Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Transactional Analysis”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Early experiences with e-health services (1999-2002): promise, reality, and implications.

BACKGROUND: E-health services may improve the quality and efficiency of care; however, there is little quantitative data on e-health use. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine trends in e-health use and user characteristics. RESEARCH DESIGN: This was a longitudinal study of e-health use (1999-2002) within an integrated delivery system (IDS). We classified 4 e-health services into transactional (drug refills and appointment scheduling) and care-related (medical and medication advice) services. SUBJECTS: Approximately 3.3 million members of a large, prepaid IDS. MEASUREMENTS: Amount and frequency of e-health use over time and characteristics of users. RESULTS: The number of members registered for access to e-health increased from 20,617 (0.7% of all members) in Q1 1999 to 270,987 (8.6%) in Q3 2002. Between Q1 and Q3 2002, 42,845 members (1.3%) used the drug refill service and 55,901 (1.7%) used the appointment scheduling service compared with 10,756 members (0.3%) who used the medical advice service and 3069 (0.1%) who used the medication advice service. Over the same period, transactional service users averaged 3.5 uses/user versus 1.6 uses/user among care-related service users. Members most likely to use e-health services had a high level of clinical need, a regular primary care provider, were 30 to 64 years old, female, white, and lived in a nonlow socioeconomic status neighborhood. These findings were consistent across e-health service types. CONCLUSIONS: Although use of all e-health services grew rapidly, use of care-related services lagged significantly behind use of transactional services. Subjects with greater clinical need and better ties to the health system were more likely to use both types of e-health services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

For the last time: stock options are an expense.

Should stock options be recorded as an expense on a company's income statement and balance sheet, or should they remain where they are, relegated to footnotes? The extraordinary boom in share prices during the Internet bubble made critics of option expensing look like spoilsports. But since the crash, the debate has returned with a vengeance. And no wonder: The authors believe the case for expensing options is overwhelming. In this article, Nobel Iaureate Robert Merton, one of the inventors of the Black-Scholes option-pricing model; his coauthor on the classic textbook Finance, Zvi Bodie; and Robert Kaplan, creator of the Balanced Scorecard, examine and dismiss the principal claims put forward by those who continue to oppose options expensing. They demonstrate that stock-option grants do indeed have real cash-flow implications that need to be reported. They show that effective ways certainly exist to quantify those implications. They detail the distortions that relegating stock-option accounting to footnotes creates. And they show why reporting option costs should in no way hamper young companies in their efforts to provide incentives. Options are indeed a powerful incentive, the authors agree, and failing to record a transaction that creates such powerful effects is economically indefensible. Worse, it encourages companies to favor options over alternative incentive systems. It is not the proper role of accounting standards, the authors argue, to distort executive and employee compensation by subsidizing one particular form of compensation and no other. Companies should choose compensation methods according to their economic benefits--not the way they are reported.

Accounting↗
PubMed1965

THE INTERLIBRARY LOAN TRANSACTION.

Although the number of items borrowed through interlibrary loan may not increase as dramatically as it has in the past ten years, the trend can be expected to continue because of the growing interdisciplinary nature of biomedical research and because of the anticipated improved bibliographic control of biomedical literature. To provide a framework for collecting data on volume of flow between institutions, on time requirements for processing operations, on cost of interlibrary transactions, on the efficiency of communication channels, and on alternative procedures for performing the transaction, block diagrams were prepared to show the flow of information and materials between individuals and institutions. These diagrams show the interinstitutional dependence; any alterations in procedures in one institution affect other institutions. Even though it can be clearly shown where alterations in the flow pattern can be effected, there are little quantitative data available to serve as a justification for maintaining or modifying existing procedures.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1991

Effectively marketing prepaid medical care with decision support systems.

The paper reports a decision support system (DSS) that enables health plan administrators to quickly and easily: (1) manage relevant medical care market (consumer preference and competitors' program) information and (2) convert the information into appropriate medical care delivery and/or payment policies. As the paper demonstrates, the DSS enables providers to design cost efficient and market effective medical care programs. The DSS provides knowledge about subscriber preferences, customer desires, and the program offerings of the competition. It then helps administrators structure a medical care plan in a way that best meets consumer needs in view of the competition. This market effective plan has the potential to generate substantial amounts of additional revenue for the program. Since the system's data base consists mainly of the provider's records, routine transactions, and other readily available documents, the DSS can be implemented at a nominal incremental cost. The paper also evaluates the impact of the information system on the general financial performance of existing dental and mental health plans. In addition, the paper examines how the system can help contain the cost of providing medical care while providing better services to more potential beneficiaries than current approaches.

