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PubMed2002

Free radical scavenging properties of wheat extracts.

Three hard winter wheat varieties (Akron, Trego, and Platte) were examined and compared for their free radical scavenging properties and total phenolic contents (TPC). Free radical scavenging properties of wheat grain extracts were evaluated by spectrophotometric and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry methods against stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical (DPPH*) and radical cation ABTS*+ (2,2'-azino-di[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonate]). The results showed that the three wheat extracts differed in their capacities to quench or inhibit DPPH* and ABTS*+. Akron showed the greatest activity to quench DPPH radicals, while Platte had the highest capacity against ABTS*+. The ED50 values of wheat extracts against DPPH radicals were 0.60 mg/mL for Akron, 7.1 mg/mL for Trego, and 0.95 mg/mL for Platte under the experimental conditions. The trolox equivalents against ABTS*+ were 1.31 +/- 0.44, 1.08 +/- 0.05, and 1.91 +/- 0.06 micromol/g of grain for Akron, Trego, and Platte wheat, respectively. ESR results confirmed that wheat extracts directly reacted with and quenched free radicals. The TPC were 487.9 +/- 927.8 microg gallic acid equivalents/g of grain. No correlation was observed between TPC and radical scavenging capacities for DPPH* and ABTS*+ (p = 0.15 and p > 0.5, respectively).

Benzothiazoles↗
PubMed2003

Antioxidant properties of bran extracts from "Akron" wheat grown at different locations.

Bran extracts of Akron wheat grown at four nonirrigated and one irrigated testing locations were examined and compared for their free radical scavenging properties against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH(*)) and the radical cation ABTS(*)(+), chelating capacities, and total phenolic content (TPC) to determine the potential effects of environmental factors on the antioxidant properties of hard winter wheat. The environmental factors included total solar radiation, average daily solar radiation, and number of hours exceeding 32 degrees C. The results showed that bran samples from different growing locations may significantly differ in their radical scavenging activities against both DPPH(*) and ABTS(*)(+), chelating capacities, and TPC. A significant negative correlation was detected between the chelating activities of the bran samples from the four nonirrigated locations and total solar or daily average solar radiation (r = -0.999 and P = 0.001). These data suggest potential influences of growing conditions on the antioxidant properties of hard winter wheat and the possibility of producing wheat that is strong in a selected antioxidant property by optimizing the growing conditions of a selected wheat variety. More research is required to further investigate the relationship among antioxidant properties and environmental factors using different wheat varieties and larger sample sizes.

Altitude↗
PubMed2003

Individual contribution of grain outer layers and their cell wall structure to the mechanical properties of wheat bran.

The mechanical properties of wheat bran and the contribution of each constitutive tissue on overall bran properties were determined on a hard wheat (cv. Baroudeur) and a soft wheat (cv. Scipion). Manual dissection allowed three different layers to be separated from wheat bran, according to radial and longitudinal grain orientations, which were identified by confocal laser scanning microscopy as outer pericarp, an intermediate strip (comprising inner pericarp, testa, and nucellar tissue), and aleurone layer, respectively. Tissue microstructure and cell wall composition were determined. Submitted to traction tests, whole bran, intermediate, and aleurone layers demonstrated elastoplastic behavior, whereas pericarp exhibited elastic behavior. By longitudinal orientation, pericarp governed 50% bran elasticity (elastic strength and rigidity), whereas, in the opposite orientation, bran elastic properties were mostly influenced by the other tissues. Regardless of test orientation, the linear force required to bran rupture corresponded to the sum of intermediate and aleurone layer strengths. According to radial orientation, the intermediate strip governed bran extensibility, but according to longitudinal orientation, all tissues contributed until bran disruption. Tissues from both wheat cultivars behaved similarly. A structural model of wheat bran layers illustrated the detachment of pericarp from intermediate layer within radial bran strips.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2003

Glyphosate applied preharvest induces shikimic acid accumulation in hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum).

