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PubMed1998

Effect of early water contact on solubility of glass ionomer luting cements.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Glass ionomer cements are susceptible to attack by moisture during the initial setting period that can result in an increased solubility. PURPOSE: This study was to evaluate the solubility of glass ionomer luting cements immersed in distilled water at early stages after mixing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four commercial glass ionomer cements were used (Ketac-Cem, Fuji Ionomer I; AquaCem; AquaMeron). For each material, 5 resin cement holders were made with 2 circular cavities (diameter = 5 mm; depth = 2 mm). One minute after start of mixing, the specimens were placed in a humidifier at 37 degrees C and 100% relative humidity. After 2, 5, and 8 minutes storage time, they were immersed in 50 mL of distilled water in a glass weighing bottle where they were stored for 3 hours at 37 degrees C. Next, the specimens were removed and the water was evaporated from the weighing bottle at 130 degrees C for 2 hours. The difference between the final and initial weights of the bottle was taken as amount of solubility. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Duncan's test. RESULTS: Solubility was greatest at 3 minutes immersion time and least at 9 minutes. The lowest cement loss was for AquaCem at 9 minutes immersion time (1.68 mg/cm2). The greatest loss was for Fuji Ionomer I after 3 minutes immersion time (14.98 mg/cm2). Solubility of cements decreased by 39% for Ketac-Cem, 61% for Fuji Ionomer I, 38% for AquaCem, and 37% for AquaMeron when the specimens were immersed in water 6 minutes after mixing. Comparison of all 4 cements revealed a relatively large difference between loss of substance from AquaCem and AquaMeron, and the 2 other conventional glass ionomer cements, Keta-cCem and Fuji Ionomer I. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing the time from start of mixing until immersion in water from 3 to 9 minutes resulted in a marked decrease in loss of substance from the surface of all 4 cements. Water-hardening glass ionomer cements (AquaCem and AquaMeron) were less sensitive to early water contamination.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[A new method to optimize the adhesion between bone cement and acetabular bone in total hip arthroplasty].

AIM: In cemented total hip arthroplasty cup loosening occurs earlier than stem loosening in most of the cases. This is mainly caused by the lack of stabile adhesion between the hydrophobic bone cement and the hydrophilic bone surface of the acetabulum. The aim of this study was to develop a multilayer amphiphilic bonding system which prevents the hydrolytic debonding at the bone cement-bone interface, thus optimizing the compound stability. METHOD: In a first series of tests a standardized three-point-bending test was performed to determine the compound stability of the bone cement-bone interface. The bony test specimens were immersed into physiologic NaCl solution to simulate the hydrolytic in situ conditions and contaminated with blood to simulate the intraoperative bleeding of prepared acetabular bone surfaces. In a second series of tests polyethylene cups were implanted into the acetabular cavity of sheep using the current cementing technique. Acetabular bone stock was prepared differently (subchondral sclerotic zone preserved vs. removed, additional drilling into the acetabular roof, with vs. without the multilayer bonding system) in intra-individual comparison of both acetabular sides. To ascertain the bone cement-bone stability a torsional-turn out test was performed on an universal testing machine. RESULTS: In the three-point-bending tests the compound stability between bone cement and bone was 50- to 100-times higher with the use of the multilayer system. In the torsional-turn out tests the compound stability showed in mean a 1.8-fold increase of the interface strength in case of preconditioned acetabular cavities with the multilayer bonding system. CONCLUSION: The developed multilayer bonding system optimizes the interface strength between acetabular bone stock and bone cement significantly for cemented cups in total hip arthroplasty. In contrast to cementing techniques with complete removal of the subchondral sclerotic zone (in order to optimize micro-interlocking) the biologically effective and load bearing acetabular bone stock can be preserved using the newly developed multilayer bonding system. This aspect might be highly important especially with regard to possible acetabular bone defects caused by the process of aseptic cup loosening.

Acetabulum↗

PubMed2006

Complications of cemented long-stem hip arthroplasties in metastatic bone disease.

