[Value of resection of the superficial temporal vasculo-nervous bundle in some cases of vascular headache of a autonomic nature].
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Adolescent↗
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[Changes in the skin and sciatic nerve after soft-tissue damage to the extremity by a high-speed small-caliber bullet].
The character of contusive changes has been determined in the skin and sciatic nerve after lesion of soft tissues of the extremity with a high-speed small-bore bullet. A high-speed filming, tensiometry have been used. They allow to observe and measure processes of formation of the temporal pulsating cavity appearing at the moment of injury in the block of 20% gelatin and its influence on the imitator of the vascular-neural bundle. In the investigation performed on test-animals by means of neuromorphological, histological and histochemical techniques certain contusive changes are stated in the skin and sciatic nerve at various distances from the edge of the entrance and axis of the wound canal. The investigation of the material in 1, 3, 5 days after the lesion makes it possible to differentiate initial changes connected mainly with the effect of contusion from the secondary ones.
Animals↗
[Reparative regeneration of nerve fibers after sympathectomy: an experimental study].
The results of sympathectomies depend on the degree of regeneration of the sympathetic nerve trunk: the quicker the onset of regeneration the less remarkable the effect of operation. The aim of our experimental study WPS to examine the rate of regeneration of sympathetic nerve fibers softer different sympathectomy techniques (resection, electrocoagulation and cryodestruction of the part of the sympathetic nerve trunk) following 6 and 12 months. Nine random-bred rabbits were used (Central Research Laboratory, Urals State Medical Academy) to examine the rate of regeneration of the sympathetic nerve trunk contained by the vascular-nervous bundle of rabbit ear. Altogether 18 nerve sympathetic trunks were examined. The rate of regeneration was measured by morphometry. While examining the processes of reparative regeneration of the nerve fibers after resection, electrocoagulation and cryodestruction, account was taken of the changes in their quantity, diameter and degree of myelinization over time. The study of the morphologic picture during comparative analysis of regeneration made on different models of nerve derangement has demonstrated that after resection and electrocoagulation of the sympathetic trunk the process of regeneration proceeds most slowly. On cryogenic injury to the nervous tissue when only nerve fibers are damaged and connective tissue membranes preserve their anatomic integrity, there are created most favourable conditions for regeneration. Toward 12 months after cryodestruction the bundles of nerve fibers acquire an identical diameter, with predominance of the population of thick nerve fibers, and appear mature enough. After electrocoagulation the fibers contained by the bundles are different in diameter, with the predominance of medium-diameter fibers whereas the thick nerve fibers are not many. After resection the thick nerve fibers are lacking whereas the medium-diameter bundles contain myelinated nerve fibers, with the maintenance of the selective decay of the myelin membrane.
Animals↗
[Operative treatment of severe forms of congenital elevation of the scapula in children].
The article presents results of operative treatment of 36 children with severe forms of congenital high scapula. An original and used by us method of operative treatment of children with a severe form of Sprengel deformity is described. Distinctive features of the method are: mobilization of the suprascapular vascular-nervous bundle, correction of scapula deformities followed by a recovery of congruency of the sliding surfaces of the scapula and chest, physiological fixation of the scapula in the new place, separating off the paravertebral muscles and their sewing on to the medial edge of the scapula that allows a recovery of the function of lost trapezoid and rhomboid muscles and in some cases a shortening osteotomy of the clavicle is performed preventing the descending of the scapula. An analysis of the external view of the shoulder made after the operation has shown that the result was good in 57.5% of children, satisfactory in 42.5%. The functional indices characterizing the increased amplitude of movements in the shoulder joint were good in 47.5%, and satisfactory in 52.5%. The cosmetic and functional results of the treatment allow the developed technique to be recommended for treatment of severe forms of the Sprengel disease in children.
Adolescent↗
Effects of articaine on intrapulpal, mandibular, and femoral pressures in dogs.
