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PubMed1998

Trace element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European Union. X. A study of 13 elements in blood and urine of a United Kingdom population.

Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry (ETAAS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and neutron activation analysis (NAA) were used for the quantitative determination of 13 trace elements in urine and seven trace elements in whole blood of healthy unexposed British subjects living in three regions of the United Kingdom. Careful control of pre-analytical and analytical factors have enabled the results obtained from more than 200 individuals to be used in proposing reference intervals for the following elements; Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Tl in urine, and Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Pb, Se and Tl in blood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The Role of Chirocephalus diaphanus in the Early Recognition of Environmental Pollution by Trace Elements

A study was undertaken to evaluate whether the fairy shrimp Chirocephalus diaphanus (Crustacea: Anostraca) could be considered as a species capable of biomonitoring environmental contamination by accumulating trace elements. This preliminary investigation aimed at assessing the levels of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se, and Zn in natural waters as well as in adults and cysts of fairy shrimps sampled from five different sites in central Italy. Trace elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-based spectrometry. In particular, ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was resorted to in most cases due to its high detection power. Pretreatment of samples (adults and cysts) consisted basically in the HNO3-assisted microwave digestion of the material. The highest levels of trace elements were found in the anostracan cysts, with concentration ranges (μg/g) of 0.464-3.11 for As, up to 0.820 for Cd, 2.62-13.0 for Cu, 0.011-0.213 for Hg, 0.966-8.46 for Pb, 0.295-2.45 for Se, and 16.4-50.4 for Zn. On the other hand, the lowest concentrations were found in natural waters, with values close to the ICP-MS detection power for some elements. These data are probative of a bioconcentration process, the extent of which is proportional to the environmental level of each element. This may turn out to be useful in planning biological monitoring and assessing ecotoxicological consequences which might ensue from the diffusion of the exploitation of such organisms in aquaculture.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Time-course of changes in plasma levels of trace elements after thrombolysis during the acute phase of myocardial infarction in humans.

It has been suggested that the injury induced by reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium could result, in part, from the cytotoxic effects of oxygen free radicals. Since various trace elements are involved in several of the reactions leading to free radical production, we have measured plasma levels of copper, zinc, selenium, and iron: 1. In 18 patients (mean age 60 yr old) subjected to thrombolytic therapy within 6 h after the onset of a myocardial infarction (G1); 2. In 16 patients with coronary artery disease, but without a history of a previous myocardial infarction (MI) (mean age 50 yr old, G2); and 3. In 50 healthy volunteers divided into two subgroups according to age (mean age 33 yr old, G3 and 55 yr old, G4). Plasma myosin levels were used to estimate quantitatively the extent of the infarcted mass. Plasma trace element levels were measured in blood samples following centrifugation and storage at -80 degrees C. The main results were as followed: In G1 patients who have been subjected to thrombolysis, an important release of myosin was measured in plasma, with a peak at D6 (1678 vs 95 microU/L at H0). In those G1 patients after MI: 1. A significant increase in plasma copper levels was observed from day 4 to day 10 postinfarction (x1.15 in reference to the baseline data at H0); 2. A decrease in plasma zinc levels was observed and was maximum 12 h after the onset of the thrombolytic treatment; 3. A decrease in selenium concentration was observed in G1, as well as in G2 patients, compared to the control groups (80% of G3 and G4 values); and 4. A significant decrease in plasma iron levels was observed in G1 (67.8% of G3 and G4 control values) and was significant from H0 to day 7 (p < 0.01). In conclusion, this study underlined the time-course evolution of plasma trace element levels in the followup of patients who have been subjected to thrombolysis following a MI and the potential prognostic implication of such variations.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Adequacy of dialysis: trace elements in dialysis fluids.

