Patterns of cortisol reactivity to laboratory stress.
Cortisol responses to a laboratory stress protocol were investigated in 82 male firefighters. Saliva samples were collected during an adaptation period beginning between 9 and 10 am, and then at the end of each of six 10-min trials (a mental arithmetic task, an inter-task recovery period, a speech task, and three recovery periods). Individual differences in the mean cortisol response to the stress tasks were characterized by variation in the direction of the response, as well as the size of the response. Neither pre-stress cortisol levels nor responses were correlated with cardiovascular and mood responses. Cortisol levels before stress task presentation were negatively correlated with recent stress severity. Larger mean cortisol responses were associated with lower reports of recent stress exposure, lower negative affect scores, and a coping style characterized less experience of anger, more control over anger expression, and a tendency to screen out threatening information in stressful situations. Thus, increased cortisol activity was associated with less recent stress exposure and a more adaptive behavioral style than for those whose cortisol levels fell or were largely unchanged in response to a laboratory stressor.