Sanctions against HIV-infected workers challenged.
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American Dental Association↗
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[Physical behavior of 5 autopolymerizing dental resins].
The Tests described in the American Dental Association Standard No. 27 were carried out with five commercial dental resins available in mexican market. These are: Adaptic, Concise, Miradapt, Degufill and Finesse. Two of them are of the macrofilled type (II), one is of the hybrid type (mix of macro and micro particles; type II) and two of the microfilled type (I). All the resins tested met satisfactorily the specifications of the A.D.A. standard No. 27 for dental componsed resins, according with their classification.
Composite Resins↗
Current clinical attire requirements for dental hygiene students.
The American Dental Association and the Centers for Disease Control are currently stressing the need for protective clinical attire and barrier techniques to reduce cross-contamination and the spread of diseases. They strongly recommend disposable or clean, reusable gowns, lab coats, or uniforms during treatment of all dental patients. Surgical masks, gloves, and protective eyewear are also recommended. The program directors of 197 dental hygiene programs in the United States were surveyed to determine how these recommendations affect the current clinical attire requirements for dental hygiene students and clinical faculty. All of the programs responding to this survey required protective eyewear and gloves for both students and faculty. Seventy-seven percent of the programs responding required students to wear uniforms while working on clinical patients. Surgical gowns and surgical scrubs are currently worn by only eight percent and five percent of dental hygiene students respectively. Most clinical instructors wear lab coats over street clothes, instead of traditional uniforms. Many program directors indicated they are considering changes in clinical attire requirements in the future because of concern for infection control. The issues of most concern for possible changes in the near future appear to be (1) switching from uniforms to surgical gowns or scrubs, (2) changing to disposable gowns, and (3) utilizing a laundry service for lab coats or scrubs.
Adolescent↗
Posterior composite resin inlays and onlays: a comparison of available systems.
With the increasing proliferation of materials and techniques for placement of posterior composite resin restorations, the dentist must have the information to make informed judgements on which to use in various clinical situations. This paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of each of three systems: 1) Direct, 2) Direct/Indirect and 3) Indirect. The increased demand for posterior esthetic restorations has been one of the hallmarks of the eighties. According to a recent American Dental Association survey, the use of resin restorations in posterior teeth is markedly increasing and is the restoration of choice over amalgam for 70 percent of those dentists who responded to the survey. For the restorative dentist who chooses to do posterior esthetic restorations, the biggest challenge lies in acquiring the knowledge and judgement to know which of the three current classes of materials and techniques to apply to each clinical situation. Although the influx of new materials into the marketplace makes it difficult to evaluate and categorize these materials as accurately as would be desired, generally, posterior composite resins can be classified in three general categories based on method of placement. These categories are: a) Direct placement b) Direct/Indirect placement or Direct Composite Inlay (DCI) c) Indirect placement
Bicuspid↗
A fluoride analysis program to reduce tooth decay in rural children.
Daily ingestion of optimal amounts of fluoride has been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of tooth decay in children. Fluoridated drinking water is the most effective and efficient primary source of fluoride. Children who do not drink sufficient fluoridated water should receive supplemental fluoride in the form of drops and tablets. Fluoride supplements beginning with the newborn infant at two weeks of age should be prescribed in accordance with the dosage schedules of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Dental Association. Fluoride levels of the drinking water source must be determined before prescribing a fluoride supplement. The Arkansas Department of Health offers dentists and physicians a program to analyze the fluoride content of private well or spring water. The program operates through local County Health Departments. Information about the fluoride level in the drinking water of a CWS is available by contacting either that particular CWS or the Engineer Division, Arkansas Department of Health. Questions about fluoride supplementation and/or optimally fluoridated CWS's should be directed to Dr. Wharton A. Nichols, Office of Dental Health, Arkansas Department of Health, 4815 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, (501) 661-2483.
Adolescent↗
Prosthodontic education in the United States.
Prosthodontic education in the United States is well established and closely supervised by the American Dental Association, prosthodontic specialty organizations, and dental educators. Since the social and economic environment is rapidly changing in relation to medical care, it is incumbent that the prosthodontic community be willing to adapt new scientific and technical information to be able to continue to provide high-quality dental care.
Humans↗
[Anticaries effectiveness of D(+)-galactose].