Articaine, a new local anesthetic and the first substance of the amide type with a thiophene ring, has been studied to evaluate its effects on intrapulpal blood pressure (IPP) and mandibular and femoral pressures (MAP, FAP) after injections in the posterior mental foramen (PMF). Eight mongrel dogs of either sex, 9-12 months of age weighing from 15-25 kg were anesthetized. The PMF and the middle foramen were uncovered to expose the vascular-nerve bundle. The mandibular artery was dissected, cannulated, and filled with a heparinized normal saline solution. A 27-gauge needle was placed into the PMF for the injections of the local anesthetic. Into the ipsilateral canine, a cannula hermetically sealed and filled with heparinized saline solution was inserted. All hemodynamic measurements (IPP, MAP, FAP) were recorded with a precalibrated polygraph. The results obtained allow us to conclude that articaine 4% with epinephrine 1:100,000 injected in the PMF (0.3 ml), produces a drop of the intrapulpal blood pressure due to a strong vasoconstriction, whereas this effect is less pronounced at the MAP level and almost inexistent in the FAP.
Anesthesia, Dental↗
[The results of the formation of a new anal sphincter by using the mm. graciles in acquired anal incontinence].
The operative method of Pickrell for shaping a new anal sphincter from mm.graciles is described, emphasizing the refinements which the authors have introduced in it. In mobilizing the muscle, fascial fibers are left on both sides of the vascular-nervous bundle. They prevent the latter from overdistension when the muscle turns around the anal canal. Two arcuate lateral sections are made in the perianal area; this is followed by driving a subcutaneous tunnel, but under the perineal raphe and the anococcygeal ligaments. The two muscles are perianally wound each on 360 degrees, whereby m.gracilis dex. is fixed to tub. ossis ischii sin. and m.gracilis sin. is fixed to tub. ossis ischii dex. Before being fixed, the tendon end is inserted in the subperiosteal bone tunnel. When the tendon of the muscle is shorter, it may successfully be elongated by the explantoplast Ampoxen (applied in 3 patients). A total of 16 patients were treated. The result was good in 15 (93.8 per cent) and unsatisfactory in 1 (6.2 per cent).
Anal Canal↗
[Compression syndromes in the popliteal area].
In young, active patients with intermittent or sudden-onset ischemic pain in the lower leg, the presence of an entrapment syndrome of the popliteal artery must be considered. This compression syndrome can be clinically and angiographically verified by an interruption in the continuity of the middle segment of the artery. As irritation of the arterial wall can lead to complete occlusion of the artery, all cases of entrapment syndrome within the popliteal fossa--even those causing few symptoms or none at all--require surgical revision. A dorsal approach should be used, and the anatomical variations of the artery listed elsewhere must be considered. The surrounding musculature on the fibrous structures causing compression must be incised or resected; in some cases vascular reconstruction is necessary. In the relatively rare soleus syndrome, there is entrapment of nerves and veins as well as of the artery. In such cases, the tendon of the soleus muscle must be split to obtain adequate decompression of the vascular nerve bundle.
Constriction, Pathologic↗
[Vascular trauma in children].
Results of the treatment of injuries of vessels in 29 children are described. Associated injuries of arteries, veins, nerves, tendons and bones were predominant (in 18 children). Most of the patients were subjected to restorative operations on main arteries: end-to-end anastomoses (7), lateral suture (6), autovenous prosthesis and shunting (7). Ligation of the small-diameter vessels was performed in 6 patients. In 3 patients the primary amputation of the extremity was fulfilled. Unfavourable results were noted mainly following the associated trauma of arteries and nerves. The authors believe that children with injuries of the vascular-nervous bundle should be observed in dispensaries.
Adolescent↗
Developmental morphology of vascular and lymphatic capillaries in the working myocardium and Purkinje bundle of the sheep septomarginal band.
The normal development of vascular and lymphatic capillaries in the right ventricular septomarginal band of the sheep heart was studied in 9 fetuses aged 60-143 days (term = 147 days), 14 lambs aged 1 day to 16 weeks, and 3 adults. Tissue was fixed by perfusion and examined with light and transmission electron microscopy. The septomarginal band is composed of working myocardium and a well-defined peripheral bundle of Purkinje cells. Vascular capillaries of the working myocardium were closely apposed to myocardial cells. By contrast, vascular capillaries of the Purkinje bundle were situated within the connective tissue sheath and septa, at variable distances from the Purkinje cells. After birth, the capillaries of the Purkinje bundle were also found in grooves and tunnels within the Purkinje strands. The ultrastructure of fetal vascular capillaries associated with myocardial and Purkinje cells was initially similar, and characterized by an abundance of synthetic organelles in endothelial cells and pericytes. However, after 115 days in utero, capillary endothelium with diaphragmed fenestrae, 40-60 nm in width, were observed within the Purkinje bundle. The fenestrae attained an average frequency of 1 per 11 capillary cross sections just before term, and this was maintained in lambs and adults. The ultrastructure of lymphatic capillaries, which were not observed in the septomarginal band until just before term, changed little during development.
