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PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of cyclopiazonic acid in peanuts and corn by thin layer chromatography.

A thin layer chromatographic system including densitometry has been developed for determining cyclopiazonic acid in peanuts and corn. Samples are extracted with methanol-chloroform (20 + 80); the extract is stripped of most interferences by partitioning with aqueous sodium bicarbonate followed by acidification and repartitioning with chloroform. After thin layer chromatography and derivatization with dimethylaminobenzaldehyde-HCl spray, the toxin is quantitated by reflection densitometry at 540 nm. The recovery of cyclopiazonic acid averages 90% for peanuts and 85% for corn. The absolute detection limit is 25 ng per spot which translates to a detection limit of 125 micrograms/kg for a 50 g sample.

Arachis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Screening and quantitation of ochratoxin A in corn, peanuts, beans, rice, and cassava.

To answer the need for simple, economical, rapid methods for mycotoxins, a procedure for screening and quantitation of ochratoxin A was developed. A methanol-aqueous KCl extraction is used, followed by cleanup with clarifying agents and partition into chloroform. Part of the chloroform extract is used for screening and the other part for quantitation by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The screening procedure takes 40 min, using a silica gel/aluminum oxide minicolumn developed for this purpose. The limits of detection are 80 and 10 micrograms/kg, respectively, for minicolumn screening and TLC quantitation. Ammonium sulfate is efficient in cleaning samples of corn and cassava; cupric sulfate is better with peanuts, beans, and rice. Tests were conducted on triplicate spiked samples of yellow corn meal, raw peanuts, dried black beans, polished rice, and cassava flour at different levels (400, 200, 80, 40, and 10 micrograms/kg). Recoveries ranged from 86 to 160% and the coefficients of variation ranged from 0 to 26%.

Ammonium Sulfate↗
PubMed1979

Tumor regression after intralesional injection of mycobacterial components emulsified in 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene (squalene), 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane (squalane), peanut oil, or mineral oil.

The influence of mineral oil, squalane, squalene, or peanut oil on the antitumor activity of emulsified Bacillus Calmette-Guérin cell walls or emulsified trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate was studied in mice, each with an established transplant of a syngeneic fibrosarcoma. Each animal received an intratumoral injection of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin cell walls (0.6 mg/mouse) or trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (0.1 mg/mouse) emulsified in 1 to 10% oil. Emulsions of squalene or squalane but not peanut oil were effective substitutes for mineral oil as carriers of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin cell walls in the treatment of the tumor. Trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate was therapeutically active when it was incorporated in any of these four oils. The number of animals in which tumor regressed completely depended on the concentration of oil in the emulsion.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins in peanut butter using a silica gel-packed flowcell for fluorescence detection.

A high pressure liquid chromatographic method has been developed for determining aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in peanut butter. The method is based on extraction with acidified aqueous methanol, partition of the aflatoxin into methylene chloride, and purification of the extract on a 2 g silica gel column. The extracted aflatoxins are resolved on a microparticulate (10 micrometer) porous silica gel column in ca 10 min with a water-washed chloroform-cyclohexane-acetonitrile solvent that contains 2% isopropanol. The fluorescence detection system determines aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 at low levels, i.e., 0.25 ppb B1, 0.5 ppb G1, and 0.2 ppb B2 and G2. Multiple assays of 5 samples of naturally contaminated peanut butters containing total aflatoxins (B1 + B2 + G1 + G2) at levels of 1, 2, 3, 9, and 17 ppb gave intralaboratory coefficients of variation of 7, 4, 4, 11, and 3%, respectively. Samples spiked at levels of 5, 9, and 17 ppb total aflatoxins showed recoveries of 79, 81, and 81%, respectively.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fluorometric screening method for citrinin in corn, barley, and peanuts.

A fluorometric method is described for rapid screening of citrinin in corn, barley, and peanuts. The initial extraction uses an aqueous acidified acetonitrile solution, and the resulting extract is partially purified by several acid-base partition steps. Citrinin is determined by using a fluorometer. Mean recoveries of added citrinin from corn, barley, and peanuts were 56.4, 66.6, and 40.0%, respectively, at levels of 100-8000 ng/g.

Arachis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of aflatoxins in peanut butter, using two liquid chromatographic methods: collaborative study.