A number of considerations suggest that trace element disturbances might occur in dialysed patients. These must at least in part be ascribed to the dialysis treatment itself during which these constituents may either be transferred to or removed from the patient. Tap water must be considered as the main source of dialysate trace metal contamination. These can adequately be removed during water treatment provided that, in addition to softening and deionization, reverse osmosis is available. However, even in the presence of the latter devices the possibility of serious contamination of the dialysis fluids leading to either chronic or acute intoxications still exists. The addition of chemical concentrates may also contribute to the increased concentrations of a number of trace metals. The toxic effects of aluminium in dialysis patients are well known and at the present time the element is still responsible for the greater part of trace metal-related problems in dialysis patients. Hence, the need for regular monitoring of aluminium cannot be ruled out at present. Strategies for diagnosis and treatment of aluminium overload have been updated. Recent studies demonstrated the efficacy of low desferrioxamine doses in diagnosis and treatment of aluminium overload, and optimal schedules for administration of the chelator and duration of treatment have been presented. Recently, in an epidemiological survey serum silicon concentrations in dialysis patients were found to be increased up to 100-fold compared to subjects with normal renal function. Moreover, it was noted that silicon concentrations in the dialysis population differ from one centre to another and that increased levels are due to either the use of silicon-contaminated dialysis fluids or an increased oral intake of the element originating from a high silicon content in the drinking water. Besides aluminium and silicon, a transfer towards the patients during dialysis has also been reported for a number of other elements including copper, zinc, nickel, strontium and chromium. The possible consequences of dialysate contamination with these elements will briefly be dealt with in the present paper. In contrast to trace metal accumulation, removal of trace metals during dialysis may at least in part contribute to the relative deficiency of particular essential elements. Selenium deficiency has repeatedly been observed. In view of the element's well-known essential role in glutathion peroxidase activity and the association of its deficiency with the development of some malignant diseases, further studies on the clinical impact of decreased serum selenium in dialysis patients are worthwhile. In conclusion, trace metal dialysate contamination/ depletion may contribute to the disturbed trace element concentration in dialysis patients. Aluminium accumulation is still an important problem in clinical nephrology. The clinical importance of the accumulation/ deficiency of trace elements other than aluminium is not yet fully understood and deserves further investigation.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1996

[Role of essential trace elements in the disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism].

Zinc and chromium have been well known to be important trace elements in diabetes as a cofactor for insulin, although their real mechanisms in carbohydrate metabolism are not clear. Especially, chromium is considered essential for maintenance of normal glucose tolerance, and a chromium complex occurring in brewer's yeast, termed glucose tolerance factor (GTF), was found to be of outstanding activity. Recently, some essential trace elements such as vanadium and selenium were observed to have several physiological insulin-like effects by a post-insulin receptor kinase mechanism. It is very likely that chromium, manganese, vanadium, and selenium have a favorable effect on carbohydrate metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The roles of trace elements in foetal and neonatal development.

Manganese, zinc and copper are essential for normal prenatal and neonatal development. Manganese deficiency causes skeletal abnormalities, congenital ataxia due to abnormal inner ear development, and abnormal brain function. Depression of mucopolysaccharide synthesis and manganese superoxide dismutase activity may be fundamental to ultrastructural and other defects. In copper deficiency, neurological and skeletal abnormalities are due to impairment of phospholipid synthesis and collagen crosslinking, and possibly to low activity of copper metalloenzymes. The fundamental defect leading to the extremely teratogenic effects of zinc deficiency is related to depressed synthesis of DNA. In the neonatal period, poor survival and growth and depressed function of the immune system are salient features. Developmental patterns of trace element concentrations in various tissues suggest that important changes in metabolic regulation of trace elements may occur during the neonatal period. This hypothesis is being investigated by studies of molecular localization of trace elements in certain neonatal tissues, in conjunction with similar observations in milk.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Distribution of structural and trace elements in human temporal bone.