Glyphosate is a nonselective herbicide used as a harvest aid in a variety of crops. Glyphosate is absorbed into the foliage and translocated to metabolically active regions in the plant where it interferes with the shikimic acid pathway. Experiments were conducted to determine the accumulation and distribution of shikimic acid in wheat treated with glyphosate at soft and hard dough stages of kernel development and to determine the fate of shikimic acid during milling and bread making. Elevated levels of shikimic acid were detected throughout the wheat plant. Shikimic acid concentrations peaked 3-7 days after treatment and then declined until harvest. Shikimic acid content was 3-fold greater in flour and 2-fold greater in the bread derived from treated wheat than nontreated wheat. Similarly, elevated levels of shikimic acid were found in the crumbs and crust of bread made with flour from glyphosate treated wheat. Glyphosate applied preharvest resulted in shikimic acid accumulation in hard red spring wheat and subsequent end-use products.

Glycine↗
PubMed2004

Antioxidant properties of bran extracts from Trego wheat grown at different locations.

The effects of growing conditions during the grain-filling period, including high temperature stress, total solar radiation, and average daily solar radiation, on the antioxidant properties of Trego wheat were evaluated. Bran extracts were prepared from Trego wheat, grown at four nonirrigated and one irrigated location in Colorado, and compared for their radical scavenging activities against ABTS*+ and DPPH*, Fe(2+) chelating capacities, and total phenolic contents. Significant differences in radical scavenging activities, chelating capacities, and total phenolic contents were detected among Trego bran samples grown at different locations, suggesting that growing conditions may influence the antioxidant properties of wheat. The bran sample obtained from Fort Collins had the strongest scavenging activity against either ABTS*+ or DPPH* radicals and the greatest chelating activity, whereas the highest total phenolic content was detected in bran samples from Walsh, indicating that each antioxidant activity may respond to the environmental changes differently. Positive correlations were detected between the DPPH* scavenging activity and either total solar radiation (r = 0.97, p = 0.03) or average daily solar radiation (r = 0.97, p = 0.03). In addition, HPLC analysis detected the presence of ferulic, syringic, vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic, and coumaric acids in wheat bran. Additional research is needed to further investigate the effects of environmental conditions and the interactions between genotype and environmental factors on the antioxidant properties of wheat to promote the production of wheat with improved antioxidant properties by optimizing the growing conditions for a selected genotype.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of Swiss red wheat grain and fractions for their antioxidant properties.

Swiss red wheat grain, bran, aleurone, and micronized aleurone were examined and compared for their free radical scavenging properties against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH*), radical cation ABTS*+ and peroxide radical anion O(2)*-, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), chelating capacity, total phenolic content (TPC), and phenolic acid composition. The results showed that micronized aleurone, aleurone, bran, and grain may significantly differ in their antioxidant properties, TPC, and phenolic acid composition. Micronized aleurone had the greatest antioxidant activities, TPC, and concentrations of all identified phenolic acids, suggesting the potential of postharvesting treatment on antioxidant activities and availability of TPC and phenolic acids. Ferulic acid was the predominant phenolic acid in Swiss red wheat and accounted for approximately 57-77% of total phenolic acids on a weight basis. Ferulic acid concentration was well correlated with scavenging activities against radical cation and superoxide anion, TPC, and other phenolic acid concentrations, suggesting the potential use of ferulic acid as a marker of wheat antioxidants. In addition, 50% acetone and ethanol were compared for their effects on wheat ORAC values. The ORAC value of 50% acetone extracts was 3-20-fold greater than that of the ethanol extracts, indicating that 50% acetone may be a better solvent system for monitoring antioxidant properties of wheat. These data suggest the possibility to improve the antioxidant release from wheat-based food ingredients through postharvesting treatment or processing.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2005

