicum (green sweet pepper), cauliflower, bittergourd, roundgourd, beetroot, spinach, cabbage and radish contained high concentrations of ascorbic acid. Chikoo, grapes, pear, apricot, peach, carrot, cucumber, lettuce and "kakri" were found to be poor sources of ascorbic acid. Several Pakistani fruits and vegetables (pear, melon, onion, sweet green pepper, spinach, cucumber) had ascorbic acid values similar to those reported by US Department of Agriculture in these fruits and vegetables in USA. However, wide differences in vitamin C contents were also observed in certain other fruits and vegetables from these two countries. This indicates that regional varieties of fruits and vegetables could vary in their ascorbic acid contents. Since subclinical deficiency of vitamin C appears to be quite common in developing countries like Pakistan, there is a need to develop awareness among masses to consume fresh fruits and vegetables with high contents of vitamin C.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed2006

Screening of herbal extracts for activation of the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor.

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors play a pivotal role in metazoan lipid and glucose homeostasis. Synthetic activators of PPARalpha (fibrates) and PPARgamma (glitazones) are therefore widely used for treatment of dislipidemia and diabetes, respectively. There is growing evidence for herbal compounds to influence nuclear receptor signalling e.g. the PPARs. We recently reported carnosic acid and carnosol, both being diterpenes found in the labiate herbs sage and rosemary, to be activators of PPARgamma. The subsequent screening of a variety of ethanolic extracts, obtained from traditionally used herbs, for PPAR activation, led to an exceptionally high hit rate. Among 52 extracts nearly the half significantly activated PPARgamma and 14 activated PPARalpha in addition, whereas three of them were pan-PPAR activators, which also activated PPARdelta. The most active extracts, for which a concentration dependent effect could be shown, were the extracts of Alisma plantago aquatica (ze xie/european waterplantain), Catharanthus roseus (madagascar periwinkle), Acorus calamus (sweet calamus), Euphorbia balsamifera (balsam spurge), Jatropha curcas (barbados nut), Origanum majorana (marjoram), Zea mays (corn silk), Capsicum frutescens (chilli) and Urtica dioica (stinging nettle). The results of the present study provide a possible rationale for the traditional use of many herbs as antidiabetics.

Drug Evaluation, Preclinical↗
PubMed1990

[The investigation of the total amount of fluoride intake with correlative dental fluorosis polluted by burn coal in the epidemic fluorosis districts].

By means of the investigation in the five different townships with contrasting of the others, the main sources of fluorosis were found from pollution of the coal smoke, the content and total amount of fluoride intake from the maize and capsicum were calculated to be 74.35-94.72% by drying of the heat of burn coal and increased with the total amount of fluoride intake. The clear doses of the prevalence rates of dental fluorosis, the mean output of urinary fluoride and the total amount of fluoride intake--response relationship, showing a semilogarithmic positive correlation between 8 and 15 years of age. At the age the prevalence rates of bad incomplete teeth and milk-teeth showed a linear correlation with the total amount of fluoride intake and the mean output of urinary fluoride respectively. And seven regression equations were calculated. The question concerning the epidemic fluorosis districts caused by burn coal was discussed. We suggest that sick districts can be affirmed on the basis of the total amount of fluoride intake, the prevalence rates of dental fluorosis, bad incomplete teeth, milk-teeth and the mean output of urinary fluoride between 8 and 15 years of age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Effects of activators and antagonists of the neuropeptides substance P and substance K on cell proliferation in planarians.

Substance P and substance K (Neurokinin A) are mammalian peptides belonging to the tachykinin family. Both have been studied extensively, are widely distributed in both central and peripheral mammalian nervous systems, and seem to be involved in pain reactions and inflammatory responses. We report here that substance P and substance K, as well as Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), are potent mitogens, at micro and nanomolar concentrations, for planarian cells. This stimulation is inhibited by the substance P and substance K antagonist spantide, while capsaicin, a pungent agent of capsicum peppers that destroys sensory neurons, stimulates cell division, probably through release of substance P. These results, jointly with the reported stimulation of cell division by naloxone and its inhibition by Met-Enkephalin (Baguña, 1986), both probably acting on tachykinin release, suggest that target cells, the neoblasts, must have in their cell membranes numerous receptors for growth hormones and neuropeptides analogous to their mammalian counterparts.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Capsaicin as an in vitro inhibitor of benzo(a)pyrene metabolism and its DNA binding in human and murine keratinocytes.

