Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “subordinate behavior”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Association of bullying with adolescent health-related quality of life.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between being bullied and health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) in adolescence. METHODOLOGY: Subjects were a cohort of 805 adolescents with a mean age of 13.6 years (standard deviation 0.2 years). An adolescent questionnaire elicited the frequency of being bullied. HR-QOL was measured using the Child Health Questionnaire - Parent Report Form (CHQ-PF50) and Dartmouth COOP Functional Health Assessment Charts for Adolescents. RESULTS: Thirty-six per cent of boys and 38 per cent of girls reported being bullied at least weekly. Adolescent psychosocial HR-QOL was inversely related to frequency of being bullied, while physical HR-QOL was not related. CONCLUSION: Peer bullying is an important determinant of adolescent HR-QOL with a negative impact on psychosocial well-being.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Challenges and promises of training women as family systems therapists.

The structural/strategic family therapy model has drawn increasing numbers of women practitioners attracted not only by its effectiveness but by the opportunity to function in an active, orchestrative, flexible role. Traditional sex-role training, family and supervisor expectations, and patriarchal institutional structures pose particular challenges to the female family therapist and trainee. This paper explores several critical problem areas for women learning to function in this role, including the expression of authority, countertransference, sexual politics of supervision, and boundary issues. Particular content areas of focus for didactic training and common sex-role difficulties in the supervision process are delineated. The discussion underscores the need for assessment and intervention skills not only in small family systems but in larger institutional structures as well in order to enhance the professional development and effectiveness of women in the family therapy field at all levels.

Countertransference↗
PubMed1998

Vulnerability to arrhythmias during social stress in rats with different sympathovagal balance.

An increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system is an important factor in the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias. Changes in average R-R interval, R-R interval variability (indirect measure of sympathovagal balance), occurrence of arrhythmias, and plasma norepinephrine concentrations were measured during a social stress episode (defeat) in two strains of rats, Wistar and wild type, which were supposed to differ in their autonomic stress responsiveness. Electrocardiograms were telemetrically recorded, and blood samples were withdrawn through jugular vein catheters from healthy, freely moving animals. R-R interval variability was estimated by the following time-domain parameters: the standard deviation of the mean R-R interval, the coefficient of variance, and the root mean square of successive differences in R-R interval. Average R-R interval and R-R interval variability measures, as well as plasma norepinephrine concentrations, indicated a higher sympathetic tone, a larger sympathetic responsiveness, and a lower parasympathetic antagonism after sympathetic activation in wild-type animals, which also showed a much higher incidence of arrhythmias (ventricular premature beats), compared with Wistar rats. These two strains might represent a valuable experimental model for studying the mechanisms (cellular/electrophysiological) responsible for the susceptibility to arrhythmias in healthy individuals exposed to stressful situations.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Immune alterations induced by social defeat do not alter the course of an on-going BCG infection in mice.

The timing for applying stressor and primary immunization is known to influence the nature of the immune alterations induced by stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate the consequences of a stress occurring several days after the beginning of a primary infection on the host resistance. For this purpose, we investigated the effects of repeated social defeat on the immune response of mice infected with BCG 11 days before. In vitro production of cytokines in response to LPS or tuberculin, and the sensitivity of spleen cells to corticosterone were assessed 8 days after the end of the stress. Bacterial growth was assessed in the spleen. We demonstrated that social defeat in BCG-infected mice induced a long-term increase in IL-6 and IL-10 production in response to LPS but did not modify the sensitivity of spleen cells to corticosterone. Stress did not affect the specific response to BCG, as shown by the production of cytokines in tuberculin-stimulated cultures. Accordingly, social defeat was unable to influence the mycobacterial growth in vivo. These results support the hypothesis postulating that stress does not affect antigen-specific response when it is applied after priming.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Psychotherapy with phobic patients: the marriage relationship as the source of symptoms and focus of treatment.

Four patients demonstrating phobic symptoms occurring in the context of maladaptive marriages are presented. Thorough historical data collection is stressed. Similarities in family backgrounds and personality styles emerge in these cases and are discussed in relation to genesis of symptoms within the marital relationships. A psychotherapeutic approach is described and results of treatment examined.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Dependency, self-criticism, interpersonal behaviour and affect: evolutionary perspectives.

Evolutionary accounts of vulnerability to depression have focussed either on the attachment system (Bowlby, 1980) or the social rank system (Gilbert, 1992; Price, 1972). According to a two-factor evolutionary model, depression-prone dependent and self-critical individuals suffer from insecurities regarding both attachment and social rank, but they differ in their strategies for dealing with those insecurities. Event-contingent recording was used to assess agentic (dominant-submissive) and communal (agreeable-quarrelsome) interpersonal behaviour as well as affect in 119 employed adults over 20 days. Participants also completed questionnaire measures of agency and communion. Self-criticism predicted low levels of agency and low levels of communion. In the sample as a whole, agentic and communal behaviours were associated with pleasant affect, but highly self-critical participants experienced relatively less pleasant affect when they acted communally or agentically. Individuals with high levels of immature dependency (neediness) were low in agency, whereas those with high levels of mature dependency (connectedness) were high in communion. Implications for evolutionary theories of vulnerability to depression were discussed, and interpersonal processes that may contribute to vulnerability were identified.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Women: psychopathology and cultural malaise].

