SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Book Selection”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

Omega-3 fatty acids (from fish oils) for cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological (population studies) and other studies suggest that a diet rich in omega-3 essential fatty acids (derived from fish oil) may have beneficial anti-inflammatory effects for chronic conditions such as cystic fibrosis. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether there is evidence that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation reduces morbidity and mortality. To identify any adverse events associated with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group specialised trials register, which comprises references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches, handsearching relevant journals and handsearching abstract books of conference proceedings. Authors and persons interested in the question were contacted. Date of the most recent search of the Group's specialised register: May 2002. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials in patients with cystic fibrosis in which omega-3 fatty acid supplements were compared with a placebo oil. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently selected the trials to be included in the review and assessed the methodological quality of the trials using two approaches: Cochrane assessment of allocation concealment and Jadad quality assessment score. Using data acquisition forms, two reviewers independently extracted data. Missing data has been requested. MAIN RESULTS: The initial literature search identified six trials. Two trials, involving 31 participants satisfied our inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Both compared omega-3 fatty acids to olive oil controls for a six week treatment period. One study (19 participants) showed an improvement in FEV1, FVC, Shwachman score and reduction in sputum volume in the fish oil group at the end of this short treatment period. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The review of trials found that regular omega-3 supplements may provide some benefits for people with cystic fibrosis with relatively few adverse effects, although the evidence is insufficient to draw firm conclusions. There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine use of supplements of omega-3 fatty acids in people with cystic fibrosis. The most notable feature highlighted by this review was the lack of data for many of the outcomes likely to be meaningful to people with or making treatment decisions about CF. A large, long-term, multi-centre, randomised controlled study is needed in order to determine if there is a significant therapeutic effect and to assess the influence of disease severity, dosage and duration of treatment. Future researchers should note the need for additional pancreatic enzymes.

Cystic Fibrosis↗

PubMed2003

Non-invasive ventilation for cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: The use of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has been proposed as a means to temporarily reverse or slow the progression of worsening respiratory failure in cystic fibrosis (CF). OBJECTIVES: To compare the effect of NIV versus no NIV in people with CF. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group trials register which comprises references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches, handsearching relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. The reference lists of each trial were searched for additional publications that may contain other trials. Date of most recent search: January 2002. SELECTION CRITERIA: Relevant randomised controlled trials in which a form of pressure preset or volume preset NIV versus no NIV was used in people with acute or chronic respiratory failure in CF. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently assessed trials for inclusion criteria, methodological quality and data extraction. MAIN RESULTS: Six trials were identified and four trials met the inclusion criteria with a total of 55 participants. All of these trials only evaluated single treatment sessions. Two trials (36 participants) evaluated the use of NIV for airway clearance compared with an alternative physiotherapy method. These trials showed that airway clearance may be easier and people with CF may prefer to use NIV for airway clearance. There was no evidence that NIV increases sputum expectoration or improves lung function. Two trials (19 participants) evaluated the use of NIV for overnight ventilatory support. Of the primary outcomes examined in this review, only lung function was evaluated within the two trials. Due to the small numbers of participants and the differing statistical techniques used within the review and the primary trials, there were discrepancies in the results obtained by the RevMan analysis and the original trial analysis. No clear differences were found between NIV compared with either oxygen or room air. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Non-invasive ventilation may be a useful adjunct to other airway clearance techniques, particularly in people with CF who have difficulty expectorating sputum. Non-invasive ventilation when used in addition to oxygen may improve gas exchange during sleep to a greater extent than oxygen therapy alone in moderate to severe disease. These benefits of NIV have only been demonstrated in single treatment sessions and its efficacy, safety and acceptability in the longer term are unknown. There is a need for long-term randomised controlled trials to determine the clinical effects of non-invasive ventilation in CF.

Cystic Fibrosis↗

PubMed2004

Pneumococcal vaccines for sickle cell disease.