UNLABELLED: It is controversial whether a cemented long-stem femoral arthroplasty is a safe surgical option for patients with meta-static bone disease of the hip. Cemented long stems increase the risk of embolic cascades and may cause subsequent cardiopulmonary complications, particularly in patients with metastatic disease. We retrospectively reviewed results of 29 long-stem cemented femoral arthroplasties in 27 patients in which surgical techniques that minimized intramedullary debris and canal pressurization were used. The surgical techniques minimized intraoperative cement-related emboli with aggressive medullary lavage, intraoperative canal suctioning during cementation, use of early low-viscosity polymethylmethacrylate, and slow, controlled insertion of the long-stem prosthesis. Cement-associated hypotension occurred in four (14%) patients, sympathomimetics were administered in nine (31%) patients, and a worsening mental status occurred postoperatively in one (3%) patient. There were no cement-associated desaturation events, cardiac arrests, or intraoperative deaths. No patients required prolonged intubation, and there were no postoperative cardiopulmonary events. Cemented long-stem femoral arthroplasty is a safe procedure for patients with high-risk metastatic disease. Increased awareness of cement-related cardiopulmonary pathophysiology, and modifying conventional surgical techniques can minimize cement-associated complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic study, Level IV (case series). See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Antimicrobial action of new, proprietary lining cements.

The antibacterial activity of innovative, commercial lining cements was investigated. A liner which contains calcium hydroxide and is polymerized by visible light (Prisma VLC Dycal) and a glass-ionomer lining cement (GC lining cement) were compared with two more established lining cements (Advanced Formula II Dycal and Life). Antibacterial activity and hemolysis-like agar change at 24, 48, and 72 hours were measured on blood agar plates inoculated with Streptococcus mutans KPSK 2 (serotype c), Lactobacillus casei ssp rhamnosus ATCC 11981, and chewing-stimulated saliva. Prisma VLC Dycal did not affect bacteria or agar. The glass-ionomer lining cement, with an acidic pH at setting, had the most pronounced effect on all test organisms and on the agar. Even after 48 hours' setting, it inhibited growth of S. mutans. The control lining cement (AFII Dycal) showed antibacterial activity toward both specific micro-organisms as well as some activity against the salivary organisms. The material Life showed only partial inhibition of microbial growth. For all lining cements, the hemolytic-like agar change correlated with antibacterial effects. The surface pH of the freshly-set cements containing calcium hydroxide was alkaline. It would seem that a simple correlation between high surface pH and antibacterial activity among these cements does not exist. Also, further biological characterization of new lining cements is required to direct their appropriate clinical use.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed1977

Pulpal reaction to polycarboxylate and zinc phosphate cements used with inlays in deep cavity preparations.

The purpose of the present investigation was to compare histologically pulpal reactions beneath inlays cemented with either a zinc phosphate or a polycarboxylate cement. No inflammatory reaction was seen beneath any of the 39 deep cavity preparations in teeth without pulpal lesions and with an inlay cemented with polycarboxylate cement. In the contralateral teeth, under 39 inlays cemented with zinc phosphate cement, an inflammatory reaction was seen beneath two cavity preparations. In one, bacteria were found on the floor of the preparation. On the basis of this result and the findings of our earlier investigations, it may be warranted to conclude that neither the polycarboxylate cement nor the zinc phosphate cement has any notable irritating effect on the pulp. If the irritation occurs after cementation of the restoration, it may be caused by debris containing bacteria and left behind on the prepared surfaces by bacterial growth from the surface of the tooth. The findings underline the importance of removing grinding debris and bacteria before cementation of the restoration.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed2006