The influence of different galactose concentrations on the cariogenic effect of Streptococcus mutans (strains: DSM 20381 and DSM 20523) in a sucrose diet (33%) was examined in an animal experiment. The treated Wistar rats were free of pathogenic germs at the beginning of the experiment. The experimental conditions were approximately in accordance with the "Consensus statement" of the American Dental Association. The sides of the teeth, the amount of film, the abrasion of the chewing surfaces, the amount of surface and fissure caries and the animals general condition were evaluated. The anticaries effectiveness of galactose is dependent on its concentration: 5.0% galactose reduces the amount of caries on a high significance level, lowers the abrasion of the chewing surfaces, possibly because of the increased amount of serum calcium related to this galactose concentration, and diminishes the amount of film. 1.5% galactose prevents caries significantly and strongly reduces the amount of film; 0.5% galactose reduces the amount of caries non-significantly, but diminishes the amount of film. The effect is based on the property of galactose to occupy the receptors of the pellicle (layer of glycoprotein on the tooth enamel), hence the adherence of specific germs (for example, Streptococcus mutans) ceases in whole or in part.
Analysis of Variance↗
Fine detail reproduction of very high viscosity poly(vinyl siloxane) impression materials.
Very high viscosity (putty) poly(vinyl siloxane) impression materials are used with both the conventional double-mix and single-mix putty/wash techniques. When the latter technique is used, portions of the impression of the prepared teeth may be made in the putty rather than the wash material. This study investigated the ability of ten different putty materials to reproduce fine detail. The American Dental Association stainless steel test die for Specification No. 19 was used. Two of the materials consistently reproduced the 20-microns groove. Three of the materials reproduced the 20-microns groove in one-half of the samples tested, while the remainder failed to do so.
Dental Impression Materials↗
Long-term effects of Listerine antiseptic on dental plaque and gingivitis.
Chemotherapeutic mouthrinses are useful adjuncts to normal oral hygiene and regular professional care for patients whose mechanical plaque removal is less than optimal. Recognizing this, the American Dental Association Council on Dental Therapeutics published guidelines for evaluating the safety and efficacy of products for the control of gingivitis. Four 6-month or longer controlled clinical trials have shown Listerine to be significantly effective in helping prevent the development of both supragingival plaque and gingivitis. Two microbiology studies have demonstrated that no resistant microorganisms, opportunistic microorganisms, or presumptive oral pathogens emerge as a result of long-term, daily Listerine use. Listerine is the first nonprescription mouthrinse to receive the Council on Dental Therapeutics Seal of Acceptance as safe and effective in helping to prevent and reduce supragingival plaque accumulation and gingivitis when used in a conscientiously applied program of oral hygiene and regular professional care.
Clinical Trials as Topic↗
[Study on clinical standard consistency of the luting cement].
Various properties of dental luting cement are influenced by powder/liquid ratio. The standard consistency of luting cement is determined in Japanese industrial standard and American dental association's specifications. However, it is not considered that a constant consistency is best for luting cement of all kinds. This study were performed on suitable consistency of individual cement with regard to bond strength and disintegration. Most suitable consistency was almost the same as standard consistency by the specification in the case of Zinc phosphate cement (GC's Elite cement 100). But, in the case of Polycarboxylate cement (Shofu's HY-Bond carbo cement) and Glass alkynoate cement (GC's Fuji ionomer Type I Liv), maximum bond strength can be obtained with a more powder/liquid ratio than standard consistency by the specification. Especially, Glass alkynoate cement shows this tendency strongly. Therefore, it must be manipulated quickly after mixing.
Dental Bonding↗
FTC tentatively settles with ADA on advertising.
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Advertising↗
The fluoridation status of U.S. public water supplies.
It has been 40 years since the first community in the United States added a regulated amount of fluoride to its public water supply to prevent tooth decay. Despite the proven benefits of fluoride, today only 61 percent of the U.S. population on public water supplies receives fluoridated water. Progress in fluoridating water is impeded by antifluoridation campaigns and a change in the way Federal funds are allocated for State and local fluoridation programs. Despite profluoridation efforts by the Public Health Service, American Dental Association, and other organizations, the well-publicized claims of fluoride hazards by opponents have prevented many communities from initiating water fluoridation and have caused other communities to discontinue their programs. The law and half a century of research are on the side of fluoridation, as are new scientific findings indicating that optimal amounts of fluoride may reduce the incidence or severity of osteoporosis.
