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IT doesn't matter.

As information technology has grown in power and ubiquity, companies have come to view it as ever more critical to their success; their heavy spending on hardware and software clearly reflects that assumption. Chief executives routinely talk about information technology's strategic value, about how they can use IT to gain a competitive edge. But scarcity, not ubiquity, makes a business resource truly strategic--and allows companies to use it for a sustained competitive advantage. You only gain an edge over rivals by doing something that they can't. IT is the latest in a series of broadly adopted technologies--think of the railroad or the electric generator--that have reshaped industry over the past two centuries. For a brief time, as they were being built into the infrastructure of commerce, these technologies created powerful opportunities for forward-looking companies. But as their availability increased and their costs decreased, they became commodity inputs. From a strategic standpoint, they became invisible; they no longer mattered. that's exactly what's happening to IT, and the implications are profound. In this article, HBR's editor-at-large Nicholas Carr suggests that IT management should, frankly, become boring. It should focus on reducing risks, not increasing opportunities. For example, companies need to pay more attention to ensuring network and data security. Even more important, they need to manage IT costs more aggressively. IT may not help you gain a strategic advantage, but it could easily put you at a cost disadvantage. If, like many executives, you've begun to take a more defensive posture toward IT, spending more frugally and thinking more pragmatically, you're already on the right course. The challenge will be to maintain that discipline when the business cycle strengthens.

Capital Financing↗

[Salmonella non-typhoid infection: new epidemiological findings]

Food-borne infections are the most serious food safety problem in the world. In fact, they are responsible of millions of illnesses and thousand of deaths. Non-typhoid Salmonella infection is frequent world-wide and, although mild and self-limiting illness in normal subjects, it may cause a severe disease in patients with an immune-deficiency. Changes in the agents and in the vehicles of transmission and a higher number of patients with immune-depression have determined a world-spread of non-typhoid Salmonella infection in the last decades. The increased frequency of international travels and food commerce have been associated with outbreaks of unusual serotype of Salmonella. Moreover, drug-resistant Salmonella are emerged recently, as Ampicillin and Doxiciclin-resistant S. enteritidis or DT-104 multidrug-resistant S. typhimurium. The outbreak of Salmonella disease is also linked to diffusion of HIV infection and of other immunodeficiencies. The lack of controls in food industry, the frequent contamination of mass-distributed food products and the decreased opportunities to transmit for instruction on food safety, both in school and inside the family, are the causes of large-scale outbreaks

Journal Article↗

Regulation of existing chemicals under TSCA: information disclosure as the route to reducing risk and increasing available data.

The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) empowers the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate risk associated with the use of existing chemicals and the introduction of new chemicals into commerce. Due to a number of concerns, however, the authority to regulate existing chemicals under TSCA has enjoyed limited success. A more generic and flexible approach is needed to achieve significant risk reduction for existing chemicals. This paper presents a frame-work for a generic approach to the regulation of existing chemicals. Under this framework, EPA would officially recognize that the distribution of chemical substances without evaluating and communicating to the user how to avoid operationally undesirable exposures represents an unreasonable risk to health or the environment. Acting under the authority of TSCA, EPA would then generically require suppliers to communicate acceptable exposure levels and information regarding safe use. This framework is consistent with the express policy of TSCA, which states that development of data with respect to the effects of chemical substances and mixtures on health and the environment should be the responsibility of manufacturers and processors of chemicals. The approach outlined here is consistent with and complements initiatives of the Office of Toxic Substances (OTS) and would enable OTS to accomplish some of the fundamental goals of TSCA.

Chemical Industry↗

Eight ways to go "e" without launching a Web service.

With more than 100 million Americans on the Internet, the physician-patient relationship is evolving. The Net brings with it unlimited potential for communication and information dissemination, but these benefits do come with some side effects. No everything on the Net is reliable or credible, but many patients don't understand that. For this reason and others, physicians must involve themselves with online communication and e-commerce. There are many realistic and practical ways for physicians to do this, and not all of them involve building a Web site. Sending patients clinical information in a cost-effective manner, improving receivables management, and decreasing the volume of phone calls are just some of the many ways the Net can enhance your practice. Think of the Net as just another business tool--not a replacement for physician-patient relationships. Like the telephone before it, the Net affords improved communication, patient education, and relationship-building with patients.

Humans↗

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): loud clang of the Leper's bell.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or the "Chinese Chernobyl" emerged against an alarming background of rising infectious disease in poor rural China and to a backdrop of interregional and global polarization of population well-being and vulnerability. SARS has added its own dissonant note to "health disturbance", caused fear and panic and disrupted international commerce. Its emergence should be perceived as a disturbing alarm that underscores the need to strengthen public health and facilitate construction of a human security "umbrella" in the event of future disasters. Although SARS has produced a relatively insignificant level of damage when compared to other threats, its long-term effects on health should not be underestimated, based on its unexpected appearance and still unknown properties. This essay presents a qualitative flowchart that follows SARS from its origin in China to the accumulation of global damage. Two future scenarios were formulated, covering a worse-case outcome and containment outcome, which currently appears to be the case. In the event of the worst-case scenario it is doubtful whether any health service in Europe could cope. In either case, the development of a European Union Center for Disease Control is mandatory.