Pulpal response to a newly developed MMA based resin cement for bonding tooth-colored indirect restorations.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the pulpal responses to a newly-developed MMA-based self-etch resin cement, when used as a luting agent for indirect resin composite restoration, and to compare the results with those obtained from a total-etch luting agent, glass-ionomer cement, and amalgam restoration. METHODS: 120 cervical cavities were prepared in monkey teeth and divided into four equal groups according to the restorative materials used: (1) the cavities were restored with resin composite inlays using a self-etch resin cement as a luting agent (M-Bond); (2) the cavities were also restored with resin composite inlays but using a total-etch resin cement as a luting agent (Super-Bond C & B); (3) the cavities were directly restored with glass-ionomer cement (Fuji II); or (4) the cavities were directly restored with amalgam (Dispersalloy). The restored teeth were extracted at 3, 30, or 90 days after restoration, then fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. The specimens were prepared using routine histopathological procedures. Five microm-thick sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or Brown & Brenn gram stain for bacterial observations. Histological responses in the pulpal tissue and bacterial penetration were observed under a light microscope and evaluated using standard scores. The results were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (P< 0.05). RESULTS: At all time intervals, no significant differences of pulpal inflammatory responses between M-Bond and Super-Bond C&B were observed (P> 0.05). Both resin cements showed no serious pulpal responses, such as necrosis or abscess formation. In general, both MMA-based resin cements showed similar pulpal responses to those of glass-ionomer cement except for congestion of pulpal blood vessels at 3 days after restoration in which glass-ionomer cement exhibited a lower level than that of the MMA-based resin cements. For the group restored with amalgam, at 3 days after restoration, severe odontoblastic disorders and blood vessel congestions with a large infiltration of inflammatory cells were detected. At 30 and 90 days after restoration, slightly inflammatory irritations were observed irrespective of the materials used. Reparative dentin formation and bacterial penetration were found mostly in the group restored with amalgam.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Wear resistance of four luting agents as a function of marginal gap distance, cement type, and restorative material.

This study investigated the effect of marginal gap width, luting cement, and restorative material on the wear resistance of the luting cement in areas where no occlusal contact is present. Three types of resin luting cement and one resin-modified glass-ionomer cement were used with two inlay systems, a resin composite, and an all-ceramic system. Bovine enamel represented tooth structure. Toothbrush abrasion was the wear modality. Three predetermined gap widths were selected: 240 +/- 30 microns, 150 +/- 30 microns, and 60 +/- 30 microns. All specimens were thermocycled. Regardless of the luting cement or the restorative material, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in wear resistance of the cement among the three gap distances at both the enamel and restoration interface. Vertical wear of the luting cement at the enamel interface increased linearly with marginal gap distance when all four cements were considered together (r2 > 0.51), regardless of type of restorative material used. The resin-modified glass-ionomer cement showed the least amount of wear for all variables considered. Significant differences in wear were found between the four luting cements at wide gap distances (240 microns) at the enamel interface, regardless of type of restorative material used. No significant differences were found between the two restorative materials at the enamel interface at the three gap distances.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Marginal leakage of cast gold crowns luted with an adhesive resin cement.

The microleakage of cast gold complete crowns cemented with Panavia EX cement was evaluated and compared with those luted with a standard zinc phosphate cement. The effect of water immersion of specimens for 30 and 90 days was also investigated. The finding of this study indicated that crowns cemented with Panavia EX cement exhibited substantially less marginal leakage than those cemented with zinc phosphate cement. No significant difference in marginal leakage was observed between 30-day and 90-day water immersion of crowns cemented with Panavia EX cement.

Adhesives↗

PubMed2003

Fluoride release from orthodontic band cements-a comparison of two in vitro models.

OBJECTIVES: To compare, in vitro, the fluoride release from a conventional glass ionomer cement (Ketac-Cem), a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (3M-Multicure) and a polyacid modified composite (Ultra Band-Lok) using a banded tooth model and a disc model with the same mean cement weight. METHODS: Forty pairs of caries-free third molars were collected and divided into two groups, each of 20 teeth. One tooth from each pair was banded with Ketac-Cem and the other with Ultra Band-Lok or 3M-Multicure; the average band size for each cement group was the same. Two coats of nail varnish were painted on each tooth to within 1mm of the band margin. Five discs (4.5mm diameter and 2mm depth) were prepared for each cement, these dimensions having been calculated so that the mean cement weight of the banded tooth model matched that of the disc model for each cement. The fluoride released into 2ml of deionised water, from each banded tooth or disc, was measured at regular intervals over 30 days using an Orion ion-selective electrode connected to an ion analyser. RESULTS: At 30 days, for both banded tooth and disc models, the mean cumulative fluoride release was greatest from 3M-Multicure followed by Ketac-Cem, which in turn released more fluoride than Ultra Band-Lok. These differences were all significant (p<0.05). Despite having the same mean cement weight, the banded tooth model for Ketac-Cem and 3M-Multicure released approximately 3-4 times more cumulative fluoride than the disc model after 30 days (p<001). For Ultra Band-Lok, both models released comparable levels of fluoride (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Cement type, specimen geometry and surface area appear to influence significantly fluoride release characteristics.