BACKGROUND: People with sickle cell disease are particularly susceptible to pneumococcal infection, which may be fatal. Infants (children aged up to 23 months) are at particularly high risk, but conventional polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccines may be ineffective in this age group. New conjugate pneumococcal vaccines are now available, which may help to reduce the incidence of infection in people with sickle cell disease. OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of pneumococcal vaccines for reducing morbidity and mortality in people with sickle cell disease. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group trials register, comprising of references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and hand searching relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. In addition, we contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies and experts in the field.Date of most recent search of Group's trials register: November 2003. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing a polysaccharide or conjugate pneumococcal vaccine regimen with a different regimen or no vaccination in people with sickle cell disease. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently selected studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed trial quality. MAIN RESULTS: Nine trials were identified in the searches and five trials, with a total of 547 participants, met the inclusion criteria. Only one trial reported incidence of pneumococcal infection, and this demonstrated that the polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine used (PPV14) failed to significantly reduce the risk of infection in children under three years of age, but was associated with only minor adverse events. Three trials of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines found that immune response was increased compared to control groups, including in infants, although clinical outcomes were not measured in these trials. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Previous trials have shown that conjugate pneumococcal vaccines are safe and effective in normal healthy patients, even those under the age of two years. The controlled trials included in this review have demonstrated immunogenicity (the body's response, without which there is no protection) of these vaccines, and observational studies in people with sickle cell disease support these findings. We therefore recommend that conjugate pneumococcal vaccines are used in people with sickle cell disease. Randomised trials in patients with sickle cell disease will be needed to determine the optimal vaccination regimen when further, potentially more effective vaccines become available. Such trials should measure clinical outcomes of effectiveness.

Anemia, Sickle Cell↗

PubMed2001

Evaluation of book backpack load during walking.

This investigation evaluated accumulated mean and peak impact forces per stride and per metre associated with two book backpack loads and two cadences during single and double support phases of walking. Thirty college participants randomly performed three trials while either walking a self-selected cadence or fixed cadence without (empty pack) or with a load (15% body mass) carried in a bookbag. The fixed cadence (55.5 steps/min) was regulated by a metronome. A computerized Kistler force platform system (phase-locked timing device) recorded (200 Hz) three-dimensional reaction forces, impulses, and time in single and double support phases. A Panasonic video camera AG-450 was set perpendicular to the plane of walking motion to film (60 Hz) the walking pattern from which stride length and selected kinematic data were determined. Repeated measure ANOVA (p<0.05) determined differences of loads and cadences in walking. Accumulated force was evaluated as impulses per stride and impulses per metre (stress index). When carrying the 15% load, there was a decrease in speed, a decrease in single support time (SST), and an increase in double support time (DST). The impulses per stride significantly increased in DST, and significantly decrease in SST. When impulses were analysed per metre, the stress index signficantly increased in DST, but not during SST. These differences in SST may be important when load stress is applied to the single support leg/foot in any given distance of walking. While stride analysis identifies accumulative forces resulting from varying stride lengths, the stress index provides a standardized measure per metre of the accumulative forces that negate the variances of individual stride lengths, and the index measure can easily represent data for any given distance traversed.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of refractory unilateral limb pain syndromes.

BACKGROUND: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an established therapy for chronic pain. Its success depends on vigorous patient selection and good follow-up. METHODS: We reviewed 75 patients who had undergone SCS to establish their outcome. 67 of these patients had refractory unilateral limb pain syndrome (RULPS). Their case notes and operative log books were critically reviewed, and when appropriate, telephone interviews were performed (58 patients). RESULTS: 87% of patients responded initially to SCS; at 6 months, the effect waned to 79%, and by 2 years, it improved to 84%. One third of the patients had no revisions, 40% had IPG replacements and the rest had revisions because of lead-related complications (5.3%), epidural complications (mainly fibrosis; 19%) or infections (2.7%). 56% of patients reduced their analgesia, 1.5% stopped taking any painkillers and 46.8% of those who were employed returned to work. CONCLUSION: We feel that SCS is an effective treatment in RULPS and its results depend upon vigorous patient selection and an adequate follow-up and maintenance program.

Electric Stimulation Therapy↗

PubMed1999

Echinacea for upper respiratory infection.

