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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Risperidone for AIDS-associated dementia: a case series.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of low-dose risperidone on behavioral disturbances associated with AIDS dementia in young-to-middle-age nursing home patients. Neuroleptics are commonly used for behavioral control in this population, but these drugs often fail to control symptoms, and carry a high risk of movement disorders. Because the AIDS virus attacks the basal ganglia, these patients are highly susceptible to neuroleptic-induced movement disorders that increase the risk of falling. However, low-dose risperidone reportedly carries little risk of movement disorders. METHOD: Nine nursing home patients with AIDS dementia received risperidone for behavioral disturbances (psychomotor agitation, aggressiveness, social withdrawal, uncooperativeness) or psychotic symptoms. Seven were switched to risperidone because their symptoms were unresponsive to conventional neuroleptics and adjunct benzodiazepines, antidepressants, or methylphenidate. One patient was switched because of a neuroleptic-induced movement disorder, and one had no history of antipsychotic medication. Patients were followed up only for periods ranging from 2 weeks to 4 months, because AIDS dementia is a terminal-stage condition for AIDS patients. RESULTS: Patients varied in age from 28 to 57 years. Risperidone dosages ranged from 0.5 mg daily to 1 mg twice daily. Most patients received an adjunct benzodiazepine, antidepressant, or mood stabilizer. Within a week or so after starting risperidone, six of the nine patients exhibited brighter mood, were less agitated or aggressive and more cooperative, and participated more frequently in social activities. Two patients became increasingly agitated or psychotic, and came under control only after risperidone was stopped and replaced with haloperidol. One patient was transferred to a psychiatric unit, because of increased paranoid delusions and auditory hallucinations. CONCLUSIONS: Risperidone effectively controlled behavioral disturbances associated with AIDS dementia in 6 of 9 patients. Risperidone may be an alternative to conventional neuroleptics in patients susceptible to neuroleptic-induced movement disorders or unresponsive to neuroleptics and adjunct psychotropic agents.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed1998

Attitudinal, social, and practical correlates to fitness behavior: a test of the theory of planned behavior.

Professional management personnel (N = 73) who exercise were studied to assess the efficacy of the theory of planned behavior in predicting intention to exercise and amount of exercise. Four rating scales were used for the assessment of attitude toward fitness, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention to exercise. In addition, frequency of exercise was measured and recorded for five months. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that 26.6% of the variance of intention to exercise was contributed by both fitness attitude and subjective norm, with the unique contribution of attitude toward fitness (part r = .36) slightly greater than that of subjective norm (part r = .33). 8% of the unique variance of exercise was explained by intention to exercise. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses also indicated that perceived behavioral control did not account for a significant variance in intention to exercise but did account for a significant variance in amount of exercise (R2 change = .21). In the environment in which it was tested, results support the theory of planned behavior for understanding the exercise behavior of professional management personnel who exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Jordanian Muslim women's intention to use oral contraceptives.

Oral contraceptives (OCs) are the second most popular method of contraception in Jordan; however, their use remains low compared with the intrauterine device. The purpose of this article is to report the effect of factors identified by The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on Jordanian Muslim women's intention to use OCs. TPB was used to develop an investigator-developed instrument, the Intention to Use Oral Contraceptive Tool (IUOCT). The IUOCT measured attitude (general attitude and attitudinal beliefs), social norms and perceived behavioral control factors in a total of 83 women participants. A stepwise regression analysis was calculated using the IUOCT subscales as predictors of Jordanian Muslim women's intention to use OCs. The findings demonstrated that the attitude, specifically general attitude and positive beliefs, about OC use affect Jordanian Muslim women's intention to use OCs. However, the findings provide limited support for social norms and perceived behavioral control as factors influencing Jordanian Muslim women's intention to use OCs. The findings indicate that more attention should be devoted to health education programs on the benefits of using OCs rather than focusing only on correcting misinformation. Nursing implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting physical activity promotion in health care settings.