Cariostatic Agents↗

PubMed2001

Laboratory strength of glass ionomer and zinc phosphate cements.

PURPOSE: The present in vitro study examined 3 mechanical properties, namely compressive, flexural, and diametral tensile strength, of various commercially available cements and core materials as a function of time after mixing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The examined materials were 2 cermet cements (Ketac Silver [ESPE, Seefeld, Germany] and Chelon Silver [ESPE]), 1 metal-reinforced glass ionomer cement (Miracle Mix [GC Dental Industrial Corp, Tokyo, Japan]), 2 conventional glass ionomer cements (Ketac Bond [ESPE] and Ketac Cem [ESPE]), 1 standard cure zinc phosphate cement (Harvard Cement [Richter and Hoffmann, Berlin, Germany]), and 1 zinc phosphate cement with the addition of 30% silver amalgam alloy powder (Harvard Cement 70% with Dispersalloy 30% [Richter and Hoffmann/Johnson and Johnson, East Windsor, NJ]). Properties were measured using a universal testing machine at 15 minutes, 1 hour, and 24 hours after first mixing. RESULTS: Compressive strengths varied widely between the 3 times of measurement from 5.8 +/- 6.6 MPa for Ketac Cem to 144.3 +/- 10.2 MPa for Ketac Silver. Twenty-four hours after mixing, the Bonferroni test showed significant (p <or= .01) differences between Ketac Silver and all other materials tested. Diametral tensile strengths ranged widely from 4.4 +/- 0.9 MPa for Ketac Cem to 11.5 +/- 2.2 MPa for Chelon Silver. At 15 minutes, 1 hour, and 24 hours after first mixing, the analysis of variance did not show any significant differences between Ketac Silver, Chelon Silver, and Miracle Mix. The 3-point flexural strength of Ketac Silver showed, at 15 minutes with 13.5 +/- 3.9 MPa and at 24 hours with 27.2 +/- 7.4 MPa, the highest values. CONCLUSIONS: Setting time influences the mechanical properties of the materials tested in this study. Ketac Silver, a glass ionomer cement reinforced with sintered glass-silver particles, showed the highest mechanical properties of the examined materials.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1984

Long-term F release from glass ionomer cements.

Fluoride release from three commercial glass ionomer filling cements and three glass ionomer luting cements was measured in the laboratory over a 12-month period. Fluoride release from these glass ionomer cements was compared with that released from a silicate, silicophosphate, and a fluoride-containing polycarboxylate cement. The fluoride released from the glass ionomer cements throughout the one-year period was similar, both in quantity and pattern, to that released by the silicate cement. The silicophosphate cement tended to release fluoride in somewhat lesser amounts, while the amount of fluoride released by the polycarboxylate was negligible after the first few days. Analysis of these data indicates that these glass ionomer cements probably possess anticariogenic properties similar to those of silicate cement.

Chemical Phenomena↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Retentiveness of dental cements used with metallic implant components.

There is limited dental literature evaluating the retentive capabilities of luting agents when used between metal components, such as cast metal restorations cemented onto machined metal implant abutments. This study compared the retentive strengths of 5 different classes of luting agents used to cement cast noble metal alloy crowns to 8-degree machined titanium cementable implant abutments from the Straumann ITI Implant System. Sixty prefabricated 5.5-mm solid titanium implant abutments and implants were used; 30 received the standard surface preparation and the other 30 received an anodized surface preparation. Anodized implant components were used to reflect current implant marketing. Sixty castings were fabricated and randomly paired with an abutment and implant. A total of 12 castings were cemented onto the implant-abutment assemblies for each of the 5 different luting agents (zinc phosphate, resin composite, glass ionomer, resin-reinforced glass ionomer, and zinc oxide-non-eugenol). After cementation, the assemblies were stored in a humidor at room temperature prior to thermocycling for 24 hours. Each casting was pulled from its respective abutment, and the force at which bond failure occurred was recorded as retentive strength. A statistically significant difference was found between the 5 cements at P < or = .001. Of the cements used, resin composite demonstrated the highest mean retentive strength. Zinc phosphate and resin-reinforced glass-ionomer cements were the next most retentive, while glass ionomer and zinc oxide-non-eugenol cements demonstrated minimal retention. In addition, retention was not altered by the use of an anodized abutment surface.