This study was undertaken to evaluate a systematic analysis of mineral and trace elements of individual functionally determined parts of adult temporal bone. Marked differences were observed in basic structural elements (Ca, P, Mg, and Zn) among different bone regions. The more so, molar Ca/P ratio was significantly different in various regions, being highest in the hammer and vestibular regions. Taxonomic analysis revealed specific differences in the mineral ratio between the two petrous bone regions believed to develop from various embryonal bases. According to results, the observed differences in mineral trace element composition of particular regions of human temporal bone might be explained by their developmental specificities and functional adaptation.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Serum trace element concentrations and iron metabolism in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients.

Serum trace element concentrations, parameters of iron metabolism and serum protein concentrations were investigated in thirteen adult recipients of bone-marrow transplants receiving total parenteral nutrition. Six of the patients died during the four weeks follow-up. Serum zinc concentrations were initially low but increased during the treatment. They also tended to be lower in dying patients than in survivors. Concentrations of serum copper and selenium remained unaltered. Serum iron started to increase during the preconditioning and remained raised for three weeks. No significant changes occurred in serum transferrin levels. Transferrin saturation increased during the preconditioning and started to return to normal after day +14. Serum ferritin was greatly raised from the start and increased further during the procedure. Routine trace element substitution seemed to be sufficient during total parenteral nutrition with the possible exception of zinc. A return to normal transferrin saturation after day +14 may be an early favourable sign that the graft is taking and hematopoietic recovery commencing.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Determination and analysis of trace element manganese and amino acids content in aloe tea].

The content of trace element manganese in aloe tea was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The contents of 17 kinds of amino acids in aloe tea were determined with amino acids instrumentation. The results showed that there are comparatively rich manganese and amino acids in aloe tea. The content of manganese in red tea is more than in green tea, and the dissolving ratio is more than 50% in boiled water, and first dissolving ratio is more than second dissolving ratio, which is more than third dissolving ratio. There are 7 kinds of amino acids essential to human body, among which are comparatively high aspartic acid, glutamic acid and leucine in aloe tea. It's outstanding characteristic is comparatively high content of manganese in aloe health tea. It has provided useful data for probing into the relationship between trace elements and amino acids in aloe health tea and health care function.

Aloe↗
PubMed2000

[Study on simultaneous determination of multiplex trace elements in Chinese herbal medicine loulu by ICP-AES].

A method for the simultaneous determination of multiplex trace elements in Chinese herbal medicine Loulu by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES) has been presented. The operating condictions and the suitable internal standard elements were selected. The detection limits of the method are 0.005-1.24 micrograms.mL-1 for Fe, Mn, Cu, Ti, Cr, Ba, Sr, Zn, Al with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 1.20%-3.90% (n = 7). The recoveries of most elements are in the range of 90.1%-104.2%. The method proposed has been applied to the analysis of real samples and biological standard samples (GBW 08501) peach leaves. The determined values of trace elements in the biological standard sample were in good agreement with the certified values.

Asteraceae↗
PubMed2004

[Dietary patterns during women pregnancy and lactation and the essential trace elements in colostrums].

To research the relationship between dietary patterns during women pregnancy and lactation, and the five essential trace elements in colostrums. The correlation analysis between results coming from our previously dietary investigation and the data of the trace elements in colostrums. A plenty of meat and eggs intake during mother's pregnancy and lactation could afford sufficient essential micro-nutrient for the development of fetus. It also let colostrums of a parturient contain selenium and zinc in the adequate contents, and iodine, molybdenum in the safe contents. Although a low level of content of copper did not lead up to damage for infants, it must be paid close attention that infants may be in marginal insufficiency of copper intake.

Colostrum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Zinc deficiency dermatitis accompanying parenteral nutrition supplemented with trace elements.