PURPOSE: To test the ability of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in predicting the stage of change for physical activity promotion by mental health professionals. DESIGN: Six-month prospective questionnaire study. SETTING: One mental health trust in the East Midlands, United Kingdom. SUBJECTS: Three hundred ninety-four mental health professionals (men, n = 131; women, n = 263) of an initial sample of 477 participated in the study (83% response rate). MEASURES: Attitudes, subjective norms, intentions, perceived behavioral control, and stage of change were measured at the first wave of data collection. Stage of change was also assessed 6 months later. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. RESULTS: Intention and stage of change were successfully predicted from TPB variables. Overall, 27% of the variance in self-reported stage of promoting physical activity was explained by the model. Sixty-one percent of the variance in intention to promote physical activity was explained. When included, past behavior was the strongest predictor of both intention and stage of change and attenuated all other path coefficients. Past behavior improved the predicted variance in intention by 11% and stage by 6%. CONCLUSIONS: The TPB variables of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention predict stage of change of physical activity promotion in a health care setting. However, promoting physical activity in the past had a sizable effect on predicting subsequent promotion. Due to unequal distribution across stages, the stage model's application to understanding the behavior of health professionals may be limited.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Adolescents' perceptions of family functioning in the United Arab Emirates.

A sample of 710 subjects between 14 and 19 years of age were examined to assess psychological health of United Arab Emirates (UAE) families with adolescent members. The Family Functioning Questionnaire (FFQ) based upon the adolescent's perception of his or her family life and climate contains seven dimensions that constitute the family functioning process: family structure, emotional fulfillment, internal relations, behavioral control, value transmission, basic requirements, and external relations. Results indicate that the adolescents perceived their families to be operating more toward the functional than dysfunctional end of the scale. Males scored their families more functional in family structure and in external relations more significantly than did females. Females perceived their families as more functioning in internal relations, behavioral control, and basic requirements. However, a trend was found in favor of males on emotional fulfillment. Family functioning scores were higher in upper social economic status (SES) families than in other SES levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Surface and bulk modifications to photocrosslinked polyanhydrides to control degradation behavior.

A unique class of surface-eroding polyanhydrides was developed and explored for use in medical applications requiring high-strength biomaterials (e.g., orthopedics). In particular, dimethacrylated anhydride monomers were synthesized that photopolymerize quickly to render densely crosslinked polymer networks that degrade from the surface only by hydrolysis of labile anhydride linkages. Previous research on these materials has shown that the rate of hydrolysis of the degradable linkages is dependent on the hydrophobicity of the network composition. This article demonstrates the versatility in controlling the degradation process and resulting cellular response in these materials through the incorporation of new chemistries and the formation of polymer-polymer composite structures. Specifically, the rate of mass loss was controlled by the addition of hydrophobic linear polymers [e.g., poly(methyl methacrylate)] or monovinyl monomers based on hydrophobic natural components (e.g., cholesterol, steric acid). In addition, a newly established photografting method was used to modify the network surface chemistry with cholesterol- and stearic acid-based polymer grafts to control the degradation front and cellular interactions at the polymer-tissue interface. Finally, a porogen leaching method was used to form porous polyanhydride constructs, which can be subsequently filled with osteoblasts photoencapsulated in a hydrogel, as potential synthetic allograft materials for tissue engineering bone.

Anhydrides↗
PubMed2004

Ap-let neurons--a peptidergic circuit potentially controlling ecdysial behavior in Drosophila.

Here we describe a novel set of peptidergic neurons conserved throughout all developmental stages in the Drosophila central nervous system (CNS). We show that a small complement of 28 apterous-expressing cells (Ap-let neurons) in the ventral nerve cord (VNC) of Drosophila larvae co-express numerous gene products. The products include the neuroendocrine-specific bHLH regulator called Dimmed (Dimm), four neuropeptide biosynthetic enzymes (PC2, Fur1, PAL2, and PHM), and a specific dopamine receptor subtype (dDA1). For the PC2, Fur1, and PAL2 enzymes, and for the dDA1 receptor, this neuronal pattern represents the vast majority of their total expression in the VNC. In addition, while Dimm and PHM are present in the peritracheal Inka cells in larvae, pupae, and adults, Ap, PC2, Fur1, PAL2, and dDA1 are not. PC2, PAL2, and DA1 receptor expression were all controlled by both dimm and ap. Previous genetic analysis of animals deficient in PC2 revealed an abnormal larval ecdysis phenotype. Together, these data support the hypothesis that the small cohort of Ap-let interneurons regulates larval ecdysis behavior by secretion of an unidentified amidated peptide(s). This hypothesis further predicts that the production of the Ap-let neuropeptide(s) is dependent on each of four specific enzymes, and that a certain aspect(s) of its production and/or release is regulated by dopamine input.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Overview: Ethical issues in contemporary psychiatry.

