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PubMed1992

Color vision and dentistry.

Color vision is a critical component of restorative and esthetic dentistry, but dentists, as a group, do not have their color vision tested at any time during their careers. A study was undertaken to ascertain the color-vision status of practicing dental personnel at the University of Tennessee, College of Dentistry. One hundred fifty individuals, 75 men and 75 women, were screened. The results corroborated the existing medical data for the general population. It was found that 9.3% of the men and none of the women exhibited color-vision defect. Since most dentists are male, this study demonstrates an area of potential weakness for some practitioners. Once a color-vision problem is found, it is simple to remedy by employing a team approach to shade matching or mechanical means of matching shades (by the practitioner). No ethnic or racial distinctions were detected, although these have been reported in other studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Low vision aids for reading in scar stage of age-related macular degeneration].

PURPOSE: To evaluate the inter-relationship among near visual acuity, eccentricity of preferred retinal locus(PRL), and choice of low vision aids for reading in patients with bilateral age-related macular degeneration(AMD). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The preferred eye of 44 patients having bilateral disciform stage AMD was examined. The PRL was detected and its eccentricity from the fovea was measured by scanning laser ophthalmoscopic microperimetry. Magnification of a low vision aid for reading newsprint was determined by the critical print size which was calculated using the MNREAD-J. The type of preferred aid was chosen from high-plus lens glasses, magnifiers, and closed-circuit televisions. The inter-relationship among near visual acuity, eccentricity of the PRL, and magnification and type of low vision aid for reading were evaluated. RESULTS: The magnification of the aid was correlated with the eccentricity of PRL in eyes with near visual acuity of 0.2 or less although no correlation was found in eyes with near visual acuity better than 0.3. High plus lens glasses were selected by patients with near visual acuity better than 0.2 and eccentricity of 2 degrees or less. Magnifiers were selected by patients with near visual acuity better than 0.1 and eccentricity of 5 degrees or less. Closed-circuit televisions were selected by patients with near visual acuity of 0.1 or less and eccentricity of 5 degrees or more. CONCLUSION: The eccentricity of PRL should be taken into account in determining low vision aids for reading, especially in patients with near visual acuity of 0.2 or less. Choice of the type of low vision aid depends on not only near visual acuity but also on eccentricity of PRL.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Vision preference in dynamic posturography analysed according to vestibular impairment and handicap.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work was to characterise the implications of vision preference derived from the sensory organisation test of computerised dynamic posturography, in terms of impairment, disability and handicap. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This was a prospective assessment of 88 patients suffering from dizziness who denied experiencing any visually induced vertiginous symptoms. The level of impairment of each patient was estimated by performing a complete analysis of vestibular function by means of the caloric and rotatory stimulation tests. Disability and handicap were determined with the Dizziness Handicap Inventory questionnaire (DHI). RESULTS: The results of the caloric test in patients were independent of vision preference although canal paresis was more frequently abnormal in patients without visual preference. No differences were found in the results of rotatory stimulation by means of impulse and sinusoidal tests, both at high velocities of stimuli, in between patients with and without vision preference. Similarly, the responses in the DHI, a common questionnaire for vestibular disability and handicap and, specifically to questions addressing the problem of visual and vestibular disability, were not able to differentiate either group of patients. Nevertheless, we have found that patients with vision preference tend to have poorer balance. CONCLUSION: We consider that in the patients studied here, vision preference must be considered as a normal finding as this represents a normal strategy in a subject that relies more heavily on visual cues for his or her postural control.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improving preschool vision screening programs.

Early detection of amblyopia is important, but many preschool-aged children do not receive vision screening. Factors that account for missed opportunities in detecting vision problems in early childhood include the difficulty of evaluating vision in an uncooperative child or in an infant and toddler. Methods need to be found to improve the low rate of preschool vision screening. In Missouri, a study has begun on preschool vision screening to find the most cost-effective method.

Amblyopia↗
PubMed1991

Specialization in low vision rehabilitation and visual therapy.