Capsaicin (trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide), the active principle of capsicum fruits, such as hot peppers, is a known inhibitor of substance P. This substance was also found to be a potent in vitro inhibitor of human and murine epidermal metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and the enzyme-mediated binding of BP metabolites to DNA. In both untreated and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated neonatal rat epidermal microsomes, capsaicin resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity with an I50 value of 3.0 X 10(-4)-3.6 X 10(-4) M. A Lineweaver-Burk plot of the inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity suggested that the inhibition is of the noncompetitive type with Ki value of 50 microM. Capsaicin also inhibited BP metabolism and the binding of 3H-BP to DNA in BALB/c mouse and human keratinocytes. The formation of BP-7,8-diol was also substantially diminished in both systems in the presence of capsaicin (180-300 microM). Our results indicate that the substance P inhibitor, capsaicin, is also an inhibitor of epidermal BP metabolism and DNA binding of its metabolites. Therefore, in addition to its neurological effects, capsaicin may represent a new category of compound with anti-carcinogenic effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Capsaicin-induced ion fluxes in dorsal root ganglion cells in culture.

Capsaicin is a pungent pain-producing compound found in plants of the capsicum family; it exerts excitatory, desensitizing, and toxic effects on a subset of sensory neurons, including the polymodal nociceptor population. We have carried out a quantitative study of capsaicin-induced fluxes of sodium, guanidine, calcium, rubidium, and chloride ions in cultures of neonatal and adult rat DRG neurons, in conjunction with the use of a histochemical stain that identifies capsaicin-sensitive neurons by means of cobalt uptake. Those cells that take up cobalt in a capsaicin-dependent manner (EC50 = 0.2 microM) represent about 50% of the total neuronal population derived from neonatal DRGs on short-term culture. Overnight treatment of cultures with 2 microM capsaicin leads to the loss of the cobalt-staining subpopulation. The capsaicin-insensitive neurons contain immunoreactive neurofilament epitopes that are present in fewer than 10% of capsaicin-sensitive neurons. This observation provides indirect evidence that the sensitive cells correspond to the small, dark B-type neurons, which are negative for neurofilament immunoreactivity in vivo. A capsaicin-dependent calcium uptake (EC50 = 0.2 microM), as measured by 45Ca incorporation, is shown by a DRG neuronal subpopulation that, like the cobalt-staining population of DRG neurons, is lost after overnight capsaicin treatment (2 microM). Capsaicin application leads to the accumulation of millimolar levels of calcium within a few minutes. Cadmium and other divalent cations block capsaicin-induced calcium uptake, but little or no inhibition is seen with organic calcium channel antagonists. Mitochondria, rather than the endoplasmic reticulum, are the probable destination of the internalized calcium, because ruthenium red inhibits calcium uptake (IC50 = 0.05 microM), whereas methylxanthines are inactive. The subset of sensory neurons that takes up calcium also releases 86Rb when exposed to capsaicin (EC50 = 0.06 microM). No efflux of 36Cl ions could be induced by capsaicin. These cells also show a capsaicin-induced uptake of 22Na or 14C guanidine (EC50 = 0.06 microM). In contrast, chick DRG cells in culture showed no capsaicin-induced calcium or cobalt uptake. Primary cultures of rat superior cervical ganglion neurons and Schwann cells, and a number of neuronal cell lines, also failed to respond to capsaicin, as judged by the calcium, cobalt, or guanidine uptake assays.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Effects of intra-arterially administered capsaicinoids on vocalization in guinea pigs and medial thalamic neuronal activity in cats (author's transl)].