Humans↗

Consumer direct access to clinical laboratory testing: what are the critical issues?

Americans are demanding, independent people. In most aspects of our lives, we are used to walking into a store or other place of business with the expectation that the personnel working for the business will make every effort to satisfy our requests quickly and without the need for a third party to intervene or approve the transaction. Hence, the popularity of convenience stores, do-it-yourself stores and kits, and e-commerce. The delivery of health-care services, however, generally does not conform to this model. Before most diagnostic tests or treatments are ordered, patients usually consult a physician. In many cases, prior to tests or treatments being performed, additional consultations are required with insurance plans. But the winds of change, they are a-blowing. More and more, people demand an active role in managing their health care. One emerging trend is direct patient access to clinical laboratory testing (1).

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗

[Quality assurance, quality management or quality control?].

The current concept of quality in the German health care system dates back to the period of the 1950s and 1960s, also including current legislation. Nevertheless, quality initiatives are in full progress. The German health care system is supposed to learn from experiences described in the fields of industry, technology and commerce. The philosophy and technology of quality management can provide an ideal solution to the common problems of the health care system.

Delivery of Health Care↗

Federal laws govern the conduct of peer review.

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that an antitrust plaintiff does not need to prove that defendant physicians and hospitals engaged in interstate commerce in order to assert federal jurisdiction over his claim that peer review proceedings against him violated the law.

Antitrust Laws↗

WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations.

This report presents the recommendations of an international group of experts convened by the World Health Organization to consider matters concerning the quality assurance of pharmaceuticals and specifications for drug substances and dosage forms. Of particular relevance to drug regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical manufacturers, this report discusses the latest volume of The International Pharmacopoeia and quality specifications for pharmaceutical substances and dosage forms, as well as quality control of reference materials, good manufacturing practices (GMP), inspection, distribution and trade and other aspects of quality assurance of pharmaceuticals, and regulatory issues. The report is complemented by a number of annexes, including recommendations on good trade and distribution practices for pharmaceutical starting materials, guidelines on the WHO scheme for the certification of pharmaceutical materials moving in international commerce, draft procedures for assessing quality control laboratories and procurement agencies for use by United Nations agencies, and guidelines for preparing a laboratory information file and a procurement agency information file.

Congresses as Topic↗

Telemedicine and European law.

A Directive of the European Union was first published in 2000, which dealt with telemedicine as part of its provisions. This E-Commerce Directive, as it became known, was subjected to further study which revealed some problems relative to the practice of telemedicine. Among the subjects discussed in this paper are those of privacy, data protection, free movement of services, the impact of electronic communication and ethical issues.

Confidentiality↗

[Problems in development of agriculture-animal husbandry ecotone and its countermeasures].

Problems in development of Duolun, a typical agriculture-animal husbandry ecotone, and its countermeasures were discussed in this paper. Economic structure was not rational in Duolun, and it should develop industry and commerce, limit the scope of agriculture and animal husbandry, and actively increase efficiency of agriculture and animal husbandry. The structure of land use was not rational, and the main countermeasures were to increase area of forestland and grassland, and decrease cultivated area. On resources use, the main countermeasures were to exploit water resource rationally and bring into play resource superiority of mutually benefits on agriculture and animal husbandry. The ecological environment construction was the foundation of the national economy for sustainable development in agriculture-animal husbandry ecotone.

Agriculture↗

Baldrige Award cites two hospitals. Baptist, Saint Luke's hospitals honored for quality, performance.

Baptist Hospital Inc., Pensacola, Fla.; and Saint Luke's Hospital, Kansas City, Mo., have received the prestigious Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award in the category of healthcare. Named for a former secretary of commerce, the award recognizes efficiency, effectiveness and excellence. The two hospitals are among only seven companies in the U.S. to be so recognized this year.

Awards and Prizes↗

[Changes in the dynamics of viral infectious diseases].

Modern methods of molecular biology are suitable to analyse evolutionary processes in the area of infectious diseases. Visible expression of this evolution is the emergence of "new" infectious agents, e.g., canine parvovirus, the agent of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and phocine distemper virus. In addition a gradual change of disease syndromes may be observed, e.g., classical and African swine fever and myxoma. These processes are based on genomic changes of the respective infectious agents, i.e., point mutations and recombinations. Especially RNA viruses are prone to genomic change, and the plasticity of their genomes enables them to adapt to varying selective pressures. Human activities in agriculture, global commerce and tourism may enhance and precipitate microbial evolution.

