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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Ambient urban Baltimore particulate-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in mice.

Airborne particulate matter (PM) is hypothesized to play a role in increases in asthma prevalence, although a causal relationship has yet to be established. To investigate the effects of real-world PM exposure on airway reactivity (AHR) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cellularity, we exposed naive mice to a single dose (0.5 mg/ mouse) of ambient PM, coal fly ash, or diesel PM. We found that ambient PM exposure induced increases in AHR and BAL cellularity, whereas diesel PM induced significant increases in BAL cellularity, but not AHR. On the other hand, coal fly ash exposure did not elicit significant changes in either of these parameters. We further examined ambient PM-induced temporal changes in AHR, BAL cells, and lung cytokine levels over a 2-wk period. Ambient PM-induced AHR was sustained over 7 d. The increase in AHR was preceded by dramatic increases in BAL eosinophils, whereas a decline in AHR was associated with increases in macrophages. A Th2 cytokine pattern (IL-5, IL-13, eotaxin) was observed early on with a shift toward a Th1 pattern (IFN-gamma). In additional studies, we found that the active component(s) of ambient PM are not water-soluble and that ambient PM-induced AHR and inflammation are dose- dependent. We conclude that ambient PM can induce asthma-like parameters in naive mice, suggesting that PM exposure may be an important factor in increases in asthma prevalence.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1998

Illicit drug-associated ischemic stroke in the Baltimore-Washington Young Stroke Study.

BACKGROUND: Limited information exists on the frequency, trends in occurrence, risk factors, mechanisms, and outcome of ischemic stroke associated with illicit drug use among young adults in a geographically defined population. METHODS: We reviewed ischemic stroke in young adults (aged 15 to 44 years) in 46 regional hospitals for 1988 and 1991. We examined stroke mechanisms and outcome in patients with recent drug use. RESULTS: Recent illicit drug use was noted in 51/422 (12.1%) stroke patients. Patients with drug use were more likely than other stroke patients to be black (p=0.01), aged 25 to 39 years (p=0.004), and smokers (p=0.006), and were less likely to have hypertension (p=0.004) or diabetes mellitus (p=0.004). Drug use was the probable cause of stroke in 20 (4.7%) patients. Among 31 (7.3%) patients with drug use as a possible stroke mechanism, more likely diagnoses included cardioembolic stroke in 18, hematologic/collagen vascular in 6, nonatherosclerotic vasculopathy in 5, and atherosclerosis in 3. There was no difference in outcome between drug-associated and non-drug associated stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Recent illicit drug use occurs in 12.1% of young adult stroke patients. Drug-associated young adult stroke seems to relate to vascular mechanisms other than those related to hypertension or diabetes. Case-control studies are needed.

Adolescent↗