Zinc deficiency dermatitis in a patient on long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with trace-element supplementation is reported, and the therapeutic aspects of zinc deficiency are reviewed. A 36-year-old white man was hospitalized and found to have a small-bowel perforation secondary to internal herniation. Small-bowel resection with end-to-end anastomosis was performed, and TPN supplemented with folic acid, multivitamins, trace elements (including elemental zinc 2 mg/day), and fat was begun. Four months later, the patient developed a moist, erythematous, painful groin rash that did not respond to one month of topical antifungal and topical and intravenous antibacterial treatment. At five months after admission, zinc deficiency was suspected; serum zinc concentration was 85 micrograms/dl (normal = 55-150 micrograms/dl). The total daily zinc dose was increased to 60 mg, and within two days the patient's lesions began to improve. The rash healed within two weeks. Six days after increased zinc therapy was begun, lab tests showed: hair zinc content, 185 micrograms/g (normal = 163 micrograms/g); serum zinc content, 90 micrograms/dl; and erythrocyte zinc content, 1058 micrograms/dl (normal = 1100-1400 micrograms/dl). Signs and symptoms of zinc deficiency, zinc disposition in man, predisposing factors to zinc deficiency, laboratory analysis of zinc nutriture, zinc therapy, and zinc toxicity are discussed. Knowledge of drug use, diet, geographic location, underlying disease, and other patient-specific factors is important in recognizing the patient at risk of developing zinc deficiency. Several tests should be performed to document zinc deficiency. Zinc replacement guidelines are outlined.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Application of orthogonal test in determination of trace elements in wild vegetables by ICP-AES].

In this paper, orthogonal test was applied to determination of trace elements in wild vegetables just as Mn, Se, Cu, Fe, Mg and Zn by ICP-AES. It could provide many informations for us by less experimental times, and could choice the best experimental conditions by square-error analysis. It would be helpful for improving experimental accuracy. The method was simple, rapid, and possessed of highly sensitivity, good accuracy and determination of many elements at the same time, in addition little environment pollution. The recoveries of the method were in the range of 97.2%-103.3%, and relative standard deviations were less than 2.15%. The experimental results proved wild vegetables were valuable and nutritious food, they had rich trace elements.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2005

Trace elements accumulation in edible tissues of five sturgeon species from the Caspian Sea.

This study is focused on twenty trace elements (Ag, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Ga, In, Mn, Mo, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, Zn) accumulation in muscles of five sturgeon species (Acipenser guldenstaedti, A. persicus, A. nudiventris, A. stellatus and Huso huso) from the southern part of the Caspian Sea. Moreover the relationships between some biological characteristics and the levels of the selected elements as well as inter-elemental relationships were assessed. The samples (10 specimens for each the five species) were collected from two important sturgeon fishery zones located in the Iranian part of the Sea in 2002. Concentrations of the elements were determined using ICP-MS. Only in the case of Cs could significant differences between two selected sampling areas be detected. There were significant differences in levels of Co, Ga, Rb, Sn, Ti, Pb and Bi in muscles of the species. Only in the case of Cd weight related differences among the species were found. The significant length dependent relationships were observed for Ga and Ba. Patterns of elements accumulation were assessed by statistical methods and compared to the other researches. In all the cases, the amounts of toxic trace elements (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) were markedly below the international guidelines for human consumption.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Heavy metal and trace element distributions in groundwater in natural slopes and highly urbanized spaces in Mid-Levels area, Hong Kong.