Adhesiveness↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of different cements on the fracture resistance and marginal adaptation of all-ceramic and fiber-reinforced crowns.

PURPOSE: This in vitro study investigated the marginal adaptation and fracture resistance of heat-pressed glass-ceramic and fiber-reinforced composite molar crowns luted with resin, resin-modified glass-ionomer, or zinc-oxide-eugenol-free cements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 24 heat-pressed all-ceramic and 24 glass fiber-reinforced composite crowns were constructed and cemented using the above-mentioned luting agents (eight crowns per cement). The restorations were thermocycled and mechanically stressed, and fracture resistance was determined. Marginal adaptation was evaluated before and after stress application using semiquantitative analysis in a scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: All-ceramic and fiber-reinforced composite crowns reached the highest fracture resistance after stress application in combination with the resin cement. When luted with resin-modified glass-ionomer or zinc-oxide-eugenol-free cements, the fracture resistance of all-ceramics decreased significantly, while the fiber-reinforced composite crowns maintained their fracture resistance level; the lowest values were found for zinc-oxide-eugenol-free cements. The marginal adaptation remained unchanged after stress for all-ceramics and fiber-reinforced composite restorations if they were luted with resin cements. Luting with resin-modified glass-ionomers significantly deteriorated the marginal adaptation after stress application, with the exception of the crown-cement interface of all-ceramics. CONCLUSION: The highest fracture resistance and marginal adaptation were found for all-ceramic and glass fiber-reinforced composite molar crowns if they were luted with resin cement.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1978

The extent of slits at the interfaces between luting cements and enamel, dentin and alloy.

Four different cements were used to assess the presence of slits at the cement/tooth or the cement/alloy interfaces using a tooth-crown model. The model consisted of ground sections of teeth and plane plates of silver/palladium alloy. The plates were fixed with bolts between two brass plates and with three different dimensions of the cement film between tooth and alloy, i.e. 50 micrometer, 100 micrometer and 200 micrometer. The tooth-alloy specimens were sectioned and the adaption of cements was studied with an indirect technique (replica) in a scanning electron microscope. The extent of slits was expressed as the length of all slits relative to the total length of the interface in each specimen. The results showed that the zinc phosphate cement and polycarboxylate cement exhibited a slight to moderate tendency to formation of slits at the interfaces. The EBA cement had a small extent of slits adjacent to thin cement films, but more slits were observed with increasing film thickness. The composite resin cement had a marked tendency to slit formation independent of the cement film thickness.

Adhesiveness↗

PubMed1978

Adhesive bonding of dental luting cements; influence of surface treatment.

Tensile bond strength of four different luting cements to smooth dentin surfaces was measured. A chisel edged, stainless steel ring was cemented to the butt end of a dentin cylinder. The dentin was polished to a plane and smooth surface before cementation. The cements were also applied to dentin surfaces that were treated with a pumice slurry, etched with different acid solutions, or covered with different liners. The results showed that the polycarboxylate cement had a tensile bond strength to smooth, untreated dentin of approximately 4 MN/m2. The zinc phosphate and EBA cements had a bond strength of 0,6 MN/m2 and the composite resin cement had no measurable bond to untreated dentin. All dentin treatments showed in general a decreasing effect on the bond strength of zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate and EBA cements, whereas that of composite resin cement showed a slight increase.

Adhesiveness↗

PubMed1981

[Comparative study on cytotoxicity of main components of three luting cements in vitro (author's transl)].