Two methods for determining aflatoxins in peanut butter, one using normal phase and the other reverse phase liquid chromatography (LC), were studied by 8 and 10 collaborators, respectively. Fluorescence detection was used for the determinative step in both methods. For reverse phase LC, aflatoxins B1 and G1 were converted to B2a and G2a; for normal phase LC, a silica gel-packed flow cell was placed in the irradiating light path of the detector. The samples included spiked and naturally contaminated peanut butter with total aflatoxin levels from about 5 to 20 ng/g and controls in a balanced pair design. For the normal phase LC method, recoveries of B1, B2, G1, and G2 from spiked samples averaged 79, 92, 74, and 88%, respectively; for the reverse phase method, the recoveries were 103, 104, 89, and 163%. For the normal phase LC method, pooled repeatabilities were 20, 23, 28, and 17% for B1, B2, G1, and G2, respectively; for the reverse phase method, the repeatabilities were 19, 22, 38, and 31%. For the normal phase method, pooled reproducibilities were 34, 33, 39, and 34% for B1, B2, G1, and G2, respectively; for the reverse phase method, the reproducibilities were 32, 46, 51, and 52%. Both methods show an improved limit of detection and better within-laboratory precision over current AOAC methods; however, between-laboratory precision is no better, and the reverse phase method shows evidence of interferences being measured. For these reasons and because of no benefits of present value, neither method was submitted for adoption as official first action.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1978

High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins in peanut products.

A precise and sensitive high pressure liquid chromatographic method is proposed for determining aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in all types of peanut products. The method is based on acidified aqueous methanol extraction, partition of aflatoxins into dichloromethane, and purification of the extract on a 2 g silica gel column. Aflatoxins in the purified extract are completely resolved on a microparticulate (10 micron) porous silica gel column in approximately 10 min with a water-saturated chloroform-cyclohexane-acetonitrile solvent. The preferred detection system, B1, and B2 by ultraviolet absorbance at 360-365 nm and G1 and G2 by fluorescence, allows accurate and sensitive detection of all 4 aflatoxins at levels as low as 0.3-1.0 microgram/kg. Repetitive assay of 3 samples of naturally contaminated peanut butters containing total aflatoxins (B1 + B2 + G1 + G2) at levels of 5, 10, and 15 microgram/kg gave within-laboratory coefficients of variation of 11, 5, and 5% respectively.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1983

[Glyceride structure of perirenal adipose tissue of rats subjected to a peanut oil regimen].

Weanling male rats were fed a balanced diet containing 15 p. 100 peanut oil by weight. The digestibility and fecal excretion of oil fatty acids were studied for 8 days at the beginning of the diet, which was then continued up to 4 months. At the end of the experiment, perirenal adipose tissues were removed and their triacylglycerols isolated and studied. They were fractionated into 8 fractions according to unsaturation and then analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) for fatty acids and triacylglycerols. Each fraction was submitted to pancreatic lipolysis; the mono- and diacylglycerols formed were isolated and their fatty acids analyzed by GLC. The diacylglycerols were further fractionated according to unsaturation and their fatty acid composition analyzed. The triacylglycerol structure of the adipose tissue was determined using mathematical methods previously described. The long-chain saturated fatty acids (from stearic to lignoceric) were poorly absorbed and not incorporated into the fat tissue, whereas oleic acid, the major fatty acid of the oil (54 p. 100), was highly incorporated (57 p. 100) into triacylglycerols. As in the diet oil, unsaturated fatty acids were mainly esterified at the 2-position. Trioleoylglycerol was the major (21 p. 100) triacylglycerol, as in the oil (25 p. 100). Only 14 isomers accounted for more than 1 p. 100 and together represented more than 80 p. 100 of the total. Of the 14 isomers, the first four (10 p. 100 or more) accounted for more than one-half of oil triacylglycerols, namely 56 p. 100. The triacylglycerol structure of studied adipose tissue was very similar to that of the diet peanut oil.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1983

Purification and properties of a 4-methylene-L-glutamine amidohydrolase from peanut leaves.

A 4-methylene-L-glutamine amidohydrolase has been partially purified from leaf extracts of 2-week germinated peanuts (Arachis hypogaea). Purification steps include DEAE-Sephacel and gel filtration chromatography as well as chromatofocusing; amidohydrolase purified 300- to 400-fold is obtained. The enzyme has an approximate molecular weight of 45,000 as determined by gel filtration chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a broad activity optimum between pH 8.0 and 9.0, and is highly specific toward 4-methylene-L-glutamine. Of a number of amides tested as substrate, only L-glutamine serves 20% as effectively as the methylene-substituted analog. Multiple bands of activity, seen when enzyme samples are electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels, are not completely resolved but appear to be very similar in molecular weight, pK values, and subcellular localization. Activity is not affected either by added thiols, metal ions, sulfhydryl-reacting reagents, or metal-ion chelators; it is inhibited by borate ions but stimulated by sodium dodecyl sulfate. This amidohydrolase activity is absent in imbibed seeds, but on germination increases rapidly in the cotyledons and leaves for 3 weeks followed by a gradual decline as the plant matures. Activity is almost completely (95%) localized in the leaves and cotyledons. Differential centrifugation studies indicate that the enzyme is found solely in the soluble fraction of peanut leaves.