Masked mycotoxins: determination of a deoxynivalenol glucoside in artificially and naturally contaminated wheat by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Conjugated mycotoxins, in which the toxin is usually bound to a more polar substance like glucose, are referred to as masked mycotoxins, as these substances escape routine detection methods but can release their toxic precursors after hydrolysis. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of a glucoside of deoxynivalenol (DON) in Fusarium-infected wheat and maize. To obtain appropriate standards, we chemically synthesized deoxynivalenol-3-beta-D-glucopyranoside (DON-3-glucoside) and deoxynivalenol-15-beta-D-glucopyranoside (DON-15-glucoside). The synthesis products were characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The DON-glucosides showed different collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation behaviors and could therefore be distinguished. Wheat plants were either treated with DON (n = 52) or with Fusarium spp. (n = 4) at anthesis, and after harvest, wheat ears were analyzed for DON and DON-glucosides. All 56 treated wheat samples contained DON and a DON-glucoside with the same retention time, molecular mass, and CID fragmentation behavior as the synthetic DON-3-glucoside. Moreover, the DON-glucoside was also found in two out of three analyzed naturally DON-contaminated maize and in five out of five naturally contaminated wheat samples, in a range from 4 to 12% of the DON concentration. To further confirm the identity of the DON-glucoside, the compound was isolated from wheat extracts and characterized as DON-3-glucoside with NMR. The results of this study indicate the importance to consider both DON and DON-3-glucoside with regard to food and feed safety.

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed2005

Development of SNP assays for genotyping the puroindoline b gene for grain hardness in wheat using pyrosequencing.

Grain hardness is one of the most important quality characteristics of cultivated bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and has been reported to result from either a failure to express puroindoline a (Pina) or single-nucleotide mutations in puroindoline b (Pinb). Up to now, seven alleles from Pinb-D1a to Pinb-D1g were identified in bread wheat. Compared to the DNA coding region of Pinb-D1a (allele for softness), six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in six alleles for Pinb-D1. In this study, we used pyrosequencing technology to develop two SNP assays for identification of the seven Pinb alleles and characterized SNP variations in the Pinb of 493 European wheat varieties. Of the three hardness alleles Pinb-D1b, Pinb-D1c, and Pinb-D1d detected in this study, Pinb-D1b was the most predominant hardness allele in European hard wheats. The hardness genotypes of partial German wheat varieties available confirmed the reliability and validation of the SNP assays developed for the Pinb locus. Therefore, pyrosequencing technology offers an efficient, precise, and reliable concept for high-throughout genotyping to assist selection of grain hardness genes in wheat quality breeding programs.

Alleles↗
PubMed2005

Pasta made from durum wheat semolina fermented with selected lactobacilli as a tool for a potential decrease of the gluten intolerance.

A pool of selected lactic acid bacteria was used to ferment durum wheat semolina under liquid conditions. After fermentation, the dough was freeze-dried, mixed with buckwheat flour at a ratio of 3:7, and used to produce the "fusilli" type Italian pasta. Pasta without prefermentation was used as the control. Ingredients and pastas were characterized for compositional analysis. As shown by two-dimensional electrophoresis, 92 of the 130 durum wheat gliadin spots were hydrolyzed almost totally during fermentation by lactic acid bacteria. Mass spectrometry matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography analyses confirmed the hydrolysis of gliadins. As shown by immunological analysis by R5-Western blot, the concentration of gluten decreased from 6280 ppm in the control pasta to 1045 ppm in the pasta fermented with lactic acid bacteria. Gliadins were extracted from fermented and nonfermented durum wheat dough semolina and used to produce a peptic-tryptic (PT) digest for in vitro agglutination tests on cells of human origin. The whole PT digests did not cause agglutination. Affinity chromatography on Sepharose-6-B mannan column separated the PT digests in three fractions. Fraction C showed agglutination activity. The minimal agglutinating activity of fraction C from the PT digest of fermented durum wheat semolina was ca. 80 times higher than that of durum wheat semolina. Pasta was subjected to sensory analysis: The scores for stickiness and firmness were slightly lower than those found for the pasta control. Odor and flavor did not differ between the two types of pasta. These results showed that a pasta biotechnology that uses a prefermentation of durum wheat semolina by selected lactic acid bacteria and tolerated buckwheat flour could be considered as a novel tool to potentially decrease gluten intolerance and the risk of gluten contamination in gluten-free products.

Celiac Disease↗
PubMed2004

Phytochemicals and antioxidant properties in wheat bran.