The authors survey the ethical problems confronting psychiatry today. They state that with rare exceptions psychiatric intervention can be morally justified only with the potential patient's informed consent. Within this framework, they discuss the fact that today nonpsychiatrists, particularly ethicists, lawyers, legislators, and social scientists, as well as psychiatrists are concerned about medical ethics, specifically regarding the right to be treated, the right not to be treated, the civil rights of psychiatric patients, the ethics of behavior control, the problem of conflicts of interest in therapeutic goals, privacy and confidentiality, the ethics of human experimentation, policy decisions, and psychiatry's relationship to the changing moral value structure of U.S. society.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1991

Decrease in functional residual capacity during inspiratory loading and the sensation of dyspnea.

The purposes of the present study were to determine the changes in functional residual capacity (FRC) during inspiratory loading and to examine their mechanisms. We studied seven normal subjects seated in a body plethysmograph. In both graded inspiratory elastic (35, 48, and 68 cmH2O/l) and resistive (21, 86, and 192 cmH2O.l-1.s) loading, FRC invariably decreased from control FRC and phasic expiratory activity increased. The reduction in FRC was greater with greater loads. A single inspiratory effort against an inspiratory occlusion at three different target mouth pressures (-25, -50, and -75 cmH2O) and durations (1, 2, and 5 s) also resulted in a decrease in FRC with an increase in expiratory electromyogram activity in the following expiration. The decrease in FRC was greater with greater target pressure and duration. This decrease in FRC is qualitatively similar to that during inspiratory loaded breathing, and we suspect that the same mechanisms are at work. Because neither vagal nor chemoreceptor reflex can account for these responses, we suspect conscious awareness of breathing or behavioral control to be responsible. In an additional study, the sensation of discomfort of breathing during elastic loading decreased with a decrease in FRC. These results suggest that the reduced FRC may be due to behavioral control of breathing to reduce the sensation of dyspnea during inspiratory loading.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Changing through doing: behavioral influences on the brain.

It seems self-evident that the brain controls behavior but does behavior also "control" the brain? This chapter examines evidence that behavior can and does influence specific aspects of brain structure and function. Evidence for such influence is easily obtained on an evolutionary time scale, since the selective forces found in the ecological niche of the animal are typically reflected in its sensory and motor activities as well as its body shape and behavioral habits. Similarly, during development, there is ample evidence that the behavior acts in concert with the environment to establish structural changes in the brain that last a lifetime. Perhaps most surprisingly there is now evidence that social behavior can cause changes in the brain in adult animals and that these changes are reversible. The changes caused by behavioral interactions can be dramatic and typically are related to reproductive behavior. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for dynamic changes in the nervous systems of adult animals is a major challenge and the discovery that it can occur may lead to insights about other systems where behavior sculpts the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Effects of drugs on behavior in rats maintained on morphine, methadone or pentobarbital.

Dose-effect curves were determined for the effects of drugs on responding under a multiple fixed-ratio 10-response fixed-interval 90-sec schedule of food presentation before and during chronic exposure to drugs in the drinking water. In rats consuming 70 to 90 mg/kg of morphine per day, the dose-effect curves for the rate-decreasing effects of morphine on responding under both schedule components shifted 1/2 log unit to the right, but the dose-effect curves for methadone, pentobarbital and d-amphetamine showed little change. In rats consuming 30 to 55 mg/kg of methadone per day there was little change in the dose-effect curves for the rate-decreasing effects of methadone and d-amphetamine on responding, but the dose-effect curve for morphine shifted 1/2 log unit to the right and the dose-effect curve for pentobarbital shifted upward and to the right. In rats consuming 40 to 50 mg/kg of pentobarbital per day, the dose-effect curve for the rate-decreasing effects of pentobarbital shifted to the right by about 1/4 log unit, and there was a similar but less marked shift to the methadone dose-effect curve to the right. In rats consuming pentobarbital, the morphine dose-effect curve was little changed. These experiments suggest that chronic methadone consumption confers greater tolerance to the effects of morphine on schedule-controlled behavior than it confers upon itself, while chronic morphine consumption confers greater tolerance to its own behavioral effects than it does to those of methadone. There appears to be some reciprocal cross-tolerance between methadone and pentobarbital for schedule-controlled behavior, but not between morphine and pentobarbital.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Role of the anterior cingulate cortex in the control over behavior by Pavlovian conditioned stimuli in rats.