Amidohydrolases↗
PubMed1980

Receptors for peanut agglutinin (Arachus hypogea) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: possible clinical significance.

The presence of lymphocyte receptors for peanut agglutinin in significant numbers (greater than 15%) was identified on leukemic cells from T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) (3/4), B-cell ALL (B-ALL) (2/4), null cell ALL (8/17), and on normal fetal thymic lymphocytes but not on normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Peanut agglutinin (PNA) binding was blocked specifically on leukemia lymphoblasts and thymic lymphocytes by the addition of galactose to the medium. When all immunologic subgroups of ALL are combined, preliminary data suggest that of the 13 ALL patients having greater than 15% PNA-positive lymphoblasts, 8 had relapsed, whereas none of the 12 ALL patients with less than 15% PNA-positive cells have recurrent disease at this time. It is likely that analysis of PNA receptors on ALL lymphoblasts may be a useful adjunct to the existing clinical and immunologic prognostic indicators.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Reactivity differences among human T cells from blood and lymphoid organs, analysed by limiting dilution: correlation with specific gravity and binding of peanut lectin.

Human T cells from peripheral blood, cord blood, thymus, spleen and lymph node were analysed for their proliferative response capacity to mitogens, for their specific gravity and size, and for their binding capacity of peanut agglutinin. A close correlation was found between these parameters: thymocytes and T cells from spleen were consistently heavier and smaller, and showed a lower proliferative response capacity, than T cells from blood or lymph node. Similarly, within each cell population, the small, heavy cells were least reactive. The limiting-dilution analysis revealed that heavy T cells from peripheral blood contain a lower number of reactive cells than the light peripheral T lymphocytes. Because heavy T cells from the thymus bound more peanut lectin than did light cells, it is speculated that the differences between T cells of high and low specific gravity might reflect differences in maturation level.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Peanuts: allergic and other untoward reactions.

Serious sequalae to the ingestion of several foods such as egg, fish and milk--and the lack of profound reactions to chocolate--have been well documented. However, no comparable study exists in regard to peanut, which has long been known to be a patent antigen. This article explores the role of peanut with respect to its hazards as an antigen and as a foreign body in the upper respiratory tract, and documents a number of fatal and near-fatal reactions.

Allergens↗
PubMed1980

Sampling and preparation of samples of peanut butter for aflatoxin analysis.

Procedures are discussed for sampling peanut butter and preparing those samples for alatoxin analysis. Special emphasis is placed on sampling the product from shipping pallets and comminuting chunk stype peanut butter in order to reduce the variability in the analysis associated with the nonuniform distribution of aflatoxin in the product. The slurry method of preparation is a convenient means of obtaining a sample which is representative of a nonhomogeneous product.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multifunctional column coupled with liquid chromatography for determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in corn, almonds, brazil nuts, peanuts, and pistachio nuts: collaborative study.

An AOAC/IUPAC collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a multifunctional column for the determination of aflatoxins. The test portion is extracted with acetonitrile-water (9 + 1), the extract is filtered, and the filtrate is passed through the column. The aflatoxins in the eluate are determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography after derivatization with trifluoroacetic acid. Naturally contaminated corn, almonds, Brazil nuts, peanuts, and pistachio nuts spiked with total aflatoxins at 5, 10, 20, and 30 ng/g were sent to 12 collaborators in the United States, Denmark, France, Japan, and Switzerland. Eleven collaborators completed the study. Average recoveries of total aflatoxins for each spike level for the various commodities (excluding Brazil nuts at 5 ng/g) were 93, 97, 95, and 95%, respectively; the repeatability relative standard deviation (RSDr) ranged from 6.0 to 23.2% and the reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) ranged from 12.0 to 69.4%. The multifunctional column coupled with a liquid chromatographic method for determination of aflatoxins in corn, almonds, Brazil nuts, peanuts, and pistachio nuts has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting the distribution of aflatoxin test results from farmers' stock peanuts.