Animals↗
Rings of intermediate (100 A) filament bundles in the perinuclear region of vascular endothelial cells. Their mobilization by colcemid and mitosis.
Vascular endothelial cells cultured from guinea pig aorta or portal vein contain naturally occurring bundles of 100 A (diameter) filaments that completely encircle the nucleus. These rings are phase lucent and birefringent when examined with the light microscope. Perinuclear bundles of 100 A filaments were also seen in endothelial cells in vivo, indicating that they are a normal cytoplasmic component. These filaments did not decorate with S-1, and were not disrupted by glyceination. With these cells, experiments were designed to answer the following questions: (a) does Colcemid have an effect on these naturally occuring bundles? And (b) do these filaments remain during cell division? Endothelial cells grown in the presence of Colcemid were followed over 24 h. The perinuclear ring coiled into a juxtanuclear cap that consisted of disorganized arrays of 100 A filaments. This "coiling" effect was not blocked by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. In another experiment, dividing cells were examined. During division the bundle of filaments is passively pulled in half into the daughter cells. These bundles did not disappear during the mitosis when mitotic spindle microtubules assemble. These studies suggest that Colcemid may exert a direct effect on 100 A filaments, independent of microtubules. Since these filaments do not disappear during mitosis, it is possible that in these cells the 100 A filaments and tubulin do not share a common pool of precursor proteins.
Animals↗
Transporters for ammonium, amino acids and peptides are expressed in pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes.
Insect capture and digestion contribute substantially to the nitrogen budget of carnivorous plants. In Nepenthes, insect-derived nitrogenous compounds are imported from the pitcher fluid and transported throughout the plant via the vascular tissue to support growth. Import and distribution of nutrients may require transmembrane nitrogen transporters. Representatives of three classes of genes encoding transporters for the nitrogenous compounds ammonium, amino acids and peptides were identified in Nepenthes pitchers. The expression at the cellular level of an ammonium transporter gene, three amino acid transporter genes, and one peptide transporter gene were investigated in the insect trapping organs of Nepenthes. Expression of the ammonium transporter gene NaAMT1 was detected in the head cells of digestive glands in the lower part of the pitcher where NaAMT1 may function in ammonium uptake from the pitcher fluid. One amino acid transporter gene, NaAAP1, was expressed in bundle sheath cells surrounding the vascular tissue. To understand the locations where transmembrane transport could be required within the pitcher, symplasmic and apoplasmic continuity was probed using fluorescent dyes. Symplasmic connections were not found between cortical cells and vascular bundles. Therefore, the amino acid transporter encoded by NaAAP1 may be involved in transport of amino acids into the vascular tissue. In contrast, expression of the peptide transporter gene NaNTR1 was detected in phloem cells of the vascular tissue within pitchers. NaNTR1 may function in the export of nitrogen from the pitcher by loading peptides into the phloem.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Isolation and functional analysis of a Brassica juncea gene encoding a component of auxin efflux carrier.
Polar auxin transport plays a divergent role in plant growth and developmental processes including root and embryo development, vascular pattern formation and cell elongation. Recently isolated Arabidopsis pin gene family was believed to encode a component of auxin efflux carrier (Gälweiler et al, 1998). Based on the Arabidopsis pin1 sequence we have isolated a Brassica juncea cDNA (designated Bjpinl), which encoded a 70-kDa putative auxin efflux carrier. Deduced BjPIN1 shared 65% identities at protein level with AtPIN1 and was highly homologous to other putative PIN proteins of Arabidopsis (with highest homology to AtPIN3). Hydrophobic analysis showed similar structures between BjPIN1 and AtPIN proteins. Presence of 6 exons (varying in size between 65 bp and 1229 bp) and 5 introns (sizes between 89 bp and 463 bp) in the genomic fragment was revealed by comparing the genomic and cDNA sequences. Northern blot analysis indicated that Bjpinl was expressed in most of the tissues tested, with a relatively higher level of transcript in flowers and a lower level in root tissues. Promoter-reporter gene fusion studies further revealed the expression of Bjpinl in the mature pollen grains, young seeds, root tip, leaf vascular tissue and trace bundle, stem epidermis, cortex and vascular cells. BjPIN1 was localized on the plasma membrane as demonstrated through fusion expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). Auxin efflux carrier activity was elevated in transgenic Arabidopsis expressing BjPIN1.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Modification of a Specific Class of Plasmodesmata and Loss of Sucrose Export Ability in the sucrose export defective1 Maize Mutant.