Accounting↗
PubMed1988

1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 receptors: gene regulation and genetic circuitry.

Our understanding of how vitamin D mediates biological responses has entered a new era. It is now clear that the bulk of the biological responses supported by vitamin D occur as a consequence of its metabolism to its daughter metabolite 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (a steroid hormone). The fact that 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors are ubiquitous in tissue distribution opens the possibility for unforeseen biological functions of the vitamin D endocrine system. For example, 1,25(OH)2D3 serves as an immunoregulatory hormone and a differentiation hormone besides its classical role in mineral homeostasis. The avian 1,25)OH)2D3 receptor has recently been cloned and shown to be a member of the nuclear transacting receptor family that includes estrogen, progesterone, glucocorticoid, thyroxine (T3), aldosterone, and retinoic acid receptors. We have compiled an extensive number of RNA polymerase II-transcribed genes that are regulated by 1,25(OH)2D3. Classification of these genes on functional grounds identifies and formulates the several genetic circuits or biochemical systems in which 1,25(OH)2D3 plays an essential regulatory role. These systems include genes that govern oncogene and lymphokine expression as well as those involved in mineral homeostasis, vitamin D metabolism, and regulation of a set of replication-linked genes (c-myc, c-myb, and histone H4), which are critical for rapid cellular proliferation. An integrated analysis of the combinations of genetic circuits regulated by 1,25(OH)2D3 suggests that they may be collectively tied to a DNA replication-differentiation switch.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Design and implementation of computer-readable patient data cards--applications in Europe.

Computers have been widely accepted today as essential tools for handling and processing an ever-increasing flood of information. At the same time people, including patients and medical staff, are becoming more mobile and face the problem of interacting with the different computerized systems. We are also experiencing the acceptance of the small rectangular plastic cards as the instrument for vast numbers of transactions throughout the world. These factors have highlighted the possible attractions of machine-readable patient data cards that can be carried by the patients themselves. The patient data card is expected to provide quick reference information to any physician or health worker consulted by the carrier. This information should avoid duplication of diagnostic, therapeutic and prescription measures and help give a conveniently structured summary of the patient's medical history. Advances in technology have made it possible to move from the familiar credit card which can store only a limited amount of information, to new, similarly shaped cards with much greater capabilities. The basic technologies for patient data cards are examined. An analysis is then attempted of the possible information contents of such a card that could be used at a national and European level, and of the field trials in Europe so far. Questions of security and standardization are also addressed. A number of conclusions and recommendations are also made which are based on the experience gained from a relevant implementation attempted, and participation in a recent study undertaken by the EEC in the area.

Computer Security↗
PubMed2006

Factors related to induced abortion among young women in Edo State, Nigeria.

Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest death rate from induced abortion in the world, and young women in southern Nigeria are particularly likely to terminate their pregnancies. This study assesses the prevalence of and factors associated with induced abortion among 602 young women aged 15-24 who were surveyed in Edo State, Nigeria, in 2002. We find that 41 percent of all pregnancies reported by the young women surveyed were terminated, and we estimate the age-specific abortion rate for 15-19-year-olds in Edo State at 49 abortions per 1,000 women, which is slightly higher than previous local estimates and nearly double the countrywide estimate for women aged 15-49. We construct explanatory multivariate models to predict the likelihood that a young woman has experienced sexual intercourse, has become pregnant, and has undergone an induced abortion, controlling for important demographic and risk-behavior factors. Young women unmarried at the time of the interview are found to be significantly more likely than married women to have had an abortion. Young women who have experienced transactional or forced sex are also significantly more likely to report ever having had an abortion, as are young women who have experienced more than one pregnancy. We conclude with suggestions for modifying the content and target populations of behavioral change messages and programs in the area.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2000

Changes in wheat germination following gamma-ray irradiation: an in vivo electronic paramagnetic resonance spin-probe study.