A questionnaire was mailed to members of the Low Vision Section (LVS) of the American Optometric Association (AOA) and the Council on Visual Development (COVD) to determine the practice patterns of low vision clinicians, amount and source of specialty training and the extent of dual specialization in both low vision rehabilitation and visual training by members of COVD. Results indicate that 61.1 percent of AOA/LVS members and 20.9 percent of COVD members examine more than four patients per month who require low vision services. Yet, only 2.1 percent of COVD respondents and 32.2 percent of AOA/LVS respondents spend more than 20 percent of their practice time providing low vision services.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The examination of color vision using a 2 metameric equation method].

Modern anomaloscopes with four independent light channels (i.e. Besançon-Anomalometer which was presented in 1979 at the SFO Congress) allow accurate examinations of color vision. In our routine clinical examination, we use two metameric equations: the red-green Rayleigh equation and the blue-green Moreland equation. This so called Two-Equation-Method enables the diagnosis of congenital and acquired color vision defects in a precise qualitative as well as quantitative way. For both equations the goal of the examination is to measure the absolute matching range. Abnormal color vision is diagnosed if the absolute matching range is shifted and/or enlarged in one or both of the two metameric equations. In congenital colour vision deficiencies, the results are similar to those obtained with the Nagel anomaloscop. The different types of acquired defects are compared with the types of Verriest's classification. A computer controlled clinical examination of color vision, which will make the procedure simplier and shorter for the patient is actually being developed.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1977

Vision screening of illiterate populations.

To assess the amount of reduced vision in a population is an important public health matter, especially in areas where blinding diseases are endemic. Testing visual acuity is, however, a complex problem when a major part of the population is illiterate. The best-known test of vision is the E-test, but this produces the problem of untestability in illiterate populations.The introduction of the Sjögren hand-test as an alternative to the E-test for vision screening of unselected illiterate populations in West Africa resulted in a highly significant reduction of untestability. For certain vision levels it is possible to correlate the results of the hand-test directly with those of the E-test. The hand-test is less well defined than the E-test, but has important advantages for the purpose of vision screening of illiterate populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Clinical implications of color vision research.

The attributes of color and the mechanisms underlying normal and defective color vision are reviewed. The clinical implications of some research efforts bearing on congenital and acquired color defects, peripheral color vision, and the influence of photostable pigments on color vision and color vision tests is presented. This presentation is intended to illustrate how selected avenues of research have contributed to our understanding of color vision and to demonstrate the clinical utility of that research.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1979

Colour vision tests and colour naming by thirteen incomplete achromats in Bishnupur.

As an exploratory study six colour vision tests were given to nine male and two female achromats from the Shankhabanik community in Bishnupur, and to two additional similar males. All thirteen subjects had severe photophobia, fixation nystagmus, extreme weakness of vision (4/24 to 3/60) and the red end of the spectrum was much shortened. This research indicates that they had a form of incomplete achromatopsia, varying from an almost complete to a very severe partial loss of colour vision. The condition is inherited as an autosomal recessive. The most likely interpretation of these cases is that they are incomplete rod achromats. Their performance on the colour vision tests is tabulated, and shows complete inability to do the Ishihara test; nearly complete inability on the HRR test, with a possible slight tendency to do better in the yellow-blue than the red-green sub-tests; on Sloan's test they show approximate accordance with her results for achromats; they have severe difficulty with the dichotomous and 100-hue tests, with a possible slight tendency to make fewer errors on the G/B sections. The anomaloscope shows little abnormality of mid-matching points, but great increases in average matching ranges above the normal, although not absolute loss of colour sense, but with extreme darkening or shortening of the red end of the spectrum. Their colour naming was carefully recorded, and was fairly good occasionally, sometimes erroneous without being wildly at fault, and most often completely wrong. The records of colour naming were made, not, of course, as a form of colour vision test, but simply to illustrate the ways in which such defectives make an effort to use colour names in general use among their friends and relatives.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Comprehensive vision screening program: Illinois' approach.