OBJECTIVES: To review the evidence regarding the effectiveness of orally ingested Echinacea extracts in reducing the incidence, severity, or duration of acute upper respiratory infections (URIs). SEARCH STRATEGIES: Information from a wide range of sources was used as background material. More than 100 articles, books, and book chapters were reviewed for content and further references. Database searches, bibliographic reviews, and conversations with experts were carried out iteratively from January 1997 to February 1999. SELECTION CRITERIA: Published or unpublished reports of all blinded placebo-controlled randomized trials of any Echinacea formulation used as a treatment or for the prevention of URIs. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Review considerations included randomization, blinding, power, validity and clinical relevance of outcome measurements, inclusion and exclusion criteria, indistinguishability of treatment and placebo, and appropriateness of conclusions for the data presented. MAIN RESULTS. Nine treatment trials and 4 prevention trials fitting the selection criteria were found. Eight of the treatment trials reported generally positive results, and 3 of the prevention trials reported marginal benefit. Methodologic quality of the majority of the trials was modest. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from published trials suggests that Echinacea may be beneficial for the early treatment of acute URIs. The influence of publication bias on those results is unknown. Echinacea preparations vary widely in composition, and are often found in combination with other potentially active constituents, making specific dose recommendations problematic. There is very little evidence supporting the prolonged use of Echinacea for the prevention of URIs.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1999

Differentiation therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia with all-trans retinoic acid: 10-year experience of its clinical application.

PURPOSE: To summarize the experiences in using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) for the differentiation therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) since our introduction of its use in clinic in 1986. DATA RESOURCES: Data resources came from Chinese Journal of Hematology, English-language literature using MEDLINE (1988-1998), book entitled "Treatment of Malignancies by Inducing Differentiation and Apoptosis" published by Shanghai Publishing House on Sciences and Technology, and our recent data to be published. STUDY SELECTION: Thirty-five articles related to the purpose of this review were reviewed. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were checked for their quality, reliance and originality. RESULTS: ATRA combined with chemotherapy can decrease the incidence of retinoic acid syndrome and produce a very high remission rate (90%-95%). Post-remission treatment should include chemotherapy and ATRA, the 5-year survival probability was able to attain 0.71 +/- 0.06. The main problem in the treatment is early tolerance to ATRA and relapse of the disease. The most effective treatments for relapsed APL is to use arsenic trioxide. CONCLUSION: The combination of ATRA, chemotherapy and arsenic oxide in the treatment of APL for elevating the remission rate and prolonging survival time deserves further study.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

PubMed2001

Measurements of consumer attitudes and their influence on food choice and acceptability (AIR-CAT).

A changing European food market demands insight into consumer attitudes and their influence on food choice and acceptability. This multidisciplinary area needs to bring together scientists from all regions of Europe and with very different scientific backgrounds. The primary objectives of this concerted action have been: to establish a base with state of the art methods for measurements of consumer attitudes; to review and test existing methods in practical applications in collaboration with European food industries; to perform comparative studies between laboratories on food products, where attitudes play different roles for consumer behaviour in the community countries, such as transgenic foods, irradiated foods, foods with different additives, declarations and process technologies, foods with different origin declarations, ecological foods and foods with strong health connotations (such as high-fat foods). The members of the action have published more than 130 publications related to aspects of how consumer attitudes can be measured and how food choice behaviour is related to acceptability, during the last four years. Studies have been conducted in relation to methodological aspects as well as particular studies related to specific food items and regions for food production. The paper will give a brief selection of relevant results from experiments reported through the action. During 2001 a textbook called "Food, People and Society, in a European Perspective", will be published. The book was initiated during the action and is later supported with additional authors. Altogether 29 chapters will cover the whole spectrum of topics from consumer food choice and acceptability to market perspectives and risk analysis.

Choice Behavior↗

PubMed1993

Quality assurance in the training of primary health care doctors and specialists.

