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PubMed1983

The complete amino acid sequence of barley trypsin inhibitor.

The amino acid sequence of barley trypsin inhibitor has been determined. The protein is a single polypeptide consisting of 121 amino acid residues and has Mr = 13,305. No free sulfhydryl groups were detected by Ellman's reagent, which indicates the presence of five disulfide bridges in the molecule. The primary site of interaction with trypsin was tentatively assigned to the arginyl-leucyl residues at positions 33 and 34. On comparison of the sequence of this inhibitor with those of other proteinase inhibitors, we found that the barley trypsin inhibitor could not be classified into any of the established families of proteinase inhibitors (Laskowski, M., Jr., and Kato, I. (1980) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49, 593-626) and that this inhibitor should represent a new inhibitor family. On the other hand, this trypsin inhibitor showed a considerable similarity to wheat alpha-amylase inhibitor (Kashlan, N., and Richardson, M. (1981) Phytochemistry (Oxf.) 20, 1781-1784) throughout the whole sequence, suggesting a common ancestry for both proteins. This is the first case of a possible evolutionary relationship between two inhibitors directed to totally different enzymes, a proteinase and a glycosidase.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Clinical characteristics of childhood asthmatics in Johannesburg.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical features of Caucasian childhood asthmatics in Johannesburg in order to compare these with a similar population of black asthmatic children resident in Soweto. DESIGN: In a prospective study, a history was obtained by means of an investigator-administered questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presenting asthma symptoms, precipitants of symptoms, concomitant diagnoses, individual and family background of allergy and 'delay to diagnosis' of asthma (age at symptom onset subtracted from age at diagnosis) from history and allergen sensitivity as assessed by skin-prick tests (SPTs). RESULTS: Of the 468 (297 boys) asthmatics studied, 456 (97.4%) presented with cough, 362 (77.3%) with wheeze, 286 (61.1%) with a tight chest and 277 (59.2%) with breathlessness. Cough as sole symptom occurred in 102 (21.8%) while only 8 (1.7%) wheezed and did not cough. Commonest symptom triggers were upper respiratory tract infections and activity/exercise. An individual atopic background was common-allergic rhinitis in 413 (88.2%)-as was a family history of atopy, present in 390 (83.3%). Prolonged symptomatic periods occurred in most patients before asthma was diagnosed (among children diagnosed after the age of 4 years, 50% had been symptomatic for more than 3 years). 'Delay to diagnosis' was not influenced by presenting symptoms or by previous hospitalisation for asthma. Other respiratory diagnoses of bronchitis and pneumonia were common, possibly because of misdiagnosis. Commonest allergens on SPT were corn pollen, Bermuda and 5-grass mix, and standardised mites. Aside from wheat, food allergy was uncommon. CONCLUSIONS: Cough was the commonest presenting symptom despite its still being regarded as a less classic symptom of asthma that may account for misdiagnosis and a high frequency of other respiratory diagnoses. Associated allergy, especially allergic rhinitis, occurred frequently. Many aspects of presentation in whites were similar to those in Soweto children, although the latter had a more frequent concomitant diagnosis of tuberculosis, and recognised dust and cold weather as more frequent triggers. Differences might be influenced by the care-giving situation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2025

Prediction of Australian wheat genotype by environment interactions and mega-environments.

Latent environmental effects of genotype by environment interactions could be predicted from observed environmental covariates. Predictions into the wider target population of environments revealed greater insights. Wheat is grown across a diverse range of environments in Australia with contrasting environmental constraints. Targeted breeding to optimise genotypes in target environments is hindered by large and ubiquitous genotype by environment interactions (GEI). Common GEI in multi-environment trial experiments, which sample the target population of environments, can be efficiently modelled using latent environmental effects from factor analytic mixed models. However, generalised prediction into the full target population of environments is difficult without a clear link to observed environmental covariates (ECs) that are defined from high-resolution weather and soil data. Here, we used a large wheat multi-environment trial dataset and demonstrated that latent environmental effects can be associated with and predicted from observed ECs. We found GEI-based environment classes could be defined by combinations of key ECs. Prediction of main and latent effects in a wider set of environments covering the full TPE across the Australian grain belt over 13 years revealed the complex trends of environmental effects and GEI over regional scales demonstrating high year-to-year variability. Regional environment types often shifted year-to-year. Cross-validation of forward genomic prediction into untested year environments demonstrated that increased accuracy is possible if estimated genetic effects are also accurate and ECs of new environments are known. These findings may guide Australian wheat breeders to better target specifically adapted material to mega-environments defined by static GEI while also considering broad adaptability and non-static GEI resulting from year-to-year variability.

