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PubMed1989

A chronobiological test for cognitive styles: Chrono-Trial Making.

This paper presents a description of the test, Chrono-Trail Making, an adaptation of the format of the Trial Making Test of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Generated were 28 parallel forms adapted from Part A; another 28 forms were adapted from Part B. These forms are assumed to be of similar difficulty and to have the same physical characteristics as the two parts of the original test. Each of the series of 28 was given consecutively at 15-min. intervals. Examination of scores confirms the identification in 24 young men of a Basic Rest-Activity Cycle (BRAC) of 90- to 100-min. periods. These, it was proposed, may refer to two different cognitive styles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Cognitive function in non-demented older adults with hypothyroidism.

PURPOSE: (1) to evaluate objectively changes in cognitive function and electrophysiologic characteristics associated with hypothyroidism of varying severity and duration in primarily older persons; (2) to determine whether these changes are reversible when a euthyroid state has been attained after treatment with thyroid hormone. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 54 non-demented hypothyroid patients (31-99, mean 68.6 +/- 16.4 years) with biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism (38 had overt and 14 had minimal hypothyroidism) and 30 euthyroid controls (31-96, mean 63.7 +/- 18.4 years) screened for good general health. We evaluated attention, orientation, memory, learning, visual-spatial abilities, calculation, language, visual scanning, and motor speed using standardized neuropsychological tests. Electrophysiological measures of neurocognitive function included the P300 latency component of the auditory Event-Related Potentials (ERP) and conduction speed from eye to cortex, the P100 latency component of the Patterned Visual-Evoked Potential (PVEP). All patients were studied when hypothyroid. A subset of patients with minimal initial test abnormalities were available to be retested when euthyroid, 5 and 9 months after onset of thyroid replacement therapy. RESULTS: Hypothyroid patients showed significantly lower scores on the Mini-Mental Status Test (MMS) and on five of 14 neuropsychological tests as compared to controls. The neuropsychological tests affected were copying a cube (visual-spatial function), the Inglis Paired Associates Learning Test-Low and Medium association items (memory and learning), Animal Naming (word fluency/production), and the Trail Making A test (attention, visual scanning and psychomotor function. Hypothyroidism also was associated with longer P100 latencies of PVEPs to 20' checks, but showed no significant differences in PVEP P100 latency to 50' checks, nor in the latency of the auditory ERP component P300. There was a statistically significant correlation between a laboratory index of the severity of hypothyroidism (serum T4) and the Inglis Medium Association items and Animal Naming. There was a statistically significant improvement after 5 months of treatment on three of the timed performance tests that previous studies have shown to be most sensitive to brain dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Hypothyroidism in non-demented older adults is associated with impairments in learning, word fluency, visual-spatial abilities, and some aspect of attention, visual scanning, and motor speed. The MMS by itself was sensitive in differentiating hypothyroid patients with cognitive deficits from controls, while electrophysiological measures did not generally differentiate the hypothyroid patients from normal controls. The MMS was not sensitive to treatment effects, but treatment was associated with significant improvements in three of the most sensitive measures of cognitive dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Neuropsychological performance in HIV/AIDS intravenous drug users.

It is known that HIV can directly infect the CNS and, as a result of such infection, neuropsychological alterations with cognitive, behavioural and motor manifestations can be developed. In this study we seek to determine whether seropositivity is associated with a poor neuropsychological performance in patients with a history of intravenous drug consumption (n=90). For this purpose we carried out an extensive neuropsychological evaluation and compared their performance with that of two seronegative control groups, one comprised of subjects with no history of drug abuse (n=22), which allowed us to obtain a reference of normal neuropsychological performance, and the other of seronegative subjects with a history of drug abuse (n=48), which allowed us to differentiate whether the performance of the seropositive subjects derives from their history of drug abuse. The results reveal that HIV infection in drug users is associated with deficits in attention, verbal and visual memory, verbal skills, concept formation and reasoning, visual-constructive skills, manual dexterity, and perceptive-motor speed, which cannot be attributed to a history of drug abuse. However, the seronegative drug users also showed some of these alterations, which suggests that seropositivity is not only associated with a decrease in performance in these tasks, but also adds to the alterations seen in seronegative subjects as a consequence of drug abuse.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Indicators of genetic liability to schizophrenia: a sibling study of neuropsychological performance.

Despite clear evidence of important genetic influences on schizophrenia, identifying the genes involved has been difficult because of the genetic complexity of the phenotype. The use of additional phenotypic measures that are more sensitive to the genetic liability than is the clinical diagnosis should enhance the power to detect small individual genetic effects. The present study assessed the neuropsychological performance of 30 male schizophrenia probands, 30 of their unaffected male siblings, and 20 well controls matched on age, sex, and education in order to identify measures that may be particularly sensitive to the genetic liability to schizophrenia and thus may be useful in gene mapping studies. Siblings showed impaired neuropsychological performance compared to controls on four out of the five measures used. Additional results suggested that Trails B was especially effective at discriminating index siblings from controls, thus supporting its potential utility as a candidate quantitative phenotype to aid in gene mapping studies of the disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Relations among intelligence, executive function, and P300 event related potentials in schizophrenia.