Training of doctors is expensive as it requires at least six years of supervision while on the job plus sponsorship for courses, examination and even overseas training. Quality assurance of training is essential to ensure maximum throughput of the required number of specialist doctors for national needs. First, there is competition for training posts at basic (three years) and advanced (three years) levels. Basic training prepares doctors to sit and pass the relevant postgraduate examinations. Fifty percent of each cohort of doctors are selected as Basic Trainees but 40% finally complete Advanced Training. Second, trainees complete a training programme under supervision and record their clinical and learning experience in log books which are checked and certified by appointed supervisors who are consultants in government and restructured hospitals or institutions. Third, supervisor reports are submitted six monthly to the respective bodies: Academy of Medicine, School of Postgraduate Medical Studies or the Ministry of Health and Training Committees which vet these with the aim to continue the training or to terminate the training. Fourth, Parts I and II of relevant examinations must be passed within stipulated time frames. By these measures, there is quality assurance in the postgraduate training of our doctors.

Consultants↗

PubMed1986

Selective screening for cancer of the cervix uteri in South Indian women.

In India, the need exists for a scheme of selective screening for women at high risk of developing cervical carcinoma. In this study, the incidence of abnormal cervical cytology amongst 500 pregnant south Indian women (gravida 3, para 2 or more) who were booked under the Post Partum Programme of the Government of India was compared to that of 200 primi and second gravidas from the same out patient clinic population. Abnormal cytology was detected in 3.6% of the women in the study group which was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than that in the control (0.5%), indicating that the former are at higher risk of developing cervical cancer. Within the study group, abnormal cytology was not found to correlate with increasing age and gravidity or with any clinical parameter. The study and follow up could be carried out using existing facilities and manpower. Using existing personnel involved in the Post Partum Programme, a follow up rate of 67% could be achieved from among women with abnormal cervical cytology. The cost-effectiveness of this scheme of selective screening is borne out by the extremely modest additional cost incurred.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Western psychiatric literature in Eastern Europe: the publication programme of the Global Initiative on Psychiatry].

Global Initiative on Psychiatry (GIP) foundation was set up in 1980 as a reaction to the misuse of psychiatry for political purposes. After the revolutions in Eastern Europe, GIP devoted itself to the reform of the mental healthcare in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Here, GIP makes a special effort to eliminate the arrears in comparison with world psychiatry. More than 30,000 books and journals have been collected internationally and delivered to Eastern Europe from the Netherlands in convoys with relief supplies. These gifts still represent the heart of the extensive library of the Ukrainian Psychiatric Society. Via a translation and publication programme in Russian and later also in other languages (Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Romanian, Albanian, Estonian, Lithuanian, Armenian, Georgian and Azerbaijani), handbooks such as the International Classification of Diseases of the WHO (ICD-10) and other standard works have been published. In addition, since 1998 a unique journal has been published: the Review of Contemporary Psychiatry, a journal for psychiatrists and other professionals in which a selection of the most interesting articles in the Western psychiatric literature is offered in Russian translation, without advertising from the pharmaceutical industry.