Attitude to Health↗
The impact of insurance on charges for dental care.
This study assesses the effect of insurance on charges for dental care. It is hypothesized that dental practices with higher percentages of insured patients will have higher average charges for dental visits, all other things being equal. An econometric model and ordinary least squares analysis are used to test the hypothesis, based on data from the American Dental Association's 1985 Survey of Dental Practice. For the sake of homogeneity, the study is confined to solo general practitioners. Within this group, the model is applied to two practice types categorized by whether or not the practice employed a hygienist. In solo general practices with and without hygienists, a positive association between the prevalence of insureds within a practice and charges for dental care visits is shown. Hypothetical cases are used to demonstrate that an additional 18 percent of insureds within a practice results in a 6 percent increase in the average charge for a dental visit. The analysis uncovers associations between other variables and dental charges. Of particular note is the curvilinear relation between a dentist's years of experience and his or her charges for dental care.
Appointments and Schedules↗
The current status of panoramic radiography.
The current status of dental panoramic tomography (rotational panoramic radiography) is reviewed. This technique is based on a combination of tomography and slit-beam radiography to provide an image of both jaws on a single film. There is a greater degree of image degradation when compared with conventional radiographic techniques due to tomographic blurring, magnification and distortion, secondary images and burn-out. Meticulous patient position is essential to accommodate their jaws to the image layer determined by the manufacturers. The absorbed doses from panoramic radiography are of a similar order to that from bitewing radiography and lower than those from a full-mouth periapical series. The individual risk of 1.3 X 10(-6) is compared with that from other radiographic examinations and smoking. The collective risk, 1.04 deaths in the UK in 1981, is relatively insignificant as is the genetic dose. The risk to the dentist and his staff is also low compared to other risks. The methods of dose limitation currently available are reviewed. The clinical indications are considered in relation to the guidelines of the American Dental Association and the Dental Estimates Board in the UK. The problems associated with attempts to measure diagnostic yield are considered. In view of the world-wide public concern at the potential dangers of ionising radiation, dentists are urged to maximize the diagnostic yield from their panoramic radiography by taking such radiographs only when clinically necessary, ensuring meticulous positioning and processing, followed by scrupulous assessment of the radiography for any sign of pathological change.
Humans↗
Ceramics: their place in dentistry.
A transfer molded ceramic coping material, Cerestore, and a castable ceramic, Dicor, are commercially available for fabrication of all-ceramic crowns. The manufacturers indicate their use should be in single unit anterior or posterior crowns. Tooth preparations are similar and should have rounded lines angles to avoid sharp points which may cause stress concentration. The amounts of tooth reduction are also similar and range from 1.0 to 2.0 mm depending on the location of surfaces. There are variations in fabricating procedures but both involve heat treatment and special equipment. Cerestore requires eventual veneer build-up and shading. Dicor requires surface shading. Both are evaluated and classified by the Council on Dental Materials, Instruments and Equipment of the American Dental Association. At least three other ceramic systems are being developed but are not yet commercially available.
Aluminum Oxide↗
Dentistry and AIDS: ethical and legal obligations in provision of care.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and refusal to provide care.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Variation among fluoride concentrations of water from domestic wells in a four-county area.
Water samples from domestic wells in a four-county area of New Mexico were analyzed for fluoride over a twenty-four month period, using a specific ion electrode. Of the 503 nonrandomly selected samples analyzed, 33 (6.6 percent) had less than 0.3 ppm, 372 (73.9 percent) had between 0.3 and 0.7 ppm and 98 (19.5 percent) had greater than 0.7 ppm of fluoride. The Council on Dental Therapeutics of the American Dental Association considers fluoride concentrations of greater than 0.7 ppm to be acceptable caries preventive levels in drinking water. Variation in fluoride concentration was found at all well depth intervals considered. It is important for dentists, physicians and nurse practitioners to be aware of the potential for variation of fluoride concentrations among domestic wells. When assessing a child's fluoride needs, the fluoride concentration of his or her drinking water must be known in order to optimize the benefits of fluoride supplements and to minimize the risk of enamel fluorosis. The fluoride level of community water systems is generally known by a town's water or health department. Water from domestic wells, however, must be assayed for fluoride on an individual basis to make the determination.
Adolescent↗