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At least 793 records · Page 44Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Prevention of surface bacterial contamination of donor corneas.

A simple method has been developed to reduce contamination in postmortem donor human eyes in anticipation of corneal transplantation. In vivo investigation of albino rabbits demonstrates that vigorous saline solution irrigation is extremely effective in decreasing the surface bacterial counts of the postmortem eye. In vitro and in vivo studies show that Neosporin kills bacteria at room temperature and further show that a tenfold increase in the thimerosal concentration of the Neosporin will kill fungus. Postmortem eyes contaminated by pathogenic organisms can be effectively cleaned by a combination of saline solution irrigation and the new Neosporin-thimerosal solution. No substantial damage of the donor tissue was noted by scanning electron microscopy. Human eyes cultured before this procedure were all contaminated, but after cleansing and immersion, no bacterial or fungal growth occurred.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Air conditioning systems.

There are some basic requirements for air conditioning systems in operating theatres. 1. Obviously the regulation of temperature and humidity is necessary, but cleaning of fresh air and circulating air is much more important. 2. Concerning cleaning, a high standard of filtration of air is demanded to avoid contamination of wounds. 3. So far only HEPA-filters, a technical description, give security and safety. They filter particles down to under 1 micrometer and have a filtration rate of more than 99.9%. 4. The ventilation rate is directly related to the germ concentration in the air. The higher the ventilation rate the cleaner the air during working. 5. To avoid turbulences unidirectional or uniform flow is necessary. This technique has become popular as the laminar flow technique. To get such a flow an air flow velocity of 0 45 +/- 0.1 m/s is necessary. 6. The arrangement of the different working places in an operating theatre is very important. Instrument tables and the operation field itself have to be in the zone of first air. 7. One of the commonest germ dispersion sources is the human body. Proper dressing and behaviour have to be observed. The airflow behind a person (in laminar cross flow) or under a person (in laminar down flow for instance when the neurosurgeon bends his head over the operating field) has to be regarded as contaminated. 8. Hygienic controls must be made in the operation theatre when unused and also under working conditions, in a sophisticated manner. If all these points are respected a real clean room technique is possible with considerable lowering of the risk of infection for the patient. Obviously all the other rules of hygiene, i.e., asepsis and antisepsis, elaborated since the days of Lister, have to be strictly respected.

Air Conditioning↗
PubMed2003

[Rachitic knock knees in children].

Knee malpositions, for example valgus or varus deformations or flexion contractures, were often cited in the historical literature. In earlier times, clinical pictures such as rickets were often the reason for this kind of deformity. A causal therapy did not exist until the twentieth century. In most cases of rickets, genu valgum was reported as the typical knee deformation. The differential diagnosis for genu valgum caused by rickets was genu valgum traumaticum, paralyticum, and inflammatorium. The most important reports on the pathogenesis of valgus deformation can be found in publications by Hueter and von Mikulicz. The causal therapy of rickets was introduced at the beginning of the twentieth century.Vitamin therapy and UV phototherapy were developed during this period. Using these therapies, rickets decreased dramatically. Kurt Huldschinsky, a pediatrician from Berlin,was one of the main inventors of UV phototherapy in Germany. At the end of the nineteenth century, the operative correction of knee deformities increased while conservative treatment continued to be applied. Plaster casts,orthoses, and osteoclast therapy were the main noninvasive therapeutic possibilities. Positive aspects of the conservative techniques were mostly the good results and easy, timesaving technique compared with the operative treatment. The operative therapy increased with the knowledge of antisepsis and asepsis as well as advances in anesthetic procedures. Operative treatment modalities, for example tibial and femoral osteotomies, were more precise, but connected with multiple complications and greater time expenditure. Sufficient vitamin prophylaxis rendered knee deformations caused by rickets a rarity.

Bone Malalignment↗
PubMed1979

Effect of surgical scrub on microbial population under the fingernails.