Books↗

PubMed2000

Nebulised hypertonic saline for cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: The lung disease in cystic fibrosis is characterised by impaired mucociliary clearance, recurrent bronchial infection and airway inflammation. Hypertonic saline has been shown to enhance mucociliary clearance in-vitro and this may act to lessen the destructive inflammatory process in the airways. OBJECTIVES: To determine if nebulised hypertonic saline treatment improved lung function, exercise tolerance, quality of life and decreased the incidence of exacerbations of respiratory infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. SEARCH STRATEGY: Studies were identified from the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group trials register. Titles and abstracts were reviewed to identify all controlled trials. Review articles and bibliographies identified from this process were surveyed for additional citations & RCTs. Identification of unpublished work was obtained from abstract books from the three major Cystic Fibrosis conferences (International Cystic Fibrosis Conference, The European Cystic Fibrosis Conference and the North American Cystic Fibrosis Conference). Trial authors were contacted for additional information when only abstracts were available to review. Date of the most recent search of the Group's specialised register: November 1999. SELECTION CRITERIA: All controlled trials that assessed the effect of hypertonic saline compared to placebo or other mucolytic therapy, for any duration or dose regimen in subjects with cystic fibrosis of any age or severity were reviewed. Studies in languages other than English were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: All identified trials were independently reviewed by both reviewers & all data collected. Trial quality was scored by the Cochrane assessment of allocation concealment & the Jadad scale of methodological quality. MAIN RESULTS: Twelve controlled trials of hypertonic saline were identified. Seven trials met the inclusion criteria; these involved 143 subjects with an age range of 6 to 46 years. Of these, six were published studies and one in abstract form. The durations of the trials were limited to immediate effects on mucociliary clearance to a maximum of three weeks. In two studies, involving thirty five subjects, a score for the feeling of cleared chest was made using visual analogue scales. This analysis showed a weighted mean difference of -0.98 (95% confidence Interval -1.6, -0.34), favouring hypertonic saline over isotonic saline. In two trials with 22 subjects hypertonic saline improved mucociliary clearance as measured by isotope clearance from the lungs in 90 minutes demonstrating a weighted mean difference of -11.3 (95% confidence Interval -18.6, -4.0), and as area under the clearance time curve; weighted mean difference of -212 (95%CI -272, -152), also favouring hypertonic saline over isotonic saline. Lung function as measured by improvement in FEV1 was observed in one study of 27 subjects. The percentage increase in FEV1 at two weeks increased by a mean 15.0% with hypertonic saline and 2.8% with isotonic saline (p=0.004). Adverse events were adequately described in only one trial and none were serious. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Nebulised hypertonic saline improves mucociliary clearance immediately after administration which may have a longer term beneficial effect in cystic fibrosis. The maximum time data were recorded for was only three weeks. Most of the patients had mild to moderate lung disease and the effect on severe lung disease remains unclear. Further studies of hypertonic saline should be carried out to determine the effect on pulmonary function tests, quality of life, frequency of exacerbations of respiratory disease and efficacy comparisons with nebulised deoxyribonuclease, with larger numbers and for longer duration. At this stage there is insufficient evidence to support the use of hypertonic saline in routine treatment for patients with cystic fibrosis.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed2000

Oral calorie supplements for cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Poor nutrition occurs frequently in children and adults with cystic fibrosis and is associated with a number of other adverse outcomes. Oral calorie supplements are used to try and increase total daily calorie intake and improve weight gain. However, they are expensive and there are concerns that they may lead to a reduction in the amount of food eaten and no overall improvement in energy intake. OBJECTIVES: To examine the evidence that in patients with cystic fibrosis, oral calorie supplements increase daily calorie intake, improve overall nutritional intake, nutritional indices, lung function, survival and quality of life. To assess possible adverse effects associated with use of oral calorie supplements. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group specialist trials register which comprises references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches, handsearching relevant journals and handsearching abstract books of conference proceedings. The companies which market oral calorie supplements were also contacted. Date of the most recent search of the Group's specialised register: November 1999. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing use of oral calorie supplements for at least one month to increase calorie intake with no specific intervention or additional nutritional advice in patients with cystic fibrosis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The following outcomes were assessed: indices of nutrition and growth, anthropometric measures of body composition, calorie intake (total, from oral calorie supplements and from food), nutrient intake, eating behaviour, quality of life, specific adverse effects, lung function and mortality. MAIN RESULTS: Two trials which reported results from a total of 29 patients were suitable for inclusion in the review. From the data provided in the published reports only one item (change in weight) could be extracted from one trial for inclusion in the review. This showed no difference between intervention and comparison group. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Oral calorie supplements are very widely used around the world in an attempt to improve nutritional status in patients with cystic fibrosis, at some considerable cost. It is therefore very disappointing that their effectiveness has not been assessed by adequate clinical trials. No conclusions can be made about the use of oral calorie supplements in cystic fibrosis from the information currently available and clinicians must balance potential benefits against possible adverse effects of treatment in making decisions about individual patients. This systematic review has clearly identified the need for a well designed, adequately-powered, multicentre, randomised controlled trial assessing the effectiveness and possible adverse effects of oral calorie supplements in cystic fibrosis.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Genetic amniocentesis in biamniotic twin pregnancies by a single transabdominal insertion of the needle.