Embryos excised from wheat (Triticum aestivum) grains following gamma-ray irradiation at different doses were analyzed on membrane permeability by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique with 4-oxo-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPONE) as spin probe to acquire an EPR spectrum. The broadening agent ferricyanide added leads to changes in the high-field region of the EPR spectrum, which reflects differences in membrane permeability. R-value, defined as the ratio of water (W) to lipid (L) component in height in the high-field region of the EPR spectrum, symbolizes membrane permeability for a given sample. The R-values corresponding to a certain dose treatment of grains displayed a definitive distribution pattern. A unit row vector with 20 components was used to describe the R-value distribution pattern for a given treatment. The transaction angle between vectors corresponding to grains irradiated and unirradiated, &theta;, was used as quantitative index for membrane permeability changes following gamma-ray irradiation. gamma-Ray irradiated grains germinated at low rates, and the regression equation of germination rate as a function of the irradiation dose is: Germination Rate (%)=94.8 exp[-0.264xIrradiation Dose (kGy)] (r(2)=0.991, P<0.001). Embryos excised from grains following gamma-ray irradiation show increases in &theta; values with irradiation dose. The &theta; value is negatively linearly correlated with the germination rate. It suggests that gamma-ray irradiation leading to increases in membrane permeability is consistent with that leading to low germination rate of grains. The introduction to vector analysis method on membrane permeability changes in this study is very practical.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Repair for a broken market: the medical service company.

Sky-rocketing costs are fueling debate over whether market mechanisms can work for the healthcare services industry. The market for health care certainly seems to be broken. Value is decreasing, services are fragmented and costly transactions among providers are exacting a great toll in efficiency and service. Perhaps ironically, this situation presents a golden opportunity for providers who understand that the market is merely responding to the combined stimuli of inflated demand and excessive regulation. We believe that Medical Service Companies, which unite physicians and hospitals under one corporate roof, can reduce market friction, improve the responsiveness of providers and provide better value than traditional provider organizations.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed2000

Transcriptional regulation of human 11beta-hydroxylase (hCYP11B1).

Steroid 11beta-hydroxylase is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of deoxycortisol to cortisol. The gene encoding human 11beta-hydroxylase (hCYP11B1) is expressed in the adrenal cortex under the control of circulating levels of ACTH. The current study was undertaken to define the cis-regulatory elements and transacting factors that regulate hCYP11B1 transcription. The hCYP11B1 5'-flanking DNA was studied using transient transfection of luciferase reporter constructs in NCI-H295R human adrenocortical cells. A cAMP analogue ((Bu)2cAMP) increased expression of a construct containing -1102 bp of hCYP11B1 5'-flanking DNA (pB1-1102). An element at position -71/-64 (TGACGTGA, previously termed Ad1) resembling a consensus cAMP response element (CRE) was required for maximal induction by cAMP. The Ad1 element bound several transcriptional factors in electrophoretic mobility shift assays, including CRE-binding protein, activating transcription factor-1 (ATF-1), and ATF-2, but only the ATF-2 complex migrated similarly to a complex seen using H295R nuclear extract. In addition, Western analysis of H295R and adrenal lysates demonstrated expression of high levels of ATF-2 and ATF-1. CRE-binding protein levels varied among the strains of H295R cells tested. Transcription of CYP11B1 also appeared to be regulated by steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1). Luciferase reporter gene activity was increased after cotransfection with expression vectors containing SF-1. An element in hCYP11B1 at positions 242/-234 (CCAAGGCTC), previously termed Ad4, was required for maximal induction by SF-1 and was found to bind SF-1 in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. The key role for SF-1 in hCYP11B1 transcription is in contrast to its lack of an effect on expression of the hCYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) isozyme. The differential effects of SF-1 on transcription of hCYP11B1 and hCYP11B2 may be one of the mechanisms controlling differential expression of these isozymes within the zonae fasciculata and glomerulosa of the human adrenal cortex.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1982

Organization of nucleus rotundus, a tectofugal thalamic nucleus in turtles. III. The tectorotundal projection.