Prior research has demonstrated that the P300 response may be related to neuropsychological functioning in nonclinical samples. However, the nature of this relation is unclear, and its characteristics in schizophrenia are unexplored. We assessed estimated IQ, neuropsychological tests that assess components of executive functioning, and the P300 component of the event-related brain potential elicited by auditory and visual oddball paradigms in individuals with and without schizophrenia. We observed modest relations between P300 indices and neuropsychological tests purported to assess aspects of executive functioning in both diagnostic groups. Furthermore, multiple regression analyses revealed that whereas control participants with higher estimated IQs demonstrated larger P3 amplitudes to attended auditory targets, the opposite relation appeared evident in schizophrenic participants when variance due to Trailmaking A or a continuous performance task was held constant. Additionally, control participants with higher estimated IQs demonstrated shorter P3 latencies to attended visual targets whereas schizophrenic participants did not when variance due to the Tower of London was held constant. These results suggest diagnostic group differences in the association between P300 and IQ and indicate that investigations designed to explore P300-IQ relations should include measures of executive functioning in their models.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1981

Selective language deterioration in chronic schizophrenia.

Chronic schizophrenics as a group were inferior to controls on tests of neuropsychological function. When divided into groups according to length of illness they differed from each other primarily in tests of language. No other deficits in cognitive function progressed; the performance of the patients on memory, visuo-spatial tasks, rate of information processing and abstract thinking did not decline according to length of illness. The results indicate that chronic schizophrenia is characterised by a selective deterioration of language, which correlates with the notion that schizophrenia may be associated with left hemisphere dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The neuropsychological significance of lateral preference for complex visual activities in children with learning disabilities.

In the present study the relationship between neuropsychological functioning and lateral preference for visual activities was examined with learning disordered children. Specifically, the relationship between measures of the Lateral Dominance Exam (LDE), scores on the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery (HRNB), and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) were explored. A canonical analysis suggested that composites of neuropsychological functioning and lateral preference shared 22% of variance. Learning disabled children with strong right or left preference for visually guided motor activities showed lower performance in spatial tasks on the ipsilateral side and in simple motor skills on the contralateral side. Children in the present study with strong right preference patterns for visually assisted motor activities also showed low performance on visual tracking tasks. These data offer some support for assessing lateral preference in learning disabled children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

The improvement of cognition and personality after carotid endarterectomy.

Seventeen patients with at least 50% carotid artery stenosis were given intelligence and personality tests just prior to and 6 weeks after carotid endarterectomy. When compared with nine control patients, the endarterectomy patients showed increases in verbal-comprehension I.Q., perceptual-organization I.Q., decreases in time to complete perceptual motor tasks, decrease in asphasic signs, and significant reductions in anxiety, suspicion, confusion, disorientation, and other personality symptoms generally associated with senility. Statistical evaluation showed these results to be valid.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Verbal self-regulation over time in preschool children at risk for attention and behavior problems.

This study is a prospective, longitudinal attempt to explore behavioral self-regulation, private speech, and speech-action coordination in a sample of behaviorally at-risk preschool children. Preschoolers (N = 72) were classified at age 3 years into a behaviorally at-risk group or a comparison group on the basis of preschool teacher behavioral ratings. Children were videotaped on four different occasions across the span of almost 2 years as they completed problem-solving tasks, and private speech, task performance, executive functioning, and speech-action coordination were analyzed. Children identified 2 years earlier as being hard to manage were at risk for continued behavior problems at elementary school entry. Behaviorally at-risk children consistently used more spontaneous private speech than comparison children across all observations. Both groups of children demonstrated a pattern of increasing silence with task success over time. No group differences were observed in children's speech-action coordination at age 5 years. Intraindividual developmental changes in private speech for both groups were associated with task performance, speech-action coordination, and executive functioning at age 5, but not with teacher- and parent-reported problem behavior.

Attention↗
PubMed2002

["The 5 words": a simple and sensitive test for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease].

OBJECTIVE: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is under-diagnosed in France. Today only an estimated 50% of patients are identified. Diagnosis of AD is particularly difficult because the amnesic syndrome, characteristic of the disease, is often confused with memory dysfunction that is frequent during the process of aging. The improvement in the diagnostic conditions of AD relies on the availability of a simple and reliable tool for screening memory disorders of organic origin. METHOD: The 5-word test studies the recall of a short list, which the physician ensures the patient has registered. Its construction permits the identification of patients exhibiting objective memory disorders. A validation study has been conducted in 86 patients suffering from AD and 126 persons complaining of functional memory disorders. RESULTS: The study has shown the sensitivity (91%) and specificity (87%) of the 5-word test in identifying patients with AD. CONCLUSION: This is a rapid (2 minutes) and simple test that is easy to use in medical practice for the screening of AD.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Neuropsychological effects of short-term discontinuation of oxygen therapy. Observations in patients with chronic hypoxemia who are receiving long-term oxygen therapy.