In order to elucidate cytotoxicity of main components of glass ionomer, polycarboxylate and zinc phosphate cements, cell culture method was utilized. Criteria of cellular responses were made on the basis of cell growth and changes in cell morphology. The results obtained were as follows: 1. SiO2, AlF3, Al2O3, Ca3(PO4)2 and NaAlF6 of powder components in glass ionomer cement did not yield any unfavourable effects on either cell growth nor morphology. On the other hand, AlPO4 yielded moderate cytotoxic reaction and CaF2 marked reaction. 2. ZnO and MgO of powder components in polycarboxylate and zinc phosphate cements yielded marked cytotoxic reaction. Moreover, CaO of zinc phosphate cement brought very marked cytotoxic reaction. On the other hand, SiO2 and Bi2O3 did not yield any unfavourable effects on either cell growth nor morphology. 3. All the liquids of three cements brought cytotoxic reaction ranging from marked to very marked levels. The present results seemed to reveal that mild cytotoxic reaction of glass ionomer cement, which had been reported, was due to inclusion of less cytotoxic components compared to polycarboxylate or zinc phosphate cements. It was also discussed the relationship between biocompatibility of the cements and dissolution of the components. It is considered that the present results could shed a light on biocompatibility of dental cements.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Bioactive bone cement: comparison of apatite and wollastonite containing glass-ceramic, hydroxyapatite, and beta-tricalcium phosphate fillers on bone-bonding strength.

A study was conducted to compare the bone-bonding strengths of three types of bioactive bone cement, consisting of either apatite- and wollastonite-containing glass-ceramic (AW-GC) powder, hydroxyapatite (HA) powder, or beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) powder as an inorganic filler and bisphenol-a-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) based resin as an organic matrix. Seventy percent (w/w) filler was added to the cement. Rectangular plates (10 x 15 x 2 mm) of each cement were made and abraded with #2000 alumina powder. After soaking in simulated body fluid for 2 days, the AW cement (AWC) and HA cement (HAC) formed bonelike apatite over their entire surfaces, but the TCP cement (TCPC) did not. Plates of each type of cement were implanted into the tibial metaphyses of male Japanese white rabbits, and the failure loads were measured by a detaching test at 10 and 25 weeks after implantation. The failure loads of AWC, HAC, and TCPC were 3.95, 2.04, and 2.03 kgf at 10 weeks and 4.36, 3.45, and 3.10 kgf at 25 weeks, respectively. The failure loads of the AWC were significantly higher than those of the HAC and TCPC at 10 and 25 weeks. Histological examination by contact microradiogram and Giemsa surface staining of the bone-cement interface revealed that all the bioactive bone cements were in direct contact with bone. However, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis showed that only AWC had contacted to the bone via a Ca-P rich layer formed at the interface between the AW-GC powder and the bone, which might explain its high bone-bonding strength. Neither the HAC nor the TCPC contacted the bone through such a layer between each powder and the bone, although the HAC and TCPC directly contacted with bone. Our results indicate that all three types of abraded and prefabricated cement have bonding strength to bone, but AWC has superior bone-bonding strength compared to HAC and TCPC.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

A novel injectable bioactive bone cement for spinal surgery: a developmental and preclinical study.

The injection of bone cement by minimally invasive techniques for the treatment of vertebral body fractures or for stabilization of an osteoporotic vertebral body is regarded as promising in spinal surgery. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel injectable bioactive bone cement to address such concerns. The cement was composed mainly of strontium-containing hydroxyapatite (Sr-HA) filler and Bisphenol A Diglycidylether Dimethacrylate (D-GMA) resin. The Sr-HA filler was prepared by precipitation and calcination, then analyzed with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. Samples of strontium-containing hydroxyapatite cement (SrHAC) were formed by a combination of powder filler and resin matrix, with the setting time and peak temperature recorded. Cell relative growth rate (RGR), Tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and haemolysis tests were used to detect initial in vitro biocompatibility of the new cement. In vitro spinal biomechanical testing and morphological observation after bone cement injection were performed on pig spines. Results indicate that the setting time and peak temperature of the cement was 15 min and 55 degrees C, respectively. Cytotoxicity of the cement was class 1 (no cytotoxicity) and haemolysis was 1% (no haemolysis). Stiffness after cement injection and fatigue loading were 112% and 95% of the intact bone, respectively, which is similar to that of natural bone. Radiopacity of SrHAC allowed easy radiographic imaging. The use of SrHAC cement is, thus, promising in spinal surgery.

Animals↗