To investigate the contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) to stimulus-reward learning, rats with lesions of peri- and postgenual ACC were tested on a variety of Pavlovian conditioning tasks. Lesioned rats learned to approach a food alcove during a stimulus predicting food, and responded normally for conditioned reinforcement. They also exhibited normal conditioned freezing and Pavlovian-instrumental transfer, yet were impaired at autoshaping. To resolve this apparent discrepancy, a further task was developed in which approach to the food alcove was under the control of 2 stimuli, only 1 of which was followed by reward. Lesioned rats were impaired, approaching during both stimuli. It is suggested that the ACC is not critical for stimulus-reward learning per se, but is required to discriminate multiple stimuli on the basis of their association with reward.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed2006

Psychosocial factors associated with non-smoking adolescents' intentions to smoke.

Smoking is the most preventable cause of death in the United States. Most adult smokers began smoking during adolescence, making youth tobacco prevention an especially important public health goal. Guided by an extension of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this study examined the role of psychosocial factors in accounting for adolescents' smoking intentions. Participants from three high schools (n = 785) were surveyed to assess smoking-related characteristics and behaviors as part of a statewide evaluation of tobacco prevention programming. Attitudes, subjective norms (and other normative factors) and perceived behavioral control were all associated with non-smokers' intentions to smoke. Having more favorable attitudes toward remaining tobacco free and perceiving that friends would not be supportive of smoking were both associated with decreased likelihood of intending to smoke. Normative influence and peer use were significant factors, such that having more friends who smoke was associated with increased odds of intent to smoke. Lastly, perceived difficulty to quit was related to smoking intentions, with higher confidence to quit significantly associated with intentions to smoke. Findings are consistent with the TPB--attitudes, normative factors and perceived behavioral control each helped account for non-smoking adolescents' intentions to smoke. Implications for theory and intervention building are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Identification of amino acid residues that control functional behavior in GluR5 and GluR6 kainate receptors.

GluR5 and GluR6 kainate receptors differ in their responses to a variety of agonists, despite their relatively high primary sequence homology. We carried out a structure-function study to identify amino acids underlying these divergent responses. Patch clamp analysis of chimeric GluR5-GluR6 receptors indicated that several functionally dominant sites were localized to the C-terminal side of M1. All nonconserved amino acids in the region between M3 and M4 of GluR6 were then individually mutated to their GluR5 counterparts. We found that a single amino acid (N721 in GluR6) controls both AMPA sensitivity and domoate deactivation rates. Additionally, mutation of A689 in GluR6 slowed kainate desensitization. These functional effects were accompanied by alterations in binding affinities. These results support a critical role for these residues in receptor binding and gating activity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1976

Elicited responding to signals for reinforcement: the effects of overall versus local changes in reinforcement probability.

Pigeons were studied on a three-component multiple schedule where all reinforcement was independent of responding. Two components were cued by different keylights and were associated with different rates of reinforcement. The third was always a no-key period associated with extinction. After a few sessions, pecking was elicited by the keylights signalling the reinforcement and continued to be maintained indefinitely. The duration and sequence of the three components were varied to determine if the primary controlling variable was differences in the overall probability of reinforcement, or if it was the immediate change in reinforcement signalled by the onset and/or offset of the stimulus. Both variables were found to control behavior. When 30-sec components were used, the primary controlling variable was the overall probability of reinforcement, but when 3-min components were used, overall probability had little effect. Control by local changes in reinforcement also occurred, although the type of local control varied both across subjects and experimental conditions. Some behaviors were controlled more by the change in reinforcement signalled by the onset of the stimulus, while others were controlled more by the change signalled by the offset of the stimulus.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

PLA2 and secondary metabolites of arachidonic acid control filopodial behavior in neuronal growth cones.