Bran samples of seven wheat varieties from four different countries were examined and compared for their phytochemical compositions and antioxidant activities. Phenolic acid composition, tocopherol content, carotenoid profile, and total phenolic content were examined for the phytochemical composition of wheat bran, whereas the measured antioxidant activities were free radical scavenging properties against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, radical cation 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, peroxide radical anion O(2)(.-), and oxygen radical and chelating capacities. The results showed that the tested wheat bran samples differed in their phytochemical compositions and antioxidant properties. Ferulic acid, with a concentration range of 99-231 microg/g, was the predominant phenolic acid in all of the tested bran samples and accounted for about 46-67% of total phenolic acids on a weight basis. The concentrations for alpha-, delta-, and gamma- tocopherols were 1.28-21.29, 0.23-7.0, and 0.92-6.90 microg/g, respectively. In addition, lutein and cryptoxanthin were detected in all of the tested bran samples with levels of 0.50-1.80 and 0.18-0.64 microg/g, respectively. Zeaxanthin was detected in the six bran samples, and the greatest zeaxanthin concentration of 2.19 microg/g was observed in the Australian general purpose wheat bran. Beta-carotene was detected in four of the tested bran samples at a range of 0.09-0.40 microg/g. These data suggest that wheat and wheat bran from different countries may differ in their potentials for serving as dietary sources of natural antioxidants.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2005

Carotenoid, tocopherol, phenolic acid, and antioxidant properties of Maryland-grown soft wheat.

Consumers' desires to either reduce the risk of or manage a specific health condition through improved diet have stimulated the research of agricultural products for their potential health beneficial components such as tocopherols and natural antioxidants. Soft wheat is one of the major crops in Maryland, with little information available about its potentially beneficial components. This study examined eight selected Maryland-grown soft wheat varieties or experimental lines for their potential beneficial components including tocopherols, carotenoids, total phenolics and phenolic acids and their antioxidant properties, including Fe(2+) chelating capacity and free radical scavenging activities against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH(*) ), radical cation ABTS(*)(+), and oxygen radical (ORAC). The results showed that all tested soft wheat grain samples contained alpha-tocopherol, with a range of 3.4-10.1 microg/g. Lutein was the primary carotenoid present in the grain samples at a level of 0.82-1.14 microg/g, along with significant amounts of zeaxanthin and beta-carotene. Vanillic, syringic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids were found in soluble free, soluble conjugated, and insoluble bound forms in the grain extracts, with ferulic acid as the predominant phenolic acid. The eight soft wheat varieties differed in their antioxidant properties. The tested wheat grain samples exhibited ED(50) values against DPPH(*) of 23-27 mg of grain equiv/mL, ORAC of 32.9-48 micromol of Trolox equiv (TE)/g, and ABTS(*)(+) scavenging capacity of 14.3-17.6 micromol of TE/g. These data suggest the possibility of producing soft wheat varieties rich in selected health beneficial factors for optimum human nutrition though breeding programs.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of fatty acid steryl esters in tetraploid and hexaploid wheats: identification and comparison between chromatographic methods.

Fatty acid steryl esters (FASE) in whole meal of 14 genotypes of tetraploid wheats (Triticum dicocconand T. durum) and 17 genotypes of hexaploid wheats (T. spelta and T. aestivum) were analyzed using different chromatographic strategies. By both GC-FID and HPLC-ELSD, tetraploid wheats are lacking two major peaks. The amounts of FASE, calculated on the basis of the GC-FID analysis, were double in hexaploid species as compared to tetraploids (40 and 20 mg/100 g db, respectively). HPLC with ESI-MS detection enabled the identification of FASE by the characteristic fragmentations and ion-adducts of each molecule. The distribution of steryl residues was not different between the wheat species: the main class of steryl derivatives found was the beta-sitosteryl derivatives, followed by campesteryl derivatives with small amounts of stigmasteryl esters. The esterified fatty acids explain the difference between the hexaploid and tetraploid wheats. In particular, small amounts of campesteryl and beta-sitosteryl, while no trace of stigmasteryl palmitates, were found in T. durum or its hulled ancestor T. dicoccon. Steryl oleates were not detectable in T. aestivum or its hulled ancestor T. spelta, which is consistent with the filogenesis of tetraploid and hexaploid species. Both chromatographic techniques (GC and HPLC) showed that FASE are useful to discriminate between hexaploid and tetraploid wheats from both qualitative and quantitative points of view.