Triticum↗
PubMed1996

The tRNATyr multigene family of Triticum aestivum: genome organization, sequence analyses and maturation of intron-containing pre-tRNAs in wheat germ extract.

Southern analysis of Triticum DNA has revealed that nuclear tRNATyr genes are dispersed at a minimum of 16 loci in the genome. We have isolated six independent tRNATyr genes from a Triticum aestivum library in addition to three known members of the Triticum tRNATyr family. Four of the sequenced tRNATyr genes code for Triticum tRNA Tyr and two code for tRNA2Tyr. Three genes encode tRNAsTyr which carry one or two nucleotide substitutions as compared to the conventional genes. The nine Triticum tRNATyr genes possess highly conserved intron sequences ranging in size from 12 to 14 nucleotides. A common secondary intron structure with the 5' and 3' splice site loops separated by five base pairs can be formed by all pre-tRNAs Tyr which are efficiently spliced in the homologous wheat germ extract.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Water-stress-induced ethylene production in wheat : a fact or artifact?

Effects of water stress on ethylene evolution from excised leaf segments and intact plants of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Katepwa) were studied. Excised leaf segments of 8 day or 6 week old plants were dried until they lost 8% of their fresh weight (water potential about -2.3 megapascals). These and nondried control leaf segments (water potential about -1.0 megapascal) were sealed in glass tubes, and their ethylene production rates were compared by head space analysis via gas-chromatography. The dried leaves of both ages produced significantly more ethylene than the corresponding controls. However, when 6 week old intact plants were water-stressed by withholding water supply, and their ethylene production measured using a continuousflow system, no increase in ethylene was deteceted despite a drop in water potential to -2.9 megapascals over 6 days. Even the leaf segments excised from plants that had been subjected to water stress for 2, 4, or 6 days produced no more ethylene (in sealed tubes) than the leaves from well-watered plants. In fact, the ethylene production by these segments decreased with the increase in the severity of stress experienced by the plants. The results show that the commonly reported overproduction of ethylene by excised leaves subjected to rapid drying represents an artifact, which has little relevance to the water stress responses of intact wheat plants.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Ten different dietary fibers have significantly different effects on serum and liver lipids of cholesterol-fed rats.

The comparative effects of 10 different dietary fibers on serum and liver lipids were investigated by feeding male Sprague-Dawley rats diets containing 10 g cholesterol + 2 g cholic acid/kg diet, with 60 g fiber/kg diet. Diets were fed for 3 wk; cellulose was the control fiber. Rats fed psyllium (rich in soluble fiber) had the lowest serum and liver cholesterol concentrations. Rats fed other soluble fiber-rich fibers (oat gum, guar gum and pectin) also had significantly lower serum and liver cholesterol concentrations than rats fed cellulose. Although feeding diets containing both soluble and insoluble fibers (soybean fiber and oat bran) did not significantly alter serum cholesterol, liver cholesterol values were significantly lower than those of cellulose-fed rats. Rats fed rice bran, predominantly an insoluble fiber source, had significantly higher liver cholesterol and significantly lower body weight gains and serum triglyceride concentrations than cellulose-fed rats. Values for serum and liver cholesterol were similar for rats were fed insoluble-rich fibers (corn bran, cellulose and wheat bran). These observations indicate that feeding dietary fibers rich in soluble fiber produces lower serum and liver cholesterol concentrations than does feeding commonly available sources of water-insoluble fiber.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1983

Surface antigens of gonococci: correlation with virulence and serum resistance.

