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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Biosynthesis of abscisic acid by the direct pathway via ionylideneethane in a fungus, Cercospora cruenta.

We examined the biosynthetic pathway of abscisic acid (ABA) after isopentenyl diphosphate in a fungus, Cercospora cruenta. All oxygen atoms at C-1, -1, -1', and -4' of ABA produced by this fungus were labeled with (18)O from (18)O(2). The fungus did not produce the 9Z-carotenoid possessing gamma-ring that is likely a precursor for the carotenoid pathway, but produced new sesquiterpenoids, 2E,4E-gamma-ionylideneethane and 2Z,4E-gamma-ionylideneethane, along with 2E,4E,6E-allofarnesene. The fungus converted these sesquiterpenoids labeled with (13)C to ABA, and the incorporation ratio of 2Z,4E-gamma-ionylideneethane was higher than that of 2E,4E-gamma-ionylideneethane. From these results, we concluded that C. cruenta biosynthesized ABA by the direct pathway via oxidation of ionylideneethane with molecular oxygen following cyclization of allofarnesene. This direct pathway via ionylideneethane in the fungus is consistent with that in Botrytis cinerea, except for the positions of double bonds in the rings of biosynthetic intermediates, suggesting that the pathway is common among ABA-producing fungi.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed2001

Purification of chrysancorin, a novel antifungal protein with mitogenic activity from garland chrysanthemum seeds.

A novel antifungal protein, designated chrysancorin, was isolated from seeds of Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum with a procedure involving ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue resin, ion exchange chromatography on SP-Sepharose and FPLC-gel filtration on Superdex 75. The N-terminus of chrysancorin displays sequence similarity to the genomic sequence of chromosome 1 from Arabidopsis thaliana BAC T19E23. Chrysancorin exhibits a molecular mass of 13.4 kDa in gel filtration and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It stimulates the proliferation of mouse splenocytes and inhibits the activity of human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase. The protein possesses antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea, Mycosphaerella arachidicola and Physalospora piricola, but not against Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Coprinus comatus. However, we could not detect antibacterial activity against a variety of bacteria.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

A homodimeric sporamin-type trypsin inhibitor with antiproliferative, HIV reverse transcriptase-inhibitory and antifungal activities from wampee (Clausena lansium) seeds.

A homodimeric trypsin inhibitor with a molecular mass of 54 kDa was isolated from the seeds of Clausena lansium (Lour) Skeels with a very simple procedure comprising extraction with an aqueous buffer and ion exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose. It inhibited trypsin with an IC50 of 2.2 nM but was without any inhibitory effect on chymotrypsin and proteinase K. The uptake of MTT by human leukemia HL60 and hepatoma Hep G2 cells was inhibited with an IC50 of 100 microM. Translation in the cell-free rabbit reticulocyte lysate system was inhibited with an IC50 of 3.6 microM. The activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase was reduced in the presence of the trypsin inhibitor. The trypsin inhibitor exerted antifungal activity toward Physalospora piricola but not Mycosphaerella arachidicola, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum or Coprinus comatus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Fabin, a novel calcyon-like and glucanase-like protein with mitogenic, antifungal and translation-inhibitory activities from broad beans.

A protein with an N-terminal sequence displaying similarities to N-terminal sequences of human calcyon and barley endo-1,4-glucanase, and to C-terminal sequences of human translation initiation factor 4 gamma and yeast superkiller viralicidic activity, was isolated from the broad bean Vicia faba. The protein, termed fabin, has a molecular mass of 34 kDa in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Antifungal activity of the protein was observed against several fungal species including Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum and Mycosphaerella arachidicola. Fabin inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC50 of 34 microM and translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate with an IC50 of 2.4 microM. At a concentration of about 1.5 microM fabin is able to elicit a 9-fold increase in the mitogenic response of murine splenocytes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

7-Chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone and basidalin: antibiotic secondary metabolites from Leucoagaricus carneifolia Gillet (basidiomycetes) [corrected].

Two antibiotic metabolites were isolated from cultures of Leucoagaricus carneifolia. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The first compound, 7-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone [corrected] (1) had to our knowledge not been described from natural sources whereas the second, basidalin (2), is a known metabolite of L. naucina (H. Iinuma et al., 1983). 1 exhibits antibiotic activities with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 20 micrograms/ml against Botrytis cinerea, the most sensitive microorganism.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of wavelength-selective plastic cladding materials in horticulture: understanding of crop and fungal responses through the assessment of biological spectral weighting functions.