This article discusses a statewide vision screening program that utilizes trained and certified vision screening technicians under the auspices of the Department of Public Health. Public Act 81-174, the Child Vision and Hearing Test Act, mandates periodic vision screening of children using accepted and approved instruments and standards. The program receives consultation from the Children's Vision Services Advisory Committee, consisting of optometrists, ophthalmologists and others in health and education programs. Topics addressed include: training and certification of technicians; screening, referral and follow-up; program summary of statewide screening statistics of 1.2 million children for fiscal year 1985, etc.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Optometry residency in low vision rehabilitation: a cooperative program.

A cooperative Optometry Residency in Low Vision Rehabilitation has been established by the Optometry Sections at Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Westside Veterans Administration Medical Center and the Illinois College of Optometry. The objective of this program is to train optometrists to function within, develop and direct clinical low vision programs in multidisciplinary settings. This optometry residency is unique in that it provides experience in delivering clinical low vision services in both inpatient and outpatient settings for patients of all ages during all stages of the clinical course of their disease, treatment and rehabilitation. Clinical rotations include the Optometry Section at the Central Blind Rehabilitation Center, the Chicago VICTORS Program, the Low Vision Clinic and affiliated Low Vision Clinics of the Illinois College of Optometry.

Blindness↗
PubMed1984

Color vision screening: a comparison of the AO H-R-R and Farnsworth F-2 tests.

Vision screening tests should include a simple, reliable, and valid test of color vision defects. In this investigation the single plate Farnsworth F-2 test and the AO H-R-R pseudoisochromatic plates were compared as primary screening tests for red-green color defective vision. The tests were administered to 2827 children, kindergarten through high school grades. Both tests failed a higher percentage of children than expected in the lower grades (kindergarten through 3). In grades 4 through high school, however, 4.16% failed the F-2 test and 4.02% failed the AO H-R-R, compared to a predicted 4.2% of the general population with inherited red-green deficiencies. The failure rates of the F-2 test for 1171 high school boys and girls were 7.3 and 0.89%, respectively, very close to the expected incidence of red-green defects in males and females. Although the F-2 test passed a few pupils who failed the AO H-R-R test, their defects were categorized as mild or borderline on the AO H-R-R test and therefore not likely to be of practical significance. Less than 0.5% of the children in grades 4 through high school failed the F-2 test after passing the AO H-R-R. Some children with normal color vision, particularly very young children, may fail the F-2 test because of difficulty picking out the less obvious blue square. Nevertheless, for screening purposes the F-2 test is comparable to the AO H-R-R test and except for kindergarten and grade 1 pupils is an excellent single plate color vision screening test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

The use of colour vision measurement in the diagnosis of digoxin toxicity.

Colour vision has been measured, using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test, in control subjects and in patients taking digoxin. In 10 patients with digitalis toxicity, of whom only two described symptomatic abnormalities, colour vision was impaired compared with that of both control subjects and non-toxic patients who had been taking digoxin for more than two months. Withdrawal of digoxin from toxic patients led to improved colour vision. Colour vision scores correlated well with (a) log plasma digoxin concentrations, and (b) various measures of the pharmacodynamic effects of cardiac glycosides on cation transport in the patients' own erythrocytes. These results suggest that colour vision assessment may be of use in screening for digitalis toxicity at the bedside and in assessing the degree of digitalis intoxication in an individual patient as an aid to clinical research.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Congenital color vision deficiencies as a social problem].

Color vision standards for various occupations and schools have been greatly eased recently. However, if the trend is unaccompanied with proper advice for color defective persons, there is a risk of accidents such as occurred in the past when color vision standards had not been introduced, because the color vision defect is unchanged. In this context, the history of color vision standards and the color confusion by color defective persons in their daily life were reviewed. The collected data together with pathophysiological characteristics of defective color vision suggest that at least the following measures are necessary from a practical point of view: (1) By education and awareness, color defective persons can avoid errors in color in most cases. Therefore, ophthalmologists should inform them of their defects in childhood and give instructions on how to compensate for their disadvantages. (2) In public and occupational situations, all the information conveyed by color should include lettering or other forms of redundancy for the convenience of color defective persons.