Chromatography↗
PubMed2005

Real-time polymerase chain reaction based assays for quantitative detection of barley, rice, sunflower, and wheat.

Quality assurance is a major issue in the food industry. The authenticity of food ingredients and their traceability are required by consumers and authorities. Plant species such as barley (Hordeum vulgare), rice (Oryza sativa), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) are very common among the ingredients of many processed food products; therefore the development of specific assays for their specific detection and quantification are needed. Furthermore, the production and trade of genetically modified lines from an increasing number of plant species brings about the need for control within research, environmental risk assessment, labeling/legal, and consumers' information purposes. We report here the development of four independent real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays suitable for identification and quantification of four plant species (barley, rice, sunflower, and wheat). These assays target gamma-hordein, gos9, helianthinin, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase sequences, respectively, and were able to specifically detect and quantify DNA from the target plant species. In addition, the simultaneous amplification of RALyase allowed bread from durum wheat to be distinguished. Limits of detection were 1 genome copy for barley, sunflower, and wheat and 3.3 copies for rice real-time PCR systems, whereas limits of quantification were 10 genome copies for barley, sunflower, or wheat and approximately 100 haploid genomes for rice real-time PCR systems. Real-time PCR cycling conditions of the four assays were stated as standard to facilitate their use in routine laboratory analyses. The assays were finally adapted to conventional PCR for detection purposes, with the exception of the wheat assay, which detects rye simultaneously with similar sensitivity in an agarose gel.

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase↗
PubMed2006

Novel reference gene, PKABA1, used in a duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction for detection and quantitation of wheat- and barley-derived DNA.

We report the development of a duplex real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the simultaneous detection and quantification of wheat- and barley-derived DNA. We used a single primer pair to amplify the single-copy gene PKABA1 from wheat and barley, using minor-groove-binding probes to distinguish between the two cereals. The assay was fully specific, and different wheat and barley cultivars exhibited similar Ct values, indicating stability across cultivars with respect to allelic and copy number composition. The limits of detection were 5 and 10 PCR-forming units for wheat and barley, respectively, making the duplex assay as sensitive as other singleplex reference gene systems published. We were able to detect both wheat and barley simultaneously in real food samples, and the duplex assay is considered to be suitable as an endogenous reference gene system for the detection and quantification of wheat and barley in genetically modified organisms (GMO) and other food and feed analyses.

DNA, Plant↗
PubMed2006

Genotype and environmental variation in phenolic content, phenolic acid composition, and antioxidant activity of hard spring wheat.

The health-promoting effects of whole-grain wheat likely derive from phenolic compounds and other antioxidants that also make wheat a potential source of functional food ingredients. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of genotype and growing environment on the phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of alcohol-soluble extracts from commercial wheat cultivars. Total phenolic contents (TPCs), antioxidant activities (AOAs), and concentrations of six phenolic acids were measured in six red- and white-grained hard spring wheat genotypes grown at four diverse locations in Western Canada during the 2003 crop year. There were significant differences among genotypes and environments for TPC, AOA, and concentrations of all the phenolic acids measured. The predominant indicators of antioxidant potential, i.e., TPC, AOA, and ferulic acid (FA) concentration were highly intercorrelated (r > 0.72). For these indices, the Canada Western (CW) Red Spring wheat cultivars Neepawa and AC Elsa had the highest levels, whereas an analogous CW hard white spring wheat cultivar, AC Snowbird, had the lowest levels. Grain color did not appear to be a factor in the expression of antioxidant-related parameters. For both TPC and AOA, as well as for vanillic acid, syringic acid, and ferulic acid, environmental effects were considerably larger than genotype effects. Neither growing temperature nor rainfall from anthesis to maturity appeared to be related to the environmental variation that was observed. Genotype x environment interaction was small for all parameters compared with genotype and location effects and was significant only for TPC. Genotype variation for antioxidant properties indicates that it would be possible to select for these quantitative traits in a breeding program. However, the significant environmental variation observed would delay and/or complicate this process.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2006

Alkylresorcinol content and homologue composition in durum wheat (Triticum durum) kernels and pasta products.