Encapsulated and non-encapsulated variants of one strain of gonococcus were compared for their capacity to produce infection in chambers implanted subcutaneously in mice, for their reactions with specific antibody and for their precipitation with wheat germ agglutinin. Only the encapsulated variant could infect implanted chambers. Specific rabbit antiserum raised against the non-encapsulated variant killed both variants. Saline extracts and lipopolysaccharide preparations of the encapsulated variant differed from those of the non-encapsulated one in their reactions with wheat germ agglutinin and antibody in diffusion and electrophoresis tests. Preparations from infective encapsulated gonococci reacted with wheat germ agglutinin while those from the non-encapsulated variant did not. Immunodiffusion tests showed that lipopolysaccharides from both variants share a common antigenic determinant, but saline extracts and lipopolysaccharides from encapsulated gonococci possess an additional determinant. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Distribution of carbohydrates in the zona pellucida of human oocytes.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the distribution pattern of carbohydrates in the zona pellucida of human oocytes using lectins and ruthenium red as histochemical probes. For lectin analyses, oocytes that failed to undergo fertilization following in vitro insemination were collected, washed, fixed with glutaraldehyde and embedded in araldite. For ruthenium red labelling, the oocytes were fixed with glutaraldehyde containing ruthenium red, post-fixed with OsO4 and embedded in araldite. Araldite sections (1 micron) were de-resined with sodium methoxide, rehydrated, labelled with ten different biotinylated lectins as probes and avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex as visualant, and examined under a light microscope. The zonae pellucidae of all oocytes studied exhibited a common lectin-binding pattern, expressed in intense binding of lectins from Concanavalia ensiformis (ConA), Lens culinaris (LCA), Ricinus communis (RCA-I), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and of succinylated WGA (S-WGA). Peanut lectin (PNA) bound to the zona pellucida only after neuraminidase treatment, whereas the lectins from Griffonia simplisifolia (GS-I), Dolichos biflorus (DBA), Ulex europhaeus (UEA-I) and soybean (SBA) did not bind at all. There was almost no binding of ruthenium red to the matrix of the zona pellucida. The results indicate that the human zona pellucida is characterized by normally exposed mannosyl, N-acetylglucosaminyl and beta-galactosyl residues. In addition, it contains masked beta Gal-(1-3)GalNAc sugar sequences that can be exposed only after removing terminal sialic acid residues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Carbohydrates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Initial stages of interaction of Azospirillum brasilense bacteria with wheat germ roots: adsorption, deformation of root hairs].

The initial stages of colonization of wheat roots by cells of Azospirillum brasilense strains 75 and 80 isolated from soils of the Saratov oblast were studied. The adsorption of azospirilla on root hairs of soft spring wheats rapidly increased in the first hours of incubation, going then to a plateau phase. Within the first 15 h of incubation, exponential-phase cells were adsorbed more intensively than stationary-phase cells. Conversely, stationary-phase cells were adsorbed more intensively than exponential-phase cells, if the period of azospirilla incubation with the wheat roots was extended. As the time of incubation increased, the attachment of azospirilla to the wheat roots became stronger. The effect of cell attachment to root hairs was strain-dependent; the number of adsorbed cells of a given strain of azospirilla was greater in the case of host wheat cultivars. The deformation of wheat root hairs was affected by the polysaccharide-containing complexes isolated from the capsular material of azospirilla. The suggestion is made that common receptor systems are involved in the adsorption of azospirilla on roots and in root hair deformation.

Azospirillum brasilense↗
PubMed2000

[Baker's asthma: what remains still unknown about it?].

In many countries baker's respiratory allergy is reported as one of the most common occupational diseases. The paper presents epidemiological data on and risk factors of sensitisation to bakery allergens. Different flour allergens, especially those of wheat and soya flour, and (alpha-amylase are also described, and problems occurring most frequently in diagnosing occupational allergy to flour discussed. It is stressed that skin prick tests should be included into the battery of preliminary examinations before starting vocational training.

Asthma↗
PubMed1991

The cytogenetic and molecular architecture of chromosome 1R--one of the most widely utilized sources of alien chromatin in wheat varieties.

Chromosome 1R of rye (Secale cereale) is one of the most intensively used sources of alien chromatin in bread wheat. It provides a source of valuable disease resistance genes and its widespread use has stimulated the development of genetic maps incorporating protein and DNA markers. Published data as well as new mapping data were combined into a consensus map by using common markers in the different mapping studies to orient the various data sets relative to each other. The consensus map provides a tentative order, and relative distances, between the genetic markers. A summary of the dispersed repetitive sequences that are now available for the detection and characterization of chromosome 1R segments in wheat is also provided.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1977

Complete nucleotide sequence and properties of the major species of glycine transfer RNA from wheat germ.