We present a technique to aspirate amniotic fluid from both sacs in biamniotic twin pregnancies using a single abdominal insertion with a spinal needle. It was successful in 48 out of 55 cases of biamniotic twin pregnancies referred to our perinatal unit between 1985 and 1994. The single insertion technique was used when the inter-amniotic membrane was clearly evident and two separate free amniotic fluid pools could be reached by the operator with a single puncture. An adequate amount of amniotic fluid was sampled from both sacs to make a cytogenetic diagnosis in all cases. There were four fetuses with trisomy 21 in three twin pregnancies. In two cases, only one twin was affected whilst the co-twin was normal, so that a selective feticide was performed. No miscarriages due to genetic amniocentesis were reported. After 1990, all genetic amniocenteses in biamniotic twin pregnancies (except for one case due to late booking) were performed between 14 and 15 weeks of gestation and with all cases except one, it was possible to sample both twins by a single puncture. We suggest that early amniocentesis (14-15 weeks) by a single abdominal puncture could be a reliable and safe alternative to first-trimester chorionic villus sampling in twin pregnancies.

Amniocentesis↗

PubMed1999

A brief history of psychiatry: millennia past and present.

As a new millennium dawns, it is worth looking at where we have been and where we are going. In an age in which the only constant is change, the only new thing, in fact, is technology. In psychiatry there are promises of advances in diagnosis with search of the human genome, in the development of newer pharmacological agents through molecular biology, and in better understanding of psychosocial treatment using sophisticated contemporary research techniques. These represent extensions of theories about mind, disease, and treatment reaching back into antiquity. Many excellent books and a multiplicity of articles have been published in the 1990s about the history of all of these areas. This series of four articles will provide a selective summary of that literature and an up-to-date guide to the history of psychiatry.

History, Ancient↗

PubMed2006

Knowledge, attitudes and sources of information regarding HIV/AIDS in Iranian adolescents.

The World Health Organization recently reported an 'alarming trend' of increasing Human Deficiency Virus (HIV) infection in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Adolescents form a particularly important target group for primary prevention. An anonymous questionnaire, derived from standard surveys such as the Safer Choices questionnaire and the 2001 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, was distributed to 1227 Iranian students attending 19 randomly selected high schools in Hashtgerd in 2002. Students reported that television (84%) and school teachers (66%) were the best sources of HIV/AIDS information, while parents (27%) and school books (15%) were least informative. Most students knew that heterosexual intercourse (90%) and shared intravenous needles (94%) can cause HIV infection; however, salient misconceptions were revealed. Only 53% were aware that condoms protect against infection through sexual intercourse. More effective school-based HIV/AIDS education is needed in Iran.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Intended place of delivery and perinatal outcome.

Data from the "1958 Perinatal Mortality Survey" have been analysed to assess differences in stillbirth and neonatal death rates according to the arrangements made for delivery. Only women aged 20-34 delivering at term, with no pregnancy abnormalities, were selected from three groups of women (normotensive primiparae, hypertensive primiparae, and normotensive women of parity 1, 2, or 3). Despite the fact that within each group the women booked for NHS consultant units were heavily weighted with adverse factors, the death rate of their infants was no more than 70% of that found among the women booked for either domiciliary, general practitioner unit, or private consultant delivery. Care and delivery in a NHS consultant unit carries least risk of death for the infant.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Practice styles and opportunities in periodontics.

A survey of the 3,048 Active and Affiliate members of the American Academy of Periodontology was conducted by the Task Force on Manpower of the Academy to elicit information concerning practice styles and perceived opportunities for practice. Responses from 1,580 periodontists are presented in tables which include data on general demographics of periodontists, expected age at which partial and full retirement will take place, forms of practice, weeks per year and hours per week spent in practice, number of patient visits per year, number of practice locations, years in present community, population of present community, average distance traveled by patients in the periodontal practice, numbers of dentists referring to the practice, weeks waiting time to examine new patients and to begin new treatment series, patient load, preferences regarding weeks of advance booking, perceptions regarding the supply of periodontal services in the respondent's local area as well as in other areas known to the respondent, and factors which influence selection of a practice location. Data presented were collected between November of 1978 and April, 1979.

Adult↗