Twelve patients receiving long-term oxygen therapy were assessed for possible detrimental neuropsychological effects of short-term withdrawal of oxygen. Patients served as their own controls and received either their usual oxygen prescriptions or room air, through nasal prongs, over four-hour periods on two successive days. A battery of neuropsychological tests assessing memory and learning, sustained concentration, and motor and visuomotor speed were administered. In the room-air condition, the mean arterial oxygen partial pressure fell from 86.1 +/- 25.7 to 59.1 +/- 11.7 mm Hg, and the mean oxygen saturation fell from 94.7% +/- 3.2% to 89.9% +/- 5.3%, but the mean carbon dioxide partial pressure did not change significantly. No significant differences in neuropsychological test scores were found between the two conditions, suggesting that four hours of mild hypoxemia causes no significant deficits in cognition in patients receiving long-term oxygen therapy. Paradoxically, low-order inverse correlations were found between arterial oxygen partial pressures and results of visuomotor speed and memory tests, suggesting that an improvement in performance may have taken place during oxygen withdrawal.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

A preliminary report on the neuropsychologic sequelae of human immunodeficiency virus.

The neuropsychologic sequelae of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus were studied by comparing the results of a neuropsychologic test battery administered to the following three groups of Danish homosexual men: 20 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 20 asymptomatic subjects who tested positive for the human immunodeficiency virus, and a matched control group of 20 subjects who tested negative for the human immunodeficiency virus. The group with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome performed significantly worse than the control subjects on the tests measuring concentration, memory, and psychomotor speed. The group with human immunodeficiency virus performed significantly worse than the control subjects on the tests measuring verbal memory and psychomotor speed. On the other tests, their results varied. The study supports the hypothesis that not only patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome but also asymptomatic subjects with human immunodeficiency virus may be neuropsychologically impaired early in the course of the disease.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed2003

Investigation of supervisory attentional system functions in patients with Parkinson's disease using the Hayling task.

The study explored executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) by using the Hayling test (Burgess & Shallice, 1996) and verbal fluency tasks (VFTs). PD patients showed longer response latencies than controls in both parts of the Hayling test (Section A/automatic and Section B/inhibition). Patients and controls did not differ in the proportion of errors or number of responses that revealed the use of strategies. PD patients also showed verbal fluency deficits in semantic, phonemic, and alternating fluency tasks. These impairments on tests known to be sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction confirm executive or Supervisory Attentional System (Norman & Shallice, 1986) deficits and further indicate suppression skills impairments in PD.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Neuropsychological deficits in psychotic versus nonpsychotic major depression and no mental illness.

OBJECTIVE: At least three studies have indicated that patients with psychotic major depression studied under non-drug-free conditions differ from patients with nonpsychotic major depression and healthy comparison subjects on several measures of neuropsychological performance. The current study explored specific impairments in cognitive function in subjects with psychotic major depression, subjects with nonpsychotic major depression, and healthy comparison subjects studied under drug-free conditions. METHOD: A battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to 11 patients with psychotic major depression, 32 patients with nonpsychotic major depression, and 23 normal comparison subjects under drug-free conditions. The three groups did not differ statistically in age, sex, or level of education. To ensure that participants had minimal levels of severity and endogenicity, all patients were required to have a score of at least 20 on the 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and a score of at least 7 on the Core Endogenomorphic Scale, which uses eight items from the Hamilton depression scale. RESULTS: Patients with psychotic major depression demonstrated significantly greater impairment than patients with nonpsychotic major depression and/or comparison subjects in attention and response inhibition (as measured by the Stroop color-word subscale score) as well as in verbal declarative memory (as measured by the Paragraph Recall Test). CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that patients with psychotic major depression demonstrate impairment in functions thought to be mediated by the frontal cortex and mediotemporal lobes.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Dementia severity and pattern of cognitive performance in vascular dementia.

We evaluated the influence of dementia severity on cognitive performance in two groups of individuals with vascular dementia (VaD). Performance on the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) was used to determine dementia severity. Tests of executive function, psychomotor speed, memory, language, and visuospatial function were administered. As expected, individuals with severe VaD (MMSE < 18) performed significantly more poorly than individuals with mild VaD (MMSE > or = 18) on most tests. More important, deficits were evident for both groups in each cognitive domain when compared to normative data. These results indicate that multiple cognitive domains are affected even in mild cases of VaD. Clinicians should be aware that although the presence of "patchy" cognitive deficits may indicate stroke, general cognitive dysfunction may occur in mild cases of VaD.

Aged↗