Algesic actions of capsaicinoids were investigated by utilizing vocalization in conscious guinea pigs and medial thalamic neuronal activity in gallamine triethiodide immobilized cats. Intra-arterial administration of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin evoked strong vocalization response, but other capsaicinoids, nordihydrocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, norcapsaicin, N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-6-methylheptamide, and N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-6-methylhept-trans-4-enamide, were weaker than capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin. Similar results were obtained from medial thalamic nociceptive neurons in cats. Morphine (10 mg/kg s.c.) suppressed vocalization response evoked by intra-arterial administration of capsaicin and bradykinin. Aspirin (100 mg/kg i.p.) also suppressed the bradykinin-evoked response, but not the capsaicin-evoked response. Capsi-amide, a non-pungent substance of Capsicum annuum L., failed to suppress nociceptive response to capsaicin or bradykinin in guinea pigs and cats. Tachyphylaxis was elicited by repeated administration of capsaicin in vocalization. No cross-tachyphylaxis to bradykinin, acetylcholine, and dihydrocapsaicin could be observed.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1978

[Stimulatory action of Brassica oleracea var. sabauda (Savoy) on mycobacteria and mycobacterial infection (author's transl)].

Eleven vegetable species were investigated for the presence of growth-stimulating activity on mycobacteria. It was found that savoy juice (Brassica oleracea var. sabauda), given orally, posessed a pronounced stimulating effect on M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. kansasii, M. avium and M. intracellulare serotype Davis in the serum of experimental animals when tested in auxanograms (Table 1). Another 2 species, paprica (Capsicum frutescens) and radish (Raphanus sativus var. albus) showed only insignificant stimulating activity. Oral application of savoy juice in addition to ordinary diet had an aggravating effect on guinea pigs infected peritoneally with M. kansasii. Tuberculosis of the spleen was found only in the groups treated with savoy juice (in 28.57% after administration of 1 mg and 47.36% after that of 10 mg of mycobacteria). The counts for animals with tuberculous lesions of the lung and liver were significantly higher in the groups treated with savoy juice (Table 2, Fig. 1) as compared with those for infected, but untreated guinea pigs. The possible influence of stimulating substances in vegetables on mycobacterial infection, especially during malnutrition, is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[In vitro effect against Giardia of 14 plant extracts].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate antigiardiasic activity in plants used in Mexico as antidiarrheics and/or antiparasitics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen species were evaluated. The antigiardiasic activity was measured in vitro in a blinded fashion using trophozoites of Giardia duodenalis incubated with plant extracts. The viability of trophozoites was ascertained using MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-il]-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) which is reduced to MTT-formazan by the activity of live trophozoites. The reduced MTT was extracted with an acidified alcohol (2-propanol with HCI 0.04 M) and measured in a spectrophotometer at 570 nm. Negative (trophozoites without extract) and positive controls (incubated with tinadazol) were included. RESULTS: The scientific and trivial names of the plants are given (trivials in Spanish marked by an asterisk). They had the following trophozoite mortality (mean +/- SD in percent): Justicia spicigera (muicle*) = 91 +/- 0.5; Lipia beriandieri (oregano) = 90 +/- 0.6; Psidium guajava (guava) = 87 +/- 1.0; positive control of tinidazol = 79 +/- 1.9; Punica granutus (granado*) = 78 +/- 1.3; Magnifera indica (mango) = 77 +/- 1.0; Plantago major (lante*) = 76 +/- 1.2; Cupressus semperbirens (cipres) = 73 +/- 1.2; Castella tormentosa (chaparro amargoso*) = 70 +/- 0.7; Hematoxilon campechanum (palo de Campeche*) = 67 +/- 1.2. Without or with a low mean activity were Prosopis juliflora (mesquite*) and Rizophora mangle (mangle*) with 0%, Oriza sativa (rice) with 5%, Capsicum annum (pimiento*) with 21% and Persea americana (avocado) with 23%. There were no associations of the antigiardiasic effect with concentration or osmolality of the extracts. CONCLUSIONS: A clear in vitro antigiardiasic effects was seen in nine species. Three of them were superior to tinidazol which is a drug of common use in the treatment of giardiasis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inhibition of liver microsomal cytochrome P450 activity and metabolism of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK by capsaicin and ellagic acid.

The tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3- pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), present in tobacco and tobacco smoke, is metabolically activated by microsomal enzymes. In this study, we examined the effect of capsaicin and ellagic acid on the in vitro metabolism of NNK by hamster and rat liver microsomes. Capsaicin is the principal component of Capsicum fruits used widely throughout the world as a food additive. Ellagic acid, with reported anticarcinogenic properties, is found in various soft fruits and nuts. Both capsaicin and ellagic acid inhibited the major pathways of NNK-reduction, N-pyridine oxidation and a-hydroxylation by hamster liver microsomes. Capsaicin inhibited NNK-reduction and a-hydroxylation and ellagic acid inhibited N-oxidation and a-hydroxylation by rat liver microsomes. The effects of capsaicin and ellagic acid on isozymes of cytochrome P450 were observed in the hydroxylation reactions of the metabolism of the steroid hormone testosterone. Results of these experiments indicated that both capsaicin and ellagic acid strongly inhibited the constitutive enzymes CYP 2A2, 3A1, 2C11, 2B1, 2B2 and 2C6. This study suggests that capsaicin and ellagic acid, as naturally occurring dietary constituents, possess antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties through the inhibition of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Induction of tumours by Indian dietary constituents.

Fishes and vegetables are preserved by salting and sundrying; and later fried in oil and consumed. Such preparations have been found to contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and are genotoxic and mutagenic. The potential carcinogenic effects of these and other dietary items have been studied by oral feeding to swiss mice at 100 mg/animal/day for 12 months; and observing upto two years. When so prepared and tested, chillies (Capsicum annum L.) produce adenocarcinomas in the abdomen in 35% of animals; Sundakkai (Solanum torvum), hepatic heamangiomas in 30%; Ribbon fish (Trichurus lepturus), squamous gastric carcinoma in 20%; cluster beans (Cyomopsis tetragonoloba), fat deposition throughout the abdomen. While whitebait fish (Stolephorus bataviensis) and seer fish (Scomberomorus commersonnii) have no effect. Fried mustard (Brassica juncea) causes severe necrosis of the liver (25%), but no tumours. Consumption of oil fried foods in high doses can lead to variety of deleterious biological effects. Raw cinnamon (Cinnamon zelanicum) is tumourigenic, inducing squamous pappillomas in some and poorly differentiated carcinomas in others.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Acute otitis media in children. Comparison between conventional and homeopathic therapy].

Within a prospective group study of five practicing otorhinolaryngologists, conventional therapy of acute otitis media in children was compared with homeopathic treatments. Group A (103 children) was primarily treated with homeopathic single remedies (Aconitum napellus, Apis mellifica, Belladonna, Capsicum, Chamomilla, Kalium bichromicum, Lachesis, Lycopodium, Mercurius solubilis, Okoubaka, Pulsatilla, Silicea). Group B (28 children) was treated by decongestant nose-drops, antibiotics, secretolytics and/or antipyretics. Comparisons were done by symptoms, physical findings, duration of therapy and number of relapses. The children of the study were between 1 and 11 years of age. The difference in numbers was explained by the children with otitis media being primarily treated by pediatricians using conventional methods. The median duration of pain in group A was 2 days and in group B 3 days. Median therapy in group A lasted 4 days and in group B 10 days. Antibiotics were given over a period of 8-10 days, while homeopathic treatments were stopped after healing. In group A 70.7% of the patients were free of relapses within 1 years and 29.3% had a maximum of three relapses. Group B had 56.5% without relapses and 43.5% a maximum of six relapses. Five children in group A were given antibiotics and 98 responded solely to homeopathic treatments. No side effects of treatment were found in either group.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

Plant exposures: a state profile of the most common species.

Plant exposures are the fourth most common cause of poisoning and 86% of those exposures involve the pediatric population. The large number of plant-related exposures and the lack of knowledge about plant toxicity has led to plant paranoia and considerable educational efforts to reduce the number of exposures. These efforts are often dictated by misconceptions and folklore. AAPCC TESS data on all plant exposures for the years 1985-1994 were electronically analyzed by plant species and state to establish a frequency distribution in the US. Aggregate national data was also tabulated. A total of 912,534 plant exposures were analyzed to tabulate the top 30 plant exposures for each state. Philodendron species were the most common exposures, followed by Dieffenbachia species, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Capsicum annuum and Ilex species. There were considerable differences between states relating to indoor vs outdoor plants and native vs introduced varieties. Plant exposures are common and poison information centers devote significant clinical service and educational effort to manage them and to enhance public awareness. Recognition of specific plant species and exposure frequency in a poison center region can be a basis for staff education and the development of appropriate poison prevention education brochures. This can direct better utilization of poison center's resources.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1997

The role of calcium in the desensitization of capsaicin responses in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons.