Plant responses to light spectral quality can be exploited to deliver a range of agronomically desirable end points in protected crops. This can be achieved using plastics with specific spectral properties as crop covers. We have studied the responses of a range of crops to plastics that have either (a) increased transmission of UV compared with standard horticultural covers, (b) decreased transmission of UV or (c) increased the ratio of red (R) : far-red (FR) radiation. Both the UV-transparent and R : FR increasing films reduced leaf area and biomass, offering potential alternatives to chemical growth regulators. The UV-opaque film increased growth, but while this may be useful in some crops, there were trade-offs with elements of quality, such as pigmentation and taste. UV manipulation may also influence disease control. Increasing UV inhibited not only the pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea but also the disease biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum. Unlike B. cinerea, T. harzianum was highly sensitive to UV-A radiation. These fungal responses and those for plant growth in the growth room and the field under different plastics are analyzed in terms of alternative biological spectral weighting functions (BSWF). The role of BSWF in assessing general patterns of response to UV modification in horticulture is also discussed.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Airborne fungi in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Knowledge of anemophilous fungi in a given city or region is important for the ecological diagnosis and specific treatment of allergic manifestations induced by inhaled allergens. In order to diagnose the presence of anemophilous fungi, several qualitative and quantitative techniques are used depending on the study place. This study of fungal air spores was performed with a Rotorod Sampler(R), an equipment which samples the air through a plastic rod attached to an electric engine that makes it spin fast enough to collect the particles in the air. The samples were collected once a week during 24 hours using the standard cycle of the manufacturers. A total of 52 samples were obtained from April 2000 through March 2001. The results revealed prevalence of ascosporos (50.49%), Cladosporium (17.86%), Aspergillus/Penicillium (15.03%), basidiosporos (3.84%), rusts (3.82%), and Helminthosporium (2.49%), and a lesser frequency of Botrytis (1.22%), Alternaria (1.19%), smuts (0.90%), Curvularia (0.87%), Nigrospora (0.61%), and Fusarium (0.08%). Also, 1.59% of the spores detected here could not be identified by the systematic key used. More fungal spores were observed during the summer than during the autumn.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed2003

[Airborne fungi and sensitization in atopic individuals in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil].

OBJECTIVE: To identify and quantify the fungal spores in the atmospheric air of Porto Alegre and to assess sensitization to these allergens in atopic individuals suffering from rhinitis and asthma. METHODS: A total of 52 samples were obtained using a Rotorod Sampler from April 2000 through March 20001. Allergy skin tests with anemophilous fungus allergens as well as fluorimmunoenzymatic tests were performed in 39 atopic individuals with rhinitis and asthma in order to detect the incidence of respiratory allergies caused by these airborne fungi. RESULTS: In the 3773 fungal spores detected in this study, there was a prevalence of ascosporos (50.49%), Cladosporium (17.86%), Aspergillus/Penicillium (15.03%), basidiosporos (3.84%), rusts (3.82%), and Helminthosporium (2.49%), as well as a lesser frequency of Botrytis (1.22%), Alternaria (1.19%), smuts (0.90%), Curvularia (0.87%), Nigrospora (0.61%), and Fusarium (0.08%). Sixty spores (1.59%) detected here could not be identified by the systematic key used. Among the atopic individuals tested, 15.38% were found to be sensitized by these anemophilous fungi allergens. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of a great number of fungal spores emphasizes the importance of studying anemophilous fungi locally, since they are responsible for 15.38% of allergic sensitization in atopic individuals with asthma and rhinitis.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed2001

Identifying sources and mechanisms of resistance in crucifers for control of cabbage maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae).

The cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.) is an important insect pest of eruciferous crops in upstate New York. This species causes considerable damage to seedlings and young plants by feeding on roots and stems, resulting in plant stand loss and yield loss. Five crucifer accessions (Brassica oleracea variety italica L.,'Green Comet'; B. oleracea L.,'Rapid Cycling' [Crucifer Genetics Cooperative 3-1 ]; B. oleracea variety botrytis L., a standard cauliflower cultivar'Amazing'; B. carinata L.; and Sinapis alba L., 'Cornell Alt 543') were evaluated to identify sources and mechanisms of resistance for D. radicum. Of the accessions tested, S. alba Cornell Alt 543 demonstrated reduced oviposition by D. radicum, reduced weights and survivorship of larvae, pupae or adults, and reduced damage to plants. Thus, S. alba Cornell Alt 543 could be a potential source for resistance to be bred into cruciferous crops for control of D. radicum.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A novel antiproliferative and antifungal lectin from Amaranthus viridis Linn seeds.