We report on the export capability and structural and ultrastructural characteristics of leaves of the sucrose export defective1 (sed1; formerly called sut1) maize mutant. Whole-leaf autoradiography was combined with light and transmission electron microscopy to correlate leaf structure with differences in export capacity in both wild-type and sed1 plants. Tips of sed1 blades had abnormal accumulations of starch and anthocyanin and distorted vascular tissues in the minor veins, and they did not export sucrose. Bases of sed1 blades were structurally identical to those of the wild type and did export sucrose. Electron microscopy revealed that only the plasmodesmata at the bundle sheath-vascular parenchyma cell interface in sed1 minor veins were structurally modified. Aberrant plasmodesmal structure at this critical interface results in a symplastic interruption and a lack of phloem-loading capability. These results clarify the pathway followed by photosynthates, the pivotal role of the plasmodesmata at the bundle sheath-vascular parenchyma cell interface, and the role of the vascular parenchyma cells in phloem loading.
Journal Article↗
[Neurovascular infrahyoid myofascial flap. Anatomic-topographic study of innervation and vascular supply].
Fifteen cadavers were examined bilaterally for the topography of the superior thyroid artery and vein an lower cervical ansa as an axial bundle of vessels and nerves for the infrahyoid myofascial flap. Using injections of methylene blue, the vascular territories of the superior thyroid artery were demonstrated. The superior thyroid artery and vein could be found in all cases. This artery was derived in 47% of cases from the external carotid artery, in 30% from the bifurcation and in 23% from the common carotid artery. In 43% of cases the vein flowed to the facial vein and in 37% to the internal jugular vein. In the remaining 20%, several segmental veins were found that flowed separately to the jugular vein. In case of a far caudally situated vascular bundle the radius of rotation was limited in a cranial direction. The voluntary innervation of the muscles of the infrahyoid myofascial flap was derived from the lower cervical ansa. The upper radix of the ansa was found 1 cm in latero-cranial direction to the greater horn of the hyoid bone, where it separated from the hypoglossal nerve. Present findings show that the superior thyroid artery supplies the infrahyoid musculature in its whole extension from the hyoid bone to the sternum. It is therefore possible to develop a myofascial flap of 3.5 cm x 11.5 cm in size, which can be predicted at an upper vascular and neural bundle. Depending on the radius of rotation, defects of the floor of mouth, tongue and oro- and hypopharynx can be covered sufficiently with this neurovascular myofascial flap.
Arteries↗
Human peritoneal adhesions show evidence of tissue remodeling and markers of angiogenesis.
PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate the vascular structure and angiogenic activity of human peritoneal adhesions. METHODS: Adhesions were collected from patients undergoing laparotomy (n=32). Histologic features were documented and the distribution of mature and immature vascular markers were determined by immunolocalization and quantified by image analysis. The three-dimensional organization of blood vessels was investigated by confocal microscopy. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A, its receptor flk-1, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen were assessed by immunohistochemistry as indicators of angiogenic activity. RESULTS: Adhesions were found to be vascularized structures comprising bundles of collagen, interspersed with varying amounts of adipose tissue. Functional blood vessels expressed recognized vascular markers (vWF, CD34, alpha-SMA, and CD105) and formed a branching network similar to that of the peritoneum. Those adhesions expressing vascular endothelial growth factor A and its receptor showed significantly higher numbers of immature vessels as defined by expression of CD105. Omental adhesions (n=16) contained significantly more adipose tissue (P<0.05) and displayed a higher microvessel density (P<0.01) but lower cellularity (P<0.05) compared with nonomental adhesions (n=16). CONCLUSIONS: All adhesions contained functional blood vessels and most showed evidence of cell proliferation. The presence of vascular endothelial growth factor A and its receptor in human adhesions suggests ongoing angiogenic activity. This study demonstrates that adhesions are vascular structures with evidence of tissue remodeling and suggests potential for new prevention strategies involving antiangiogenic therapies.