Animals↗

Balancing traditional values in academic medicine with advances in science and technology.

Scientific discovery, population growth, and world commerce are converging to reshape medicine in unforeseen ways. Instead of responding passively to change we must embrace each challenge as an opportunity. Critical issues facing academic medicine today include a revolution in molecular biology and biotechnology, spiraling costs of health care, lack of consensus on a frame of reference for strategic planning (global versus local), and lack of appropriate methods of assessment (outcome analysis). These issues are complex and broad. Thus, it may be that the best that can emerge from our discussion is to identify the major dimensions along which progress may be expected and to predict ways in which change can be directed to serve the needs of health care institutions and medical professionals around the world. Solutions will require innovation in medical education, leadership, and international collaboration.

Academic Medical Centers↗

Association of mobile phone radiation with fatigue, headache, dizziness, tension and sleep disturbance in Saudi population.

OBJECTIVE: The widespread use of mobile phones has been increased over the past decade; they are now an essential part of business, commerce and society. The use of mobile phones can cause health problems. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the association of using mobile phones with fatigue, headache, dizziness, tension and sleep disturbance in the Saudi population and provide health and social awareness in using these devices. METHODS: This study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the year 2002 to 2003. In the present study, a total of 437 subjects (55.1% male and 39.9% female) were invited, they have and had been using mobile phones. A questionnaire was distributed regarding detailed history and association of mobile phones with health hazards. RESULTS: The results of the present study showed an association between the use of mobile phones and health hazards. The overall mean percentage for these clinical findings in all groups were headache (21.6%), sleep disturbance (4.%), tension (3.9%), fatigue (3%) and dizziness (2.4%). CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the present study, we conclude that the use of mobile phones is a risk factor for health hazards and suggest that long term or excessive use of mobile phones should be avoided by health promotion activities such as group discussions, public presentations and through electronic and print media sources.

Adolescent↗

Cuisine and health: a new initiative for science and technology 'The Zhejiang Report' from Hangzhou.

There has been a rapid and remarkable recovery in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, during the 1990s, of a distinctive cuisine whose origins can be traced back to, at least, the building of the Grand Canal between Beijing and Hangzhou in the 600s AD and the stimulus to trade and migration, that was provided. This, along with exceptional health indices in the region, provides a basis for a new integrative study of the food chain, food culture and food science in regard to the human condition, which would be manifest by the degree of environmental sustainability, economic progress, social cohesion, health status, well-being and happiness that these dimensions of "food for humans " should support. Collectively, these have rarely been subject to systematic scholarly pursuit. Through the endeavours of the Zhejiang Association for Science and Technology, representing some 150,000 professionals and the international community, represented principally by the International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS) and its partners in WHO, the FAO Network of Excellence and the Hangzhou University of Commerce, this field has been brought together through the papers in this issue of Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. The report builds on related endeavours in recent times, notably 'The Okinawan Roundtable on Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease' which recognizes the exceptional and distinguishing features of the Okinawan diet in health protection, and the assessment of the place of fatty fruits, like red palm fruit amongst 'North and West African Foods'.

China↗

[Epidemiology of HIV infection: twenty-years of experience].

In the 20 years since the isolation of HIV, an overwhelming amount of information about this entity has come up and transform this disease into a chronic and manageable one. In spite of all this knowledge, failure to prevent new infections is still common in many parts of the world, especially those acquired by sexual and intravenous drug use. Sub-Saharan Africa is still the most affected region of the world, where the meridional region presents the largest incidence of all (30%) and contains only 2% of the world population. Asia and Eastern Europe epidemics are still growing, mostly because IVU drug use and sexual commerce. Latin America presents an epidemic concentrated to high risk behavioral groups, especially in South America. Mexico has 71,526 registered cases; the most them between 25-34 years, 51% have died up to date. The main route of transmission is sexual. A lot is still to come in the future years, but we have to pay special attention to the prevention of this disease.

HIV Infections↗

A national survey of oral hygienists in South Africa.

AIM: To survey the status and views of practicing hygienists in South Africa. METHOD: A postal questionnaire was mailed to all registered hygienists in South Africa in 1999 (n = 853). Demographic variables; views on further study; conditions of employment; and issues hygienists' felt strongly about were explored. Two mailings resulted in a response rate of 51% (n = 439). RESULTS: Respondents' age ranged from 20-52 years (mean 33 years); they were all female (n = 435) except two; 60.9% were in full time and 39.1% part time employment; 73% were employed in private practice, 13% in non-traditional settings and a small number in commerce; 92.7% wished to expand on their current qualification with part time and distance learning as the choice of study; 45.7% of the full time and 18% of the part time hygienists reported to have a contract of employment. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that South African hygienists envision an expanded role within the oral health team and wish to pursue their career beyond the two-year diploma in Oral Health/Oral Hygiene. The majority were not employed according to the BCEA in terms of benefits and the provision of a contract if employment.

Adult↗