An account of the incidence of mental health and disease criteria in feminine psychopathology is presented as well as a consideration on the increasing medicalization and psychiatrization of women's demand for sanitary help. Symptoms should not be understood separately from the discontent relevant to the place femininity is given in society--hence women's subjective suffering. Observes Freud that, as a child bearer, a woman is more involved with sexual functions--thus placing her at the pulsional pole of culture which reduces a propitiatory space for sublimation processes. Correlatively, Freud sees women as victims of the worst social repression process: women being forbidden to think. Even though discontent, and psychic pain cannot be avoided inasmuch as civilization imposes certain restrictions necessarily, there is, however, an excess of pain related to the feminine position. No cure will be possible if women fail to restore their own place as subjects of their own desire, whose alienation is shown through symptoms.

Culture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics of the reaction of submissive mice to distant zoosocial stimuli].

In aggressive and submissive mice well-experienced in victories and defeats, the reaction was studied to another male in neighbour section of "home" cage divided by transparent partition with holes. The activity of submissive mice near the partition was significantly lower than that of control animals without experience of agonist contacts or aggressive. Submissive mice did not react to the appearance of unknown smell in the neighbouring section while the animals of other studied groups sharply increased their activity near the partition. It is suggested that long experience of defeat leads to inhibition of perception of specific zoosocial (olfactory) stimuli triggering manifestation of aggressive reaction to another individual.

Aggression↗
PubMed1978

Adultism.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Dominant mice show much lower concentrations of methionine-enkephalin in brain tissue than subordinates: cause or effect?

Possible relationships between dominance rank and brain methionine-enkephalin content were studied by using a method of consecutive rank determination in groups of mice reassembled according to their initial ordinal dominance rank. Thus, 10 groups of 3 Balb/c AnN mice of identical ordinal rank were formed with the consecutive dominants of 3 groups of 10 mice. Dominant, subdominant, subordinate and non-aggressive mice were recognized in these groups. Rank order was strongly correlated with brain Met-enkephalin content. Dominant mice contain less than a fourth Met-enkephalin immunologic reactivity in the brainstem and about half the forebrain concentration than subordinates. Brainstem Met-enkephalin correlated with the final ordinal rank and, accordingly, it was found to decrease exponentially after mice acquired alpha-dominance status. Different concentrations in the forebrain correlated with the initial but not the final ordinal rank and, therefore, probably preceded dominance status.

Aggression↗
PubMed2005

Constructing and testing a model of trustworthiness, trust behavior and organizational identification.

This study, in which staff nurses in Taiwan participated, was aimed to construct a model for relationships among trustworthiness, trust behavior and organizational identification. One hundred and ninety five anonymously completed questionnaires were collected. Superiors' trustworthiness, staff nurses' trust behavior, and organizational identification were identified as latent variables to which the following indicators were to be applied: integrity, benevolence, ability, communication, consistency, compliance, sharing, teamwork, subordination, membership, loyalty and similarity. A logical trust and organizational identification model was constructed and tested with LISREL (Linear Structural Relations) analysis. Benevolence was eliminated due to excessive residual value. The adjusted model passed pertinent tests. It was also revealed that trust behavior acts as a mediator between trustworthiness and organizational identification. The results of this study may be taken as a reference for the training of supervisory level personnel, as well as for strengthening the organizational identification of staff nurses, and as a beginning phase in the construction and testing of a relationship model for the relationship between trust and organizational identification.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Hippocampal electrical activity and behavior in the rabbit.

Different approaches to the study of the relationship between hippocampal electrical activity and behavior have shown that hippocampal EEG varies according to different behavioral aspects. In particular, a rhythmic slow activity (RSA, Theta rhythm) can be recorded during voluntary movements and to a lesser degree during immobility. In laboratory experiments, we tried to evaluate the influence on the hippocampal EEG of external stimuli evoking emotional or cognitive responses. Similar electrical responses were observed during animal hypnosis and in the presence of threatening stimuli, while some electrical parameters, such as frequency and rhythmicity, varied according to the nature of the stimulus. In order to have greater and clearer information, we adopted a neuro-ethological approach ch. which allowed us to classify behavior into several categories and to record the hippocampal EEG during natural behavior. The influence exerted on hippocampal electrical activity by novel stimuli and the electrical profiles recorded during exploratory behavior or alert or quiet immobility allowed us to classify the hippocampal EEG on the basis of frequency and rhythmicity. Moreover, the study of social behavior showed that the variations of the electrical parameters of the hippocampal activity depended on the characteristics of the stimulus and that typical electrical profiles could be observed in immobile or motor activities caused by specific stimuli. Socially dominant and subordinate rabbits could also be distinguished on the basis of hippocampal electrical parameters.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Prevention of the pro-aggressive effects of alcohol in rats and squirrel monkeys by benzodiazepine receptor antagonists.