Nucleus rotundus is the primary thalamic recipient of projections from the optic tectum in pond turtles. Although the projection of the retina to the optic tectum is known to be topographically organized, earlier studies suggest that the tectorotundal projection is not topographically organized. Three types of analyses are used in this paper to characterize the organization of the projection of the optic tectum to nucleus rotundus. First, large iontophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase into the optic tectum anterogradely fill axons with reaction product after the use of a cobalt-enhanced diaminobenzidine procedure. These preparations show that shafts of axons in the tectothalamic tract give rise to thinner, primary collaterals that enter nucleus rotundus from its caudolateral aspect and form sparsely branching arbors within the nucleus. Very thin secondary collaterals branch from these collateral bear terminal collaterals with frequent varicosities. Although the total size of such arbors is unknown, the evidence suggests that each arbor is large in relation to the size of nucleus rotundus. Thus, injection sites restricted to central tectum label axons throughout nucleus rotundus. Second, subtotal lesions of the tectum produce degeneration throughout nucleus rotundus in silver degeneration preparations. Finally, analysis of electron microscopic degeneration material indicates that tectal boutons are distributed along the full lengths of the dendrites of rotundal neurons, but not on their somata. These boutons form asymmetric synaptic junctions and contain round synaptic vesicles. In view of the relatively large size of the dendritic fields of rotundal neurons, these data suggest that the tectorotundal projection is both strongly convergent on individual neurons and strongly divergent from single tectorotundal axons. This type of organization is consistent with physiological evidence that rotundal neurons have receptive fields that cover at least one-half of the contralateral visual field and often include the entire hemifield. It seems unlikely that nucleus rotundus can be involved in neuronal transactions that preserve detailed spatial information, but it may be involved in processing information on other visual parameters such as stimulus velocity or color.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The development of early externalizing problems among children from low-income families: a transformational perspective.

The present study examined pathways leading to early externalizing problems from age 1 to 3 1/2 in a design that took advantage of our knowledge of normative progression and normative socialization as well as findings from research on risk. A sample of 130 low-income participants was followed longitudinally from 12 to 42 months using observational measures of developmentally salient parenting and child disruptive behavior to predict early externalizing problems. Results are best accommodated by concepts such as transformation and transaction from developmental psychology. For boys, both child and parent variables predicted later externalizing. For girls and boys, the interaction between child noncompliance and maternal rejection was significant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Expression of the K-fgf proto-oncogene is controlled by 3' regulatory elements which are specific for embryonal carcinoma cells.

Expression of the K-fgf/hst proto-oncogene appears to be restricted to cells in the early stages of development, such as embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. When EC cells are induced to differentiate, K-fgf expression is drastically repressed. To identify cis-acting DNA elements responsible for this type of regulation, we constructed a plasmid in which cat gene expression was driven by about 1 kilobase of upstream K-fgf human DNA sequences, including the putative promoter, and transfected it into undifferentiated F9 EC cells or HeLa cells as prototypes of cells which express or do not express, respectively, the K-fgf proto-oncogene. This plasmid was essentially inactive in both cell types, and the addition of more than 8 kilobases of DNA sequences upstream of the K-fgf promoter did not lead to any increase in chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) expression. On the other hand, when we inserted in this plasmid DNA sequences which are 3' of the human K-fgf coding sequences, we could detect a significant stimulation of CAT activity. Analysis of these sequences led to the identification of enhancerlike DNA elements which are part of the 3' noncoding region of K-fgf exon 3 and promote CAT expression only in undifferentiated mouse F9 or human NT2/D1 EC cells, but not in HeLa, 3T3, or differentiated F9 cells, therefore mimicking the physiological expression of the K-fgf proto-oncogene. Similar elements are also present in the 3' region of the murine K-fgf proto-oncogene, in a region showing high homology to the human K-fgf sequences. These regulatory elements can promote CAT expression from heterologous promoters in an EC-specific manner, suggesting that they interact with a specific cellular transacting protein(s) whose expression is developmentally regulated.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Leadership styles and nursing faculty job satisfaction in Taiwan.

PURPOSE: To examine nursing faculty job satisfaction and their perceptions of nursing deans' and directors' leadership styles, and to explore how the perceptions of leadership styles relate to faculty job satisfaction in Taiwan. METHODS: Descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional study with self-administered questionnaires. The sample was recruited from 18 nursing programs, and 286 questionnaires were returned. RESULTS: Faculty perceived that Taiwan's nursing deans and directors showed more transformational than transactional leadership. Taiwan's nursing faculty were moderately satisfied in their jobs, and they were more satisfied with deans or directors who practiced the transactional leadership style of contingent reward and the transformational style of individualized consideration. A style with negative effect was passive management by exception. CONCLUSIONS: Three types of leadership behaviors explained significant variance (21.2%) in faculty job satisfaction in Taiwan, indicating the need for further attention to training and development for effective leadership behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The financial performance of hospitals belonging to health networks and systems.