The complete nucleotide sequence of wheat germ tRNA1Gly has been determined. It is a small tRNA, containing only 74 nucleotides of which 10 are methylated or otherwise modified. Several important features of this tRNA are: (a) a complete absence of ribothymidine which is the most common methylated nucleoside in tRNA; (b) a methylated sugar in the acceptor stem which is a region almost always free of modified residues; and (c) unusually weak base pairing in the dihydrouridine stem region consisting of only one standard A-U base pair in addition to G pi, AC, and GU. This tRNA functions in a wheat germ cell free protein synthesizing system directed by either natural mRNAs or poly(G,U). The complete nucleotide sequence of wheat germ tRNAlGly is: pG-C-A-Cm-CAGU-m1G-G-U-C-PSI-A-G-D-G-G-U-A-A-U-A-G-U-A-C-C-C-U-G-C-C-A-mC-G-G-U-A-C-A-C-A-G-A-mC-m5C-G-G-G-U-PSI-C-G-mA-U-U-C-C-C-G-G-C-U-G-G-U-G-C-A-C-C-AOH.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1981

Changes in surface architecture during murine erythroleukemia cell differentiation as detected by lectin binding and agglutination.

Cell surface alterations occurred during murine erythroleukemia cell (clone 745) differentiation that were detected by both agglutination and lectin binding. Agglutination of erythroleukemia cells was produced by wheat germ agglutinin; whereas, concanavalin A, Ricin, soybean agglutinin and fucose-binding protein were either ineffective or much less efficacious. Treatment of leukemia cells with the inducer of erythroid differentiation dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) caused a progressive accumulation of hemoglobin-containing cells in culture and a decrease in the rate of agglutination by wheat germ agglutinin, which began at 24 h after exposure to the polar solvent, reached a nadir at 48 h, and remained essentially constant thereafter. The binding of radioactive wheat germ agglutinin by untreated control erythroleukemia cells increased with time in culture, reaching a maximum value at 48 h, and decreased progressively thereafter. Although an increase in 3H-labeled wheat germ agglutinin binding also occurred in DMSO-treated cells, the level bound was significantly lower than that observed in control cells at 24-96 h. The treatment of erythroleukemia cells with various concentrations of DMSO resulted in a decrease in the number of wheat germ agglutinin receptor sites. Other inducers of differentiation (i.e., dimethylformamide, bis(acetyl)diaminopentane) also inhibited the rate of wheat germ agglutinin-induced agglutination of erythroleukemia cells while, in contrast, the inducer tetramethylurea did not. These studies indicate that membrane changes occur during differentiation and suggest that there may be more than one mechanism involved in the initiation of maturation which ultimately leads to the common pathway of erythroid development.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Common occurrence of homologues of petunia glycine-rich protein-1 among plants.

The presence of specific glycine-rich proteins (GRP) related to petunia GRP1 (ptGRP1) was examined in three species of monocots (wheat, barley and maize) and five species of dicots (rape, turnip, soybean, crabapple and tomato). Protein blot analysis showed that anti-ptGRP1 antibody cross-reacted with a single different polypeptide in all species except maize. The molecular mass of these polypeptides ranged from 14 to 55 kDa. Tissue-print immunoblots of rape petioles and stems showed that the rape ptGRP1 homologue, like ptGRP1, is primarily located in the vascular tissue, and that its expression decreases with developmental age of the tissue. In barley, the ptGRP1 homologue is found in leaf vascular bundles, and may also be present in the surrounding bundle sheaths. Unlike the dicots examined, expression of the protein did not appear to decrease significantly with developmental age.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed1991

Development and migration of avian sympathetic preganglionic neurons.

Modern neuronanatomical techniques were used to investigate the development of the avian sympathetic preganglionic cell column in the spinal cord of the chick embryo. [3H]thymidine autoradiography indicated that the majority of these preganglionic, or "Terni column" neurons are generated between stages 18 and 24 (days 2-4). This coincides with the genesis of the somatic motoneurons in the thoracic levels of the cord, and therefore differences in the time of origin cannot explain the divergent fates of these two neuronal populations. Data obtained from short-survival autoradiographic experiments indicated that many early born cells remain close to the ventral region of the ventricular epithelium until day 5 of incubation. Ventral root injections used to label retrogradely neurons projecting an axon into the ventral root (Terni cells and somatic motoneurons) have labeled neurons next to the ventricular epithelium at the same early stages. Thus, it seems likely that some Terni cells, if not all, maintain medial positions and do not migrate laterally to join a common motor column before initiating a dorsal migration. Analysis of a closely staged series of embryos, whose Terni column neurons were retrogradely labeled with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP), revealed that between days 5 and 8 of incubation, Terni column neurons migrated dorsally to attain their adult position adjacent to the central canal. These changes in position were reflected in the changing morphology of the Terni column neurons, visualized by the Golgi-like HRP labeling. The positions of the migrating Terni cells differed from those of commissural cells, indicating that these fibers are not the substrate for the dorsal migration. The dorsal migration of Terni column cells was not disrupted by the surgical removal of the sympathetic ganglia, the synaptic targets of these neurons, nor by disruption of spinal afferents. Taken together, these results suggest that the migratory behavior of Terni cells in distinctive when compared to that of somatic motoneurons, and that local and/or intrinsic cues within the spinal cord guide the dorsal migration of Terni column cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Cross-allergenicity of peanut and lupine: the risk of lupine allergy in patients allergic to peanuts.