The neuronal growth cone provides the sensory and motor structure that guides neuronal processes to their target. The ability of a growth cone to navigate correctly depends on its filopodia, which sample the environment by continually extending and retracting as the growth cone advances. Several second messengers systems that are activated upon contact with extracellular cues have been reported to affect growth cone morphology by changing the length and number of filopodia. Because recent studies have suggested that guidance cues can signal via G-protein coupled receptors to regulate phospholipases, we here investigated whether phospholipase A2 (PLA2) may control filopodial dynamics and could thereby affect neuronal pathfinding. Employing identified Helisoma neurons in vitro, we demonstrate that inhibition of PLA2 with 2 microM BPB caused a 40.3% increase in average filopodial length, as well as a 37.3% reduction in the number of filopodia on a growth cone. The effect of PLA2 inhibition on filopodial length was mimicked by the inhibition of G-proteins with 500 ng/ml pertussis toxin and was partially blocked by the simultaneous activation of PLA2 with 50 nM melittin. We provide evidence that PLA2 acts via production of arachidonic acid (AA), because (1) the effect of inhibition of PLA2 could be counteracted by supplying AA exogenously, and (2) the inhibition of cyclooxygenase, which metabolizes AA into prostaglandins, also increased filopodial length. We conclude that filopodial contact with extracellular signals that alter the activity of PLA2 can control growth cone morphology and may affect neuronal pathfinding by regulating the sensory radius of navigating growth cones.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Mealtime behaviors in families of infants and toddlers with cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Parents of infants and toddlers with cystic fibrosis (CF) report problematic mealtime behaviors. Controlled studies that examine parent and child mealtime behaviors in infants and toddlers with CF using objective, observational procedures are needed to augment parent report findings and identify targets for effective interventions. We examined four hypotheses: 1) Parents of young children with CF would engage in more mealtime management behaviors to encourage eating than parents of control children. 2) Infants and toddlers with CF would engage in more problematic mealtime behaviors than control children. 3) Infants and toddlers with CF and their parents would demonstrate a greater frequency of behaviors incompatible with eating in the second half of the meal compared to the first half. 4) During slow meals, infants and toddlers would display a higher rate of mealtime behavior problems than during fast meals. METHODS: Thirty-four infants and toddlers with CF (M age = 18.3 +/- 7.9 months) and a matched community sample of same age peers participated. Videotaped mealtimes were coded using the Dyadic Interaction Nomenclature for Eating (DINE). RESULTS: Parents of children with CF gave a higher rate and frequency of commands to eat than controls. All children displayed similar rates and frequencies of mealtime behaviors incompatible with eating. As the meal progressed, all children, regardless of illness status, displayed a greater frequency of behaviors incompatible with eating. CONCLUSION: Direct observation of mealtime behaviors indicates that parents of infants and toddlers with CF engage in more mealtime management behaviors than parents of controls and that young children exhibit more behaviors incompatible with eating as the meal progresses. These findings highlight modifiable targets for behavioral and nutrition interventions that can be specifically designed for families of infants and toddlers with CF.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2000

Neurotrophin-receptor immunoreactive neurons in mesopontine regions involved in the control of behavioral states.

The microinjection of nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) into the rostral pontine tegmentum of adult cats rapidly induces long-lasting episodes of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep [J. Yamuy, F.R. Morales, M.H. Chase, Induction of rapid eye movement sleep by the microinjection of nerve growth factor into the pontine reticular formation of the cat, Neuroscience 66 (1995) 9-13]. Because this effect may be mediated by neurotrophin receptors, we sought to determine the distribution of neurons that contain low- and high-affinity neurotrophin receptors in regions of the feline pons and mesencephalon which are involved in the generation of REM sleep as well as neuronal groups that are involved in the control of REM sleep-related patterns of physiological activity. Using antibodies directed against p75, trkA, trkB and trkC, immunolabeled neurons were present in the latero-dorsal and pedunculo-pontine tegmental nuclei, the peribrachial nuclei, medial and lateral pontine reticular formation, the raphe nuclei, and the locus coeruleus. Giant reticular cells and large neurons in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus were immunoreactive for p75 and all trk receptors. Neurons that were devoid of neurotrophin-receptor immunoreactivity were intermingled with immunostained neurons in all explored structures. Thus, both low- and high-affinity neurotrophin receptors are conspicuously present in neurons located in mesopontine regions of adult cats. These data underscore the importance of neurotrophin-induced trophic actions on mesopontine neurons. Furthermore, the results support the hypothesis that NGF and NT-3 may modulate the electrical activity of neurons in the rostral pontine tegmentum that are responsible for the generation of REM sleep by acting on one or more of the neurotrophin receptors.

Animals↗