A lectin from the seeds of Amaranthus viridis Linn has been purified by affinity chromatography on asialofetuin-linked amino activated silica. Amaranthus viridis lectin (AVL) has a native molecular mass of 67 kDa. It is a homodimer composed of two 36.6 kDa subunits. The lectin gave a single band in non-denaturing PAGE at pH 4.5 and pH 8.3 and a single peak on HPLC size exclusion and cation exchange columns. The purified lectin was specific for both T-antigen and N-acetyl-D-lactosamine, markers for various carcinomas, in addition to N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, asialofetuin and fetuin. This lectin reacted strongly with red blood cells (RBCs) from human ABO blood groups and rat. It also reacted with rabbit, sheep, goat and guinea pig RBCs. The lectin is a glycoprotein having no metal ion requirement for its activity. Denaturing agents such as urea, thiourea and guanidine-HCl had no effect on its activity when treated for 15 minutes. AVL showed significant antiproliferative activity towards HB98 and P388D1 murine cancer cell lines. It also exerted antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi Botrytis cincerea and Fusarium oxysporum but not against Rhizoctonia solani, Trichoderma reesei, Alternaria solani and Fusarium graminearum.

Amaranthus↗
PubMed1995

Vital fluorochromes as tracers for fungal growth studies.

Eight fluorescent dyes were tested for staining the spores or mycelia of six fungi and for their translocation into new growth when the preloaded spores or mycelia were incubated on agar coated coverslips. The dyes studied were Cellufluor, Nile red, fluorescein diacetate (FDA), carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA), chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA), aminochloromethyl coumarin (CMAC), and the carbocyamines DiIC18(3) and DiOC18(3). The fungi on which the dyes were tested included Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, Idriella bolleyi, Pythium oligandrum, Sclerotium cepivorum and Trichoderma harzianum. Most of the fluorochromes gave good initial staining of mycelia or spores; however, FDA fluorescence faded rapidly during excitation, making it impractical for use. Also, the spores and mycelia of B. cinerea and T. harzianum sometimes gave weak fluorescence with Nile red, and the spores and mycelia of I. bolleyi gave unusually weak fluorescence with Cellufluor. There were other variations of staining among the different dye/fungus combinations, but each fungus showed strong fluorescence at least one dye. Cellufluor, CMFDA, CMAC and, to a lesser extent, CFDA and Nile red, were efficiently translocated into new growth from preloaded spores or mycelia, whereas FDA, DiIC18(3) and DiOC18(3) were not. The extent of translocation ranged from 0.1 to 1.2 mm in germ tubes arising from spores, and from 0.9 to 9.2 mm in mycelia extending from dye-loaded agar blocks. The findings suggest that fluorescent dyes could be used as markers or tracers in studies of fungal growth and differentiation.

Fluorescent Dyes↗
PubMed1994

Malonofungin: an antifungal aminomalonic acid from Phaeoramularia fusimaculans.

In screening for antifungal metabolites, a novel compound, malonofungin, exhibiting growth inhibitory activity against Botrytis cinerea (grey mould), has been isolated from fermentations of Phaeoramularia fusimaculans CBS 616.87. Its structure is established as (E)-(3R,4S,5S)-5-acetoxy-2-amino-2-carboxy-3,4-dihydroxy-14-oxoicos++ +-6-enoic acid, representing an addition to the rare class of naturally occurring aminomalonic acids. 1H NMR data and extensive use of CD spectroscopy have been utilized to establish the absolute stereochemistry of malonofungin. The structural and biological relationship of malonofungin to previously reported fungal metabolites is discussed.

Acetylation↗
PubMed2000

Antimicrobial effect of rosemary extracts.

A rosemary extract commercially exploited (Oxy'less) as an antioxidant of lipids in foods was dissolved in ethanol (100 mg/ml), and the solution was tested against foodborne microorganisms. For gram-positive bacteria, the MIC of the ethanolic solution was 1% for Leuconostoc mesenteroides, 0.5% for Listeria monocytogenes, 0.5% for Staphylococcus aureus, 0.13% for Streptococcus mutans, and 0.06% for Bacillus cereus. It slowed the growth of Penicillium roquefortii and Botrytis cinerea. Up to 1% of the ethanolic solution had no activity on the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Erwinia carotovora and on the yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis and Cryptococcus laurentii. Antibacterial activity of the rosemary extract was strongly influenced by the composition of the media. The MIC was reduced by low pH, high NaCl contents, and low temperatures. Low pH and high NaCl concentration had a synergistic effect on the MIC of the rosemary extract for S. aureus. Lipids, surface-active agents, and some proteins decreased its antibacterial activity, whereas pectin had no effect. The inhibitory effect was little modified by heat treatment (100 degrees C). The natural microflora of pasteurized zucchini broth was inhibited by 0.5% of the rosemary extract. The antibacterial activity was linked to the compounds extracted with hexane, which are presumably phenolic diterpenoids.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2001

Production of alternariol and alternariol methyl ether by Alternaria alternata grown on fruits at various temperatures.