Adipose Tissue↗
Geometric effect of matrix upon cell differentiation: BMP-induced osteogenesis using a new bioglass with a feasible structure.
A new biocompatible glass, which is composed of CaO, P2O5, SiO2, and Al2O3 (abbreviated CPSA) and is characterized by higher elasticity than previous bioglass products, was molded into fibers with a diameter of 9 microm. With CPSA fibers, two geometrically different structures, balls and bundles (each 20 mg in weight), were prepared, combined with 2.2 microg of rhBMP-2 (a gift from Yamanouchi Co., Japan) and implanted subcutaneously into rats. The histology showed remarkably higher bone formation in the ball-CPSA/BMP at 2 and 4 weeks than in the bundle-CPSA/BMP. The ball-CPSA/BMP showed 10 times higher alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity at the second week and 5 times higher osteocalcin content at the fourth week than the bundle-CSPA/BMP. Vascular development in the implants was evaluated by mRNA expression of Flt-1 and KDR, two receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Both receptors showed higher expression in the case of the ball, while they were not detected in the bundle. It is concluded that the BMP-induced bone formation depends highly upon the porous vasculature-inducing geometry of the matrix, which can be constructed with the new CPSA fibers.
Alkaline Phosphatase↗
Prefabrication of a free peripheral nerve graft following implantation on an arteriovenous pedicle.
Extensive nerve injuries frequently necessitate the use of long autografts, and sources of expendable donor nerves are limited. It is for these cases that nerve transplantation would have its greatest potential. However, regeneration in the rejected allograft fails because of a lack of the positive neurotropic and neurotrophic influences physiologically provided by viable Schwann cells. This report aims to show the feasibility of vascularization of the peripheral nerve by prefabrication. The study was designed to vascularize an autogenous nerve graft segment by using an arteriovenous bundle in the rabbit. A 3.5-cm segment of sciatic nerve was harvested and implanted in between the femoral vessels, and was isolated from secondary revascularization by a custom-made tube. A peripheral nerve graft was prefabricated by implantation on the vascular pedicle, and neovascularization was evaluated by microangiography and histology. The graft exhibited early neovascularization on day 2, and numerous new capillaries were noted to restore primarily perineurial blood flow on day 7, then all along the graft on day 14. The viability of the Schwann cells was preserved, and the structural integrity of the graft was maintained. This is a preliminary report on secondary vascularization of a segment of an autogenous nerve to maintain the viability of Schwann cells and the integrity of the conduit. In the future, with the concomitant use of host immunosuppression or with more advanced pre-treatment methods, nerve allografts could be revascularized by vascular bundles. The current tempo of medical research will hopefully enable the use of fresh nerve allografts that are rendered less immunogenic by more refined techniques.
Animals↗
Sucrose export defective1 encodes a novel protein implicated in chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling.
The Sucrose export defective1 (Sxd1) gene of maize was cloned and shown to encode a novel protein conserved between plants and cyanobacteria. The structure of the Sxd1 locus was determined in wild-type plants and two independent sxd1 alleles. Expression analysis demonstrated that the gene was transcribed in all green tissues, with highest levels in maturing leaf blades. In situ hybridization studies revealed high levels of Sxd1 mRNA in bundle sheath cells, with lower levels within the mesophyll. The SXD1 protein was localized to chloroplasts, in both bundle sheath and mesophyll cells. Levels of sucrose, glucose, and fructose were compared between wild-type and sxd1 plants. Mutant plants were fully capable of producing sucrose and accumulated all three sugars at concentrations above those measured in wild-type plants. Despite these increased sugar concentrations, photosynthetic gene expression was not significantly downregulated in affected areas of sxd1 leaf blades. These results are consistent with photosynthate being trapped within anthocyanin-accumulating regions of sxd1 leaves due to plasmodesmal occlusion at the bundle sheath-vascular parenchyma boundary of the minor veins. A model for SXD1 function is proposed in which the protein is involved in a chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling pathway necessary for proper late-stage differentiation of maize bundle sheath cells, including the developmentally regulated modification of plasmodesmata.
Amino Acid Sequence↗