Suitability of the negative binomial function for use in estimating the distribution of sample aflatoxin test results associated with testing farmers' stock peanuts for aflatoxin was studied. A 900 kg portion of peanut pods was removed from each of 40 contaminated farmers' stock lots. The lots averaged about 4100 kg. Each 900 kg portion was divided into fifty 2.26 kg samples, fifty 4.21 kg samples, and fifty 6.91 kg samples. The aflatoxin in each sample was quantified by liquid chromatography. An observed distribution of sample aflatoxin test results consisted of 50 aflatoxin test results for each lot and each sample size. The mean aflatoxin concentration, m; the variance, S2 mean among the 50 sample aflatoxin test results; and the shape parameter, k, for the negative binomial function were determined for each of the 120 observed distributions (40 lots times 3 sample sizes). Regression analysis indicated the functional relationship between k and m to be k = 0.000006425m0.8047. The 120 observed distributions of sample aflatoxin test results were compared to the negative binomial function by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test. The null hypothesis that the true unknown distribution function was negative binomial was not rejected at the 5% significance level for 114 of the 120 distributions. The negative binomial function failed the KS test at a sample concentration of 0 ng/g in all 6 of the distributions where the negative binomial function was rejected. The negative binomial function always predicted a smaller percentage of samples testing 0 ng/g than was actually observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aflatoxins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Variability among peanut subsamples prepared for aflatoxin analysis with four mills.

The variability in aflatoxin concentration among peanut subsamples ground with 4 different mills was evaluated. Twenty 2 kg samples of naturally contaminated peanuts were ground in a Dickens subsampling mill (DM), a Stephan model UM-12 vertical cutter mixer (SM), and a Robot Coupe model RS16Y-1 vertical cutter mixer (RC1). Twenty 4 kg samples were ground in the DM, SM, and a Robot Coupe model R10P vertical cutter mixer (RC2). From each 2 kg sample, ten 100 g subsamples were withdrawn, and from each 4 kg samples, ten 200 g subsamples were withdrawn. Subsamples were analyzed for aflatoxin by liquid chromatography. The coefficient of variation (CV) among each set of 10 subsamples was determined for each sample, and the CVs for each sample size were ranked and analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test of ranks. For 2 kg samples, the CVs for the samples ground in RC1 ranked significantly lower than those for samples ground in DM and SM. For 4 kg samples, the CVs for samples ground in RC2 and SM were significantly lower than that for samples ground in DM. The averages of the CVs for 2 kg samples were 17.2% (RC1), 32.8% (SM), and 40.6% (DM). The averages of the CVs for 4 kg samples were 21.2% (RC2), and 26.0% (SM), and 47.0% (DM).

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1996

Distribution of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans and peanut agglutinin-binding molecules during bovine fetal palatine ridge formation.

The expression of proteoglycans detected by the monoclonal antibodies MO-225, 3B3 and 2B6 and of peanut agglutinin-binding molecules was examined histochemically during the development of bovine palatine ridge (PR) rudiments in fetuses with crown-rump lengths of 4-60 cm. The bovine PR rudiment has 2 characteristic developmental stages: the 1st is the positioning of the epithelial placode (EP) to the predetermined site of PR rudiment formation and the 2nd is the reorientation of the apical edge of PR rudiments to form wave-like patterns from mouth to pharynx. During the 1st stage, chondroitin 6-sulphate (C6S) was expressed strongly at the epithelial basement membrane just beneath the EP. During the 2nd stage, both C6S and disaccharide unit of Glc2sulphate-GalNAc6sulphate (GlcAsSO4-GalNAc6SO4) were distributed at the basement membrane and the mesenchyme just beneath the steeper wall of the PR rudiment. Peanut agglutinin-binding molecules were also detected in the mesenchyme, their distribution being similar to that for C6S and GlcA2SO4-GalNAc6SO4, and additionally in the epithelial cells after formation of the wave-like PR. The distribution of dermatan sulphate was not directly related to the developmental changes of PR rudiments, but it was detected in the lower mesenchymal layer which supported the protruding site of the PR rudiment after the 2nd stage. The results suggest that 2 different types of proteoglycan may be involved in the critical periods during the morphogenesis of the bovine PR rudiments.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Nutritional characteristics of cereal and peanut bars].

Snack with good nutritional value could play an important role in the physical and mental development of children and teenagers since they show a great preference for them. The tendency is increasing their nutritional value by supplying proteins, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins and minerals in a balanced form. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the chemical, sensorial and nutritional quality of cereal and peanut bars. Three types of bars using different ratios of oat, wheat germ, peanut, toasted and expanded amaranthus and wheat extrudate were prepared. Bars proximate composition was determined according the AOAC methods, and their acceptability according Hedonic Scale. In the biological assays, rats fed with 10% protein diets, were used to obtain the Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) Net Protein Ratio (NPR) and Apparent Digestibility (AD). Corrected PER, relative PER, relative AD, PER and NPR values did not showed difference between bars CM1 and CM2 (PER: 2.59-2.57; NPR: 3.99-3.95 respectively); CM3 bar showed a lower quality. There were not differences among bars in relation to AD. CM1 and CM2 bars had a better biological quality of the protein being CM3 bar of lower quality. From a chemical and sensorial point of view CM1 bar shows the highest protein content (14.23%) and acceptability (6.8) and CM2 bar shows a high raw fiber content (2.27%).

Animals↗