Two toxigenic strains of the fungus Alternaria alternata (ATCC 56836 and ATCC 66868) were grown on surface-disinfected, fresh, ripe fruits and tested for the production of alternariol (AOH) and alternariol methyl ether (AME). Examined fruits included strawberries; red and green seedless grapes; concord grapes; red delicious, golden delicious, and gala apples; and blueberries. After inoculation, fruits were incubated at 4, 10 degrees C, or room temperature (approximately 21 degrees C) for up to 3 weeks. At weekly intervals, duplicate samples were analyzed for AOH and AME by using liquid chromatography. Results indicated that A. alternata and its metabolites were not a major problem in strawberries due to the presence of fast-growing molds like Rhizopus and Botrytis that outgrew and possibly inhibited Alternaria. Both Alternaria strains showed limited growth on apples, although fast-growing molds were not present after surface disinfection; AOH and AME were produced only by the ATCC 56836 strain on the golden delicious and gala varieties, (ranging from <0.1 to 5 microg/g and <0.1 to 14 microg/g for AOH and AME, respectively). Restricted growth of both strains without toxin production occurred in blueberries, whereas moderate growth and AOH (<0.1 to 3,336 microg/g) and AME (<0.1 to 1,716 microg/g) production took place in grapes.

Alternaria↗
PubMed1976

Sensitivity distribution of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi to antibiotics.

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of various antibiotics and fungicides for Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas coronafaciens var. atropurpurea, P. lachrymans, Alternaria mali, A. kikuchiana, Pyricularia oryzae, Botrytis sp. and Sclerotinia sp. isolated from diseased plants in various localities of Japan were examined to enable the isolates to be gruoped into sensitive and resistant strains. To minimize the effects of various variable conditions, MIC of isolates were pooled for either 2 or 3 years and were plotted in a single figure. The grouping values were determined on the basis of MIC values of the antibiotics and agricultural chemicals on phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi under investigations. The relationships between grouping values for isolates of bacteria and fungi and the control of disease on the plants correlated to each other were studied.

Alternaria↗
PubMed1979

Herbicidins F and G, two new nucleoside antibiotics.

A mutant of Streptomyces saganonensis No. 4075, obtained with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment, produced herbicidins F and G without herbicidins A and B. Isolation of the antibiotics was performed by adsorption on resinous adsorbent followed by elution with aqueous MeOH. Herbicidin F was obtained as colorless needles after extraction of the eluate using methylene dichloride. Purification of herbicidin G was completed with silica-gel chromatography to give a crystalline powder. physico-chemical characterization revealed that herbicidins F and G were new nucleoside antibiotics having an adenine moiety in their structures. There was no inhibition activity at 100 micrograms/ml of herbicidins F and G against all of bacteria and yeast tested. Herbicidin F, as well as herbicidin G, are inhibitory activity against some of fungi such as Tricophyton rubrum (MIC; 6.25 micrograms/ml), T. asteroides (6.25 micrograms/ml), T. mentagrophytes (6.25 approximately 12.5 micrograms/ml), Botrytis cinerea (12.5 micrograms/ml), Blastomyces brasiliensis (12.5 approximately 25 micrograms/ml).

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Studies on new phosphate ester antifungal antibiotics phoslactomycins. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, purification and biological activities.

New antibiotics phoslactomycins A, B, C, D, E and F, which contain alpha, beta-unsaturated delta-lactone, phosphate ester, conjugated diene and cyclohexane ring moieties, were isolated from the culture broth of a soil isolate actinomycete. Morphological, cultural and physiological studies revealed that the isolate is a strain of Streptomyces nigrescens. Phoslactomycins were obtained by butanol extraction, gel filtration and reverse phase chromatography. The antibiotics show strong activity against various fungi, particularly phytopathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria kikuchiana).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1991

Isolation and characterization of phosmidosine. A new antifungal nucleotide antibiotic.

A new nucleotide antibiotic, phosmidosine was isolated from a culture filtrate of a newly isolated streptomycete identified as Streptomyces sp. RK-16. HRFAB-MS and elemental analysis established the molecular formula of C16H24N7O8P. 1H, 13C and 31P NMR indicated the presence of a methyl phosphate group and UV spectra were similar to those of 8-hydroxyadenosine. The antibiotic inhibited spore formation of Botrytis cinerea at the concentration of 0.25 micrograms/ml.

Antifungal Agents↗