Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “TYPHOID”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Azoospermia caused by typhoid fever. A case report.

A case of a typhoid fever patient with azoospermia is reported. Before typhoid fever, the semen analyses indicated an oligozoospermia (6.4 million/ml). Degree of fever up to 41.2 degrees C during 10 days was enough to suppress spermatogenesis, resulting in an azoospermic state. After the fever ceased, the spermatogenesis recovered and sperm production functioned normally after +/- 3 months. The situation corresponds with the time needed for spermatogenesis as previously reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Typhoid fever complicated by acute renal failure and hepatitis: case reports and review.

Four cases of typhoid fever complicated by both acute oliguric renal failure and hepatitis are presented. Two patients had type II hepatitis according to criteria proposed by Khosla et al. (30) with hepatomegaly, hyperbilirubinaemia and markedly elevated asparate transaminase (AST); the others had type III hepatitis, characterized clinically and biochemically by profound jaundice, hepatomegaly, hepatic encephalopathy (one case only), hyperbilirubinemia and markedly elevated serum AST. Renal biopsy was not performed in any of our patients. However, a combination of proteinuria and abnormal urinary sediments containing red cell casts and granular casts, as noted in these patients, is considered highly suggestive of glomerulonephritis. Although isolated renal failure and hepatitis with hepatomegaly and deranged liver enzyme values have been reported previously in typhoid fever, their occurrence simultaneously in the same patient in distinctly rare, having been reported only twice in the English language literature.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1998

Concomitant vaccination against hepatitis A and typhoid fever.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a hepatitis A vaccine (Havrix-1440TM) when administered simultaneously with a Vi polysaccharide typhoid vaccine. METHODS: Two open, randomized studies were conducted using 2 and 4 treatment groups respectively, at the Clinique Notre-Dame de Grâce, Belgium (Study 1) and University Hospital of Hradec Kralové, Czech Republic (Study 2). SUBJECTS: Healthy adults aged 18-50 years were administered either both vaccines concomitantly in separate arms or a single injection of the two vaccines mixed extemporaneously (Study 1), or one injection of each vaccine alone, or the combined vaccine, or both vaccines concomitantly in separate arms (Study 2). The study measured solicited and unsolicited signs and symptoms until 28 days post-vaccination. Anti-hepatitis A and anti-Vi titers were determined in pre- and post-vaccination sera. RESULTS: The vast majority of local and general symptoms were mild to moderate and all resolved without sequelae. No serious adverse events were reported in either study. In study 1, geometric mean antibody titers (GMTs) were similar after extemporaneous syringe mixing of both vaccines (anti-Vi = 1159 EL.U/mL; anti-HAV = 302 EL.U/mL) and after concomitant vaccination (anti-Vi = 1331 EL.U/mL; anti-HAV = 367 EL. U/mL). In study 2, GMTs following vaccination with either vaccine alone, both vaccines administered concomitantly or as a combined vaccine (anti-Vi: 1307, 1247 and 942 EL.U/mL, respectively; anti-HAV: 462, 517 and 432 EL.U/mL, respectively) were not significantly different (p = .45 for anti-HAV, p = .18 for anti-Vi). Seroconversion rates were > 94.4% in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: The inactivated hepatitis A and Vi polysaccharide typhoid vaccines are safe and well tolerated when administered simultaneously (mixed or concomitant) and as a combined vaccine. Subjects seroconverted to both antigens to the same extent as the monovalent vaccines and there was no cross-interference in the immune profiles of the vaccines.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hepatitis A, typhoid and malaria among travelers--surveillance data from Québec (Canada).

Analysis of epidemiological data on health problems related to international travel helps put into perspective preventive interventions for travelers. To document the epidemiological context of travel health interventions in Québec, we reviewed surveillance data for three infectious diseases. The analysis included data collected in the notifiable diseases surveillance system for hepatitis A, typhoid, and malaria cases reported from 2000 to 2002. Additional data were obtained from the provincial hepatitis risk factor database as well as from regional public health departments. More than 40% of cases of hepatitis A for which risk factor information is available are associated with international travel; 20% of these cases were contracted in Mexico and 22% in the West Indies. The risk of acquiring hepatitis A seems to be higher among travelers under 35 years of age; also, given the number of Quebecers traveling to all regions of the world, this risk is proportionally higher in Africa. Data gathered for typhoid indicate that the risk to travelers from Québec is proportionately higher for Quebecers traveling to the Indian subcontinent and whose purpose is to visit family and friends, and for those who stay abroad for 4 weeks or longer. The risk of malaria is greater in Africa (where contracted cases are mostly caused by Plasmodium falciparum). Over half of malaria cases involve individuals traveling abroad for business (including volunteerism), and almost 75% contracted the disease during a stay of a month or more. Nearly half of the cases had not taken chemoprophylaxis. Available data have limitations for infectious disease surveillance among Québec travelers: imprecise number of cases (underdiagnosis and underreporting), imprecise denominators (