The lower slope of the Mid-Levels area, Hong Kong, is one the most heavily urbanized coastal areas in the world. A comprehensive groundwater heavy metal and trace element study was conducted in the Mid-Levels area aiming to investigate the impacts of urbanization on the aqueous distributions of these chemicals. Groundwater samples were collected in the upper natural slopes and the lower highly urbanized spaces in the area in different seasons, and analyzed for heavy metal and trace element contents. Compared to the results from natural slopes, groundwater samples in the developed spaces did not exhibit significant elevated levels in Zn, Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb and Fe, which are commonly found in stormwater. On the other hand, the samples were found to have elevated contents in Mn, V, Co and Mo, minor stormwater-related heavy metals, suggesting that stormwater drains may be leaking to some extent. However, the results suggested that the vadose zone could remove many of the heavy metals, protecting groundwater from being contaminated seriously. Statistical analysis suggested that a certain amount of Mn and Co was likely to be re-mobilized from natural soils due to the changes in local redox conditions, while Mn, V, Co and Mo may also be derived from steel corrosion as a result of prolonged submergence. Besides, the average B concentration in the developed spaces was about eight times higher than that in the natural slopes, indicating the presence of sewage. The mean Se concentration in the developed spaces was about 100 times higher than that in the natural slopes. About 40% of samples in the developed spaces contained Se level higher than the drinking water guideline value proposed by the World Health Organization. Se was found to be positively correlated with B and SO4(2-) (R = 0.534 and 0.631, respectively), suggesting that Se may also be related to leakage from sewage pipes. Part of the Sr may come from leakage of flushing water and/or sewage as Sr was strongly correlated with Cl- (R = 0.929). According to the measured results, deep groundwater samples collected from piezometers (> 10 m in depth) in the urbanized spaces appeared to be virtually free from any anthropogenic contaminations. This study may shed important light on the identification and evaluation of leakage from service pipes in a particular area based on aqueous distributions of heavy metals and trace elements. Moreover, the above findings may be instructional for other coastal cities with a similar level of urban development to understand the potential threats to their groundwater resources.

Cities↗
PubMed2004

Leaching study of trace elements from coal ashes: A case study of Bokaro Thermal Power Station "B".

Electricity generation has been increasing at a rapid rate due to rapid industrialization and changing life styles. In our Country coal is the major source of energy since India has vast reserves of thermal power grade coal. Nearly every naturally occurring element is likely to be present in coal and these get entertained in the resultant coal ash. Indian coals contain high ash coupled with low calorific value and consequently resulting huge amount of coal ashes. This ash accumulates in on site piles and ponds thereby resulting in serious environmental problems particularly trace elements contamination of ground and surface waters. This study envisages the environmental assessment of coal ashes from Bokaro Thermal Power Station- Leaching study of coal ashes was made through analysis of leachates from open percolation leaching column experiments over a period of 300 days. Trace elements were observed within the regulatory limits. Many of the trace elements evaluated viz. Ni., Co, Se, Al, As, B, Ba, Sb, Hg, were observed at below detection limits of AAS. Na, K, Ca, Fe, Pb, Cd and other dissolved ions leached at significant concentration levels. This study suggests low cost high volume utilisation of bottom ash as fill material for reclaiming surrounding abandoned mined out areas in an environmentally acceptable manner.

Coal↗
PubMed2004

Leach out of inorganic and trace elements at the time of etching.

The enamel is the hardest biological structure made up of inorganic ions, organic substances, trace elements and water and it covers the coronal part of dentin. Acid etching causes leaching out of inorganic and trace elements from the enamel surface. In the present study leach out pattern of 11 elements from the enamel surface during etching was studied.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1995

[Trace elements: biological role and nutritional aspects for humans].

The methodological approaches generally adopted to ascertain the essentiality of trace elements present in human beings at levels of the order of magnitude of 1 micrograms g-1 or less are illustrated. An element is recognized as essential when it has a well defined function (as stabilizer, structural, hormonal or as enzymatic cofactor) and when it is always present in tissues and organs in well defined concentration ranges, when it induces reproducible physiological effects, when it is possible to prevent and treat consequences due to its deficiency by its supplementation. For the trace elements Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, I, Mn, Se and Zn a short summary of their biological functions in humans is presented. In particular, for each element an account is given of the mean total quantity accumulated by the human body, the distribution in the main organs, the most important pathways for their uptake and the recommended daily intake. These last values obviously do not take into consideration the synergic or antagonist action due to the intake of other substances that very often can modify the absorption and the metabolism of the element considered.

Diet↗