The total alkylresorcinol (AR) content and relative homologue composition of 21 durum wheat (Triticum durum) kernel samples, as well as 5 pasta products and the corresponding flour mixtures, were determined. Durum wheat contained on average 455 microg/g ARs, and the average relative homologue composition was C17:0 (0.4%), C19:0 (14%), C21:0 (58%), C23:0 (21%), and C25:0 (6.5%). The homologue composition was found to be relatively consistent among samples, with durum wheat being different from common wheat by having a higher proportion of the longer homologues. No differences in content or homologue composition were observed in pasta products compared to flour ingredients, showing that alkylresorcinols are stable during pasta processing. The ratio of the homologues C17:0 to C21:0 was < or =0.02 for whole grain durum wheat products, which is different from those of common wheat (0.1) and rye (0.9).

Alkylation↗
PubMed2006

Effects of postharvest treatment and heat stress on availability of wheat antioxidants.

This research evaluated the effects of postharvest treatment and heat stress on the availability of wheat antioxidants using Ankor and Trego wheat varieties. The grain, bran, and 40-mesh bran samples of both Ankor and Trego wheat were kept at 25, 60, and 100 degrees C for 9 days. Samples taken at day 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 9 were extracted with pure ethanol and examined for antioxidant properties including the scavenging activity against peroxyl (ORAC), cation ABTS, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH.) radicals, as well as total phenolic content (TPC) and phenolic acid composition. Both heat stress and postharvest treatment significantly altered the antioxidant properties of wheat grain fractions. The ORAC values of Ankor bran and corresponding 40-mesh bran samples kept at 100 degrees C for 9 days reduced to 61 and 40% of that at day 0 on a per dry weight basis, respectively, while the ORAC values of the grain samples showed no significant change. The overall loss of DPPH. scavenging capacity was 38 and 100% for the bran and 40-mesh Ankor bran samples, respectively, and was 47 and 60% in the bran and 40-mesh Trego bran samples, respectively, whereas no reduction was detected in the grain samples under the same heat stress. Heat stress and postharvest treatment had similar effects on ABTS.+ scavenging capacities and TPC values of grain and fractions of both varieties. These data suggest that whole grain as opposed to its fractions is a preferred form of long-term storage for better preserving natural antioxidants and that the reduction of the particle size may accelerate the loss of natural antioxidants in wheat bran during storage and thermal processing but may enhance the releasable amount of wheat antioxidants from bran.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1999

Sodium dodecyl sulfate capillary electrophoresis of wheat proteins. 1. Uncoated capillaries.

Four different polymer/buffer systems (a commercial polymer from Bio-Rad, dextran, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and non-crosslinked poly(acrylamide)) were evaluated for use in sodium dodecyl sulfate capillary electrophoresis (SDS-CE) separations of wheat proteins. These polymers were chosen on the basis of published reports of their use in uncoated or dynamically coated capillaries. Each polymer was optimized (where possible) by manipulating the polymer concentration and buffer concentration, and through the use of organic modifiers such as methanol and ethylene glycol. The addition of ethylene glycol to the separation buffer was found to improve the resolution of the separations, despite dilution of the sieving polymers. When PEO was used as the sieving polymer, however, no improvement was seen when ethylene glycol was added. Despite producing similar separations of molecular mass markers, the polymers did not all produce similar wheat protein separations. The commercial reagent and dextran produced similar separations, while the poly(acrylamide) produced faster separations than either. The poly(acrylamide) displayed much lower resolution in the 40-60 kDa range than the other polymers, though this polymer was able to separate the high molecular mass glutenin subunits (HMM-GS) without the use of added organic solvent. PEO produced much different wheat protein separations than the other polymers, despite similar separations of the molecular weight markers. This may have been due to interaction between the wheat proteins and PEO. Each polymer system also predicted different molecular masses of the various wheat protein fractions separated, with the PEO and poly(acrylamide) grossly overestimating the masses for all protein classes. This could have been due to protein-polymer interactions. Further work was done with the Bio-Rad buffer modified by the addition of ethylene glycol. Several different wheat protein fractions as well as proteins extracted from several different cultivars were separated with this buffer and compared. SDS-CE separations were also compared to SDS-poly(acrylamide) gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and several differences in the migration pattern of HMM-GS were noted.

Acrylic Resins↗