Color Vision Defects↗
PubMed1995

The role of optometry in the USAF vision research program.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Optometry has played a significant role in the USAF vision research program since the early 1960s. The Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) sponsors active duty optometry officers for Ph.D. and masters programs in Physiological Optics at civilian universities. After training, they are assigned to research laboratories at Brooks AFB, TX, or Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. Senior research optometrists manage vision and medical research programs and have served on the staff of the United States Air Force (USAF) Surgeon General. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Research papers reporting on USAF vision research programs, especially those germane to improving aircrew combat effectiveness, have been published extensively by USAF optometrists in Air Force and joint services technical reports as well as the open literature. These programs include: refractive error trends, contact lenses, ophthalmic materials, night vision, aircraft transparency measurement, nuclear flashblindness, laser, and space flight. As long as vision remains the most important sensory input to the pilot, USAF optometrists will remain an integral part of the aerospace medical research team.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1995

Recognition performance of subjects with color-vision deficiencies on a polychromatic sonar screen for ship navigation.

To facilitate differentiation between objects that are approaching, stationary, and moving away, these objects are represented in different colors on the screens of sonar locating devices used in ship navigation. Yellow represents stationary objects, and represents approaching objects, and green represents those objects moving away. A total of 46 subjects with normal color vision and 184 individuals with color-vision deficiencies, among them 29 deuteranopic, 100 deuteranomalous, 21 protanopic and 34 protanomalous individuals, were investigated for their ability to identify different signals. Ten different objects were presented for a period of 64 s each. As a minimal requirement it was established that 50% of the respective experimental group be capable of recognizing the objects within half of this time. Whereas 73.3% of the subjects with normal color vision could meet this requirement, none of the subjects in the different groups with color-vision deficiencies could do so. Only 16.1% of the deuteranopic subjects, 33.1% of the deuteranomalous individuals, 16.2% of the protanopic subjects, and 37.6% of the protanomalous individuals detected all objects within 32 s. No appreciable difference in the ability to recognize signals occurred among the different groups of subjects with color-vision deficiencies.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1994

Computerized colour vision testing.

There are many advantages to the computerization of colour vision tests. However, previous computerized colour vision tests have involved equipment and methods not commonly used in clinical practice. We created computer emulations of the City University Colour Vision Test (CUT), Ishihara plates and American Optical Hardy-Rand-Rittler (AO-HRR) plates using a commonly available 24-bit colour Macintosh computer. Our colour monitor was calibrated to standard display white (D65), and colour plates were imaged with a colour scanner. The computerized colour images were compared with the standard test plates in a sample of 21 subjects with normal colour vision, 10 patients with congenital red-green defect and 1 patient with an acquired mixed colour defect. The computer images of the three tests correlated well with their conventional counterparts on kappa statistic analysis (p < 0.001), for both the colour normal and colour defective groups. We conclude that our computer emulations of the CUT, Ishihara and AO-HRR tests screen subjects with normal colour vision with high specificity and delineate congenital colour defects with a sensitivity comparable to that of their conventional counterparts.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The demographic, social, and conceptual contexts of aging and vision loss.

BACKGROUND: Age-related changes to the eye and functional implications of vision loss are well-known. However, these changes occur in the context of broad demographic and social changes. METHODS: The structural demographic changes in the United States, the social context of vision and aging, and the conceptual model of disablement are reviewed. RESULTS: The International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH) was published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980, and may serve as a model for our better understanding of how the structural demographic changes, the social context of vision and aging, and the conceptual model of disablement are affecting public policy in eye and vision care. CONCLUSIONS: At present, there is no comprehensive national policy that addresses the eye and visual rehabilitation of older persons who have lost vision. Defining a conceptual context may help us develop public policy to meet the demands of the aforementioned social and demographic changes.

Aged↗