The effectiveness of two methods of presurgical hand preparation, the 10 minute routine scrub and the 90 second Hydroscrub, in reducing microbial numbers under the fingernails was determined. Bacteriologic cultures of 162 subungual areas of nine subjects revealed prescrub microbial counts of up to 1.9 X 10(5) colony-forming units per area. After the surgical scrub, bacterial concentrations were reduced to a different degree among the persons tested. The mean values of 3.0 X 10(3) to 7.8 X 10(3) colony-forming units immediately after scrub indicated that neither of the two methods tested reduced the microbial population under the fingernails of most persons to acceptable levels. The finding of high postscrub microbial counts under the fingernails is of particular interest and significance in view of the relatively low counts on the fingertips. On the basis of the results of this study, we conclude that degerming of the areas under the fingernails by present methods is not satisfactory. The implication of these findings is discussed.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1984

The bacteriostatic field in urology.

Infections related to wound drain sites, cystoscopy, transurethral resection, open prostatectomy, and urinary catheter drainage systems are preventable by the appropriate application of bacteriostatic fields which seal off these systems from environmental bacteria incorporating bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal compounds. A high level of sterility is achieved without the routine use of antibiotics.

Antisepsis↗
PubMed1983

A nursing practice problem: failure to observe aseptic technique.

A study was conducted to assess nurses' adherence to a recently revised policy and procedure manual. Medical-surgical nurses (n = 217) were surveyed to assess their perceived ability to perform selected clinical procedures. A sample (n = 34) of respondents was then observed performing the procedures. Analysis of the 37 errors in performance revealed an unanticipated high number of errors (n = 33) in aseptic technique. Type of errors and projected reasons for their occurrence are given.

Antisepsis↗
PubMed1987

Nursing assessment program in infection control procedures.

To assess the infection control educational needs of the nursing service while providing a "hands-on" in-service exercise, nurses were invited to test their infection control knowledge as part of a clinical scenario. After a brief review of the "case," participants surveyed for 10 minutes a mock patient's room where a manikin served as the "patient." Through staged breaks in technique, various components of infection control practice were to be identified by the participants. Five basic areas of infection control practice including handwashing and isolation technique, Foley catheter care, intravenous therapy and line maintenance, use of suctioning equipment and fluids, and general sanitation were presented at 12 stations within the room. Immediately after this exercise, members of the infection control staff revealed the errors in the exhibit and demonstrated the correct procedures. The average score among 548 participants was 57% (11.4 out of 20 possible correct answers). Scores were not influenced by the number of years of experience in nursing. However, differences were seen regarding educational degree and nursing units, which served as a basis to recommend specific infection control education.

Antisepsis↗
PubMed1988

Surgical gowns and drapes as aseptic barriers.

The use of surgical gowns and drapes has become the standard of practice in the arena of surgical aseptic technique. Because of myriad of materials, both woven and nonwoven, are currently available, users are faced with the difficult task of choosing a bacteriologic barrier material that is effective, safe, and economical. Although recommendations are available for general selection and use of barrier materials, no specific guidelines exist to assist the user in evaluating the important features of barriers. In addition, standards are lacking for safety characteristics such as flammability and fiber content. The infection control practitioner needs to be aware of the issues surrounding surgical barrier materials to be able to put the infection control merits of these materials in their proper perspective.

Antisepsis↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of bacterial counts in glove juice of surgeons wearing smooth band rings versus those without rings.

BACKGROUND: Removal of rings is recommended before surgeons aseptically prepare for surgical procedures. OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to determine whether there is a difference between bacterial counts under surgical gloves of ring wearers compared with nonring wearers after proper aseptic hand preparation and 3 hours of wear. METHODS: Twenty volunteer veterinary medical students were divided into 2 groups: One group wore a smooth ring band (without projections or mounted stones) on their ring finger, and the other group did not wear a ring. A modified glove juice method was used to obtain bacterial counts (colony-forming units/mL) inside surgically gloved hands prior to a proper aseptic hand preparation and 3 hours after hand preparation and wear. Each of the pre- and postsurgical glove juice samples were inoculated onto Letheen agar plates, which were incubated aerobically under atmospheric conditions for 48 hours at 35 degrees C. Gloves were tested for perforations using a water pressure test. RESULTS: No differences, or significant change, in bacterial counts were found before or after surgery between all ring hands and nonring hands or between ring and nonring hands for ringed participants. No differences in bacterial counts were found within perforated versus nonperforated gloves. CONCLUSION: There is no compelling evidence to suggest that surgeons wearing rings possess higher bacterial counts under their gloves during surgery.

Antisepsis↗