Capsaicin (Cap) is a pungent extract of the Capsicum pepper family, which activates nociceptive primary sensory neurons. Inward current and membrane potential responses of cultured neonatal rat dorsal root ganglion neurons to capsaicin were examined using whole-cell and perforated patch recording methods. The responses exhibited strong desensitization operationally classified as acute (diminished response during constant Cap exposure) and tachyphylaxis (diminished response to successive applications of Cap). Both acute desensitization and tachyphylaxis were greatly diminished by reductions in external Ca2+ concentration. Furthermore, chelation of intracellular Ca2+ by addition of either EGTA or bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetic acid to the patch pipette attenuated both forms of desensitization even in normal Ca2+. Release of intracellular Ca2+ by caffeine triggered acute desensitization in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, and barium was found to effectively substitute for calcium in supporting desensitization. Cap activated inward current at an ED50 of 728 nM, exhibiting cooperativity (Hill coefficient, 2.2); however, both forms of desensitization were only weakly dependent on [Cap], suggesting a dissociation between activation of Cap-sensitive channels and desensitization. Removal of ATP and GTP from the intracellular solutions resulted in nearly complete tachyphylaxis even with intracellular Ca2+ buffered to low levels, whereas changes in nucleotide levels did not significantly alter the acute form of desensitization. These data suggest a key role for intracellular Ca2+ in desensitization of Cap responses, perhaps through Ca2+-dependent dephosphorylation at a locus that normally sustains Cap responsiveness via ATP-dependent phosphorylation. It also seems that the signaling mechanisms underlying the two forms of desensitization are not identical in detail.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1997

The homoeopathic treatment of otitis media in children--comparisons with conventional therapy.

In a prospective observational study carried out by 1 homoeopathic and 4 conventional ENT practitioners, the 2 methods of treating acute pediatric otitis media were compared. Group A received treatment with homoeopathic single remedies (Aconitum napellus, Apis mellifica, Belladonna, Capsicum, Chamomilla, Kalium bichromicum, Lachesis, Lycopodium, Mercurius solubilis, Okoubaka, Pulsatilla, Silicea), whereas group B received nasal drops, antibiotics, secretolytics and/or antipyretics. The main outcome measures were duration of pain, duration of fever, and the number of recurrences after 1 year, whereby alpha < 0.05 was taken as significance level. The secondary measures were improvement after 3 hours, results of audiometry and tympanometry, and necessity for additional therapy. These parameters were only considered descriptively. The study involved 103 children in group A and 28 children in group B, aged between 6 months and 11 years in both groups. For duration of pain, the median was 2 days in group A and 3 days in group B. For duration of therapy, the median was 4 days in group A and 10 days in group B: this is due to the fact that antibiotics are usually administered over a period of 8-10 days, whereas homoeopathics can be discontinued at an earlier stage once healing has started. Of the children treated, 70.7% were free of recurrence within a year in group A and 29.3% were found to have a maximum of 3 recurrences. In group B, 56.5% were free of recurrence, and 43.5% had a maximum of 6 recurrences. Out of the 103 children in group A, 5 subsequently received antibiotics, though homoeopathic treatment was carried through to the healing stage in the remaining 98. No permanent sequels were observed in either group.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1997

Plant exposures ... a national profile of the most common plant genera.

Plant exposures are the 4th most common cause of poisoning and 85% of those exposures involve the pediatric population. The large number of plant-related exposures and the lack of knowledge about plant toxicity has led to plant paranoia and considerable educational efforts to reduce the number of exposures. These efforts are often dictated by misconceptions and folklore. American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) data on all plant exposures for the years 1985-1994 were electronically analyzed by plant genus to establish a frequency distribution of all plant exposures in the United States. A total of 912,534 plant exposure cases were analyzed to tabulate the top 100 plant exposures. Philodendron spp were the most common exposures, followed by Dieffenbachia spp, Euphorbia spp, Capsicum spp and Ilex spp. Plant exposures are very common and poison information centers devote significant clinical service and educational effort to manage these exposures and enhance the public's awareness. Awareness of specific plant species and exposure frequency in a poison center region can serve as a basis for staff education and as the cornerstone for the development of appropriate information in poison prevention and education brochures. This can direct better utilization of poison center financial resources.

Humans↗