Pharmacological manipulations at the benzodiazepine-GABAA-chloride ionophore receptor complex modify some of the behavioral and physiological actions of alcohol (ethanol). The interactions between alcohol, benzodiazepines and aggression were examined in similar ethopharmacological studies in squirrel monkeys and in rats in confrontations with conspecifics. Dominant male squirrel monkeys were tested (1) within their social groups, and (2) in dyadic confrontations with "rival" males from a different social group, and resident male rats were tested in their home cage in confrontations with an inexperienced male intruder. Low doses of alcohol (0.1-0.3 g/kg) increased aggressive behaviors in dominant squirrel monkeys and a subgroup of resident rats, whereas high doses of alcohol (1-3 g/kg) decreased aggression and produced marked motor incoordination. Individuals that showed alcohol-enhanced aggression were selected, and pretreated with benzodiazepine antagonists (flumazenil, ZK 93426) prior to alcohol administration. Both ZK 93426 (3 mg/kg) and flumazenil (10 mg/kg) blocked the aggression-enhancing effects of alcohol in dominant squirrel monkeys and resident rats in confrontations with conspecifics. Neither compound altered the reductions in aggression and increases in inactivity produced by high doses of alcohol. Interestingly, agonist-like increased feeding and inverse agonist-like reductions in social behaviors were observed simultaneously at the same dose of flumazenil, in the same individual and testing situation. ZK 93426 did not alter feeding but also reduced social behaviors. The two antagonists were also not equipotent in their interactions with alcohol. ZK 93426 reduced alcohol-induced motor incoordination in squirrel monkeys, whereas flumazenil did not. In fact, flumazenil potentiated the effects of low doses of alcohol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

Social defeat and footshock increase body mass and adiposity in male Syrian hamsters.

Obesity is a world-wide epidemic, and many factors, including stress, have been linked to this growing trend. After social stress (i.e., defeat), subordinate laboratory rats and most laboratory mice become hypophagic and, subsequently, lose body mass; the opposite is true of subordinate Syrian hamsters. After social defeat, Syrian hamsters become hyperphagic and gain body mass compared with nonstressed controls. It is unknown whether this increase in body mass and food intake is limited to subordinate hamsters. In experiment 1, we asked, do dominant hamsters increase food intake, body mass, and adiposity after an agonistic encounter? Subordinate hamsters increased food intake and body mass compared with nonstressed controls. Although there was no difference in food intake or absolute body mass between dominant and nonstressed control animals, cumulative body mass gain was significantly higher in dominant than in nonstressed control animals. Total carcass lipid and white adipose tissue (WAT) (i.e., retroperitoneal and epididymal WAT) masses were significantly increased in subordinate, but not dominant, hamsters compared with nonstressed controls. In experiment 2, we asked, does footshock stress increase food intake, body mass, and adiposity. Hamsters exposed to defeat, but not footshock stress, increased food intake relative to nonstressed controls. In animals exposed to defeat or footshock stress, body mass, as well as mesenteric WAT mass, increased compared with nonstressed controls. Collectively, these data demonstrate that social and nonsocial stressors increase body and lipid mass in male hamsters, suggesting that this species may prove useful for studying the physiology of stress-induced obesity in some humans.

Adiposity↗
PubMed2006

The role of despotism and heritability in determining settlement patterns in the colonial lesser kestrel.

Avian colony size variation is an evolutionary puzzle in terms of unequal fitness payoffs. We used a long-term marked lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) population, where individual fitness increases with colony size, to test whether subordinates are evicted despotically from the largest colonies. Yearlings were smaller and lighter, were more attacked than expected, and lost most disputes over nest holes with older birds. Agonistic interactions increased with colony size; consequently, most first breeders recruited in colonies smaller than those at which they first tried to settle. As expected when subordination is a transient state, birds dispersed to a larger colony as they got older even after breeding successfully. The population consequences of these behavioral processes were that the relative frequency of yearlings and first breeders decreased with colony size. At the same time, breeding colony size was repeatable within individuals, so we estimated the amount of heritable variation in this trait. Estimates of heritability derived from parent-offspring and full-sib analyses were consistently high (h2=0.53) when individuals reached asymptotic morphological values and presumably overcame subordinate transient states. Age-related dominance asymmetries masked resemblance among relatives in colony size, but both phenomena seem to coexist in this population and explain a considerable proportion of colony size variation.

Age Factors↗