BACKGROUND: Peanut allergy is common, but cross-allergy between legumes is rare. Proteins from Lupinus albus are increasingly eaten in the form of seeds or additives to wheat flour. The risk of cross-allergenicity is still insufficiently known. OBJECTIVE: We sought to study the risk of cross-allergy to lupine in patients allergic to peanut and to study lupine allergenicity. METHODS: Twenty-four patients allergic to peanuts were studied by means of skin prick tests with native lupine flour from Lupinus albus. Double-blind oral challenge tests were performed with lupine flour and peanut in 8 of these patients. Specific IgEs were assayed for peanut, lupine flour, and pollen in 6 sera. RAST inhibition tests for lupine pollen by peanut were performed on 4 of these sera. Peanut and lupine flour immunoblots were carried out for 6 sera, and crossed immunoblot inhibitions for peanut by lupine flour and lupine flour by peanut were carried out for 2 sera. RESULTS: The skin prick test responses with lupine flour were positive in 11 (44%) subjects. The challenge test responses were positive in 7 of 8 subjects at the same doses as with peanut. The major lupine flour allergen (molecular mass, 43 kd) is present in peanuts. The RAST inhibition and immunoblot tests indicated cross-reactivity of peanut with the lupine flour and pollen. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of crossed peanut-lupine allergy is high, contrary to the risk with other legumes. The inclusion of 10% lupine flour in wheat flour without mandatory labeling makes lupine a hidden allergen, presenting a major risk of cross-reaction in subjects already allergic to peanut products. A high sensitizing potential can also be postulated for this legume.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Wheat bran affects the site of fermentation of resistant starch and luminal indexes related to colon cancer risk: a study in pigs.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest that resistant starch (effective in producing butyrate and lowering possibly toxic ammonia) is rapidly fermented in the proximal colon; the distal colon especially would, however, benefit from these properties of resistant starch. AIMS: To determine whether wheat bran (a rich source of insoluble non-starch polysaccharides), known to hasten gastrointestinal transit, could carry resistant starch through to the distal colon and thus shift its site of fermentation. METHODS: Twenty four pigs were fed four human type diets: a control diet, or control diet supplemented with resistant starch, wheat bran, or both. Intestinal contents and faeces were collected after two weeks. RESULTS: Without wheat bran, resistant starch was rapidly fermented in the caecum and proximal colon. Supplementation with wheat bran inhibited the caecal fermentation of resistant starch, resulting in an almost twofold increase (from 12.9 (2.5) to 20.5 (2.1) g/day, p<0.05) in resistant starch being fermented between the proximal colon and faeces. This resulted in higher butyrate (133%, p<0.05) and lower ammonia (81%, p<0.05) concentrations in the distal colonic regions. CONCLUSIONS: Wheat bran can shift the fermentation of resistant starch further distally, thereby improving the luminal conditions in the distal colonic regions where tumours most commonly occur. Therefore, the combined consumption of resistant starch and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides may contribute to the dietary modulation of colon cancer risk.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1987

Prenatal growth of fine-diameter primary afferents into the rat spinal cord: a transganglionic tracer study.

The aim of this study was to examine the growth of fine-diameter, A delta and C, primary afferents into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. To do this, A delta and C primary afferents were transganglionically labeled with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in fetal rats at various ages and their growth was traced into the lumbar spinal cord. Sciatic or common peroneal nerves were injected with WGA-HRP at E18-E21.5 (just before birth) and the fetuses were returned to the uterus for 24 h before histochemical analysis. The results show fine-diameter afferent fibers growing into the L4/L5 spinal cord at E19 when they reach the white matter overlying the dorsal horn and begin to penetrate lamina I. Twelve hours later at E19.5 terminals can be seen in lamina IIo and by E20 they are increasing in density and have reached IIi. By birth they have achieved the density in laminae I and II that is found in the neonate and young rat. Labeling of only the peroneal branch of the sciatic nerve, leaving the tibial unlabeled, demonstrated that the somatotopic specificity of central terminal fields is apparent from the time fine afferent fibers first grow into the spinal cord.

Animals↗