The U.S. health industry is experiencing substantial restructuring through ownership consolidation and development of new forms of interorganizational relationships. Using an established taxonomy of health networks and systems, this paper develops and tests four hypotheses related to hospital financial performance. Consistent with our predictions, we find that hospitals in health systems that had unified ownership generally had better financial performance than hospitals in contractually based health networks. Among health network hospitals, those belonging to highly centralized networks had better financial performance than those belonging to more decentralized networks. However, health system hospitals in moderately centralized systems performed better than those in highly centralized systems. Finally, hospitals in networks or systems with little differentiation or centralization experienced the poorest financial performance. These results are consistent with resource dependence, transaction cost economics, and institutional theories of organizational behavior, and provide a conceptual and empirical baseline for future research.

American Hospital Association↗
PubMed1984

Personal control and stress and coping processes: a theoretical analysis.

Laboratory and field research indicates that the relationships between personal control and stress, coping, and adaptational outcomes are more complex than was once assumed. Believing that an event is controllable does not always lead to a reduction in stress or to a positive outcome, and believing that an event is uncontrollable does not always lead to an increase in stress or to a negative outcome. These complex relationships involving control are examined in the context of Lazarus's cognitive theory of stress and coping. The first part of the article elaborates this theory and shows how two forms of control, generalized beliefs about control and situational appraisals of control, fit into the overall model. Situational appraisals of control are explored in this section, including the question, Control over what? which must be addressed in order to explain some of the perplexing findings. The second part of the article draws on the theoretical formulation of stress and coping to examine three important issues: (a) how believing one has control in a stressful transaction can heighten threat, (b) the relationship between control and coping, and (c) pathways through which control can affect the adaptational outcomes of stressful encounters.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Cis- and trans-acting elements required for constitutive and cytokine-regulated expression of the mouse complement C3 gene.

The third component of complement (C3) is an important mediator of inflammation. Murine and human genomic cosmid clones were isolated, characterized and sequenced 5' to the complement C3 gene transcriptional initiation sites to determine cis elements that participate in constitutive and regulated C3 gene expression. The murine and human 5' flanking regions are 51% identical overall, with positions -36 to -1 and -146 to -68 showing 80% identity. Four TATA boxes were identified upstream of the murine transcriptional initiation site, but deletion and transfection analysis using reporter gene constructs in HepG2 cells indicated that only the TATA element at position -30, together with sequences -395 to -111, are essential for constitutive expression of murine C3 in hepatocytes. Deletion analysis also suggested that sequences between -1457 and -800 contain regulatory elements that are involved in suppressing basal expression. Sequences between -90 to -41 confer both enhancer activity and interleukin-1/-6 (IL-1/IL-6)-responsiveness. Mutation analyses showed that both sequences between -88 and -83 and -77 to -72 are essential for enhancer activity and responsiveness to IL-1, but only sequences between -88 and -83 are necessary for IL-6-responsiveness. A gel-retardation assay showed that several nucleoproteins, perhaps of the C/EBP family, from HepG2 cells bound to sequences between -88 to -83. Collectively, these results localize cis-acting elements involved in constitutive and IL-1/IL-6-regulated murine C3 gene expression and provide evidence for specific transacting factors.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Modulation of androgen receptor transactivation by FoxH1. A newly identified androgen receptor corepressor.

Androgen signaling plays key roles in the development and progression of prostate cancer, and numerous ongoing studies focus on the regulation of androgen receptor (AR) transactivity to develop novel therapies for the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer. FoxH1, a member of the Forkhead-box (FOX) gene family of transcription factors, takes part in mediating transforming growth factor-beta/activin signaling through its interaction with the Smad2.Smad4 complex. Using a series of experiments, we found that FoxH1 repressed both ligand-dependent and -independent transactivation of the AR on androgen-induced promoters. This action of FoxH1 was independent of its transactivation capacity and activin A but relieved by Smad2.Smad4. In addition, the repression of the AR by FoxH1 did not require deacetylase activity. A protein-protein interaction was identified between the AR and FoxH1 independently of dihydrotestosterone. Furthermore, a confocal microscopic analysis of LNCaP cells revealed that the interaction between the AR and FoxH1 occurred in the nucleus and that FoxH1 specifically blocked the foci formation of dihydrotestosterone-activated AR, which has been shown to be correlated with the AR transactivation potential. Taken together, our results indicate that FoxH1 functions as a new corepressor of the AR. Our observations not only strengthen the role of FoxH1 in AR-mediated transactivation but also suggest that therapeutic interventions based on AR-coregulator interactions could be designed to block both androgen-dependent and -independent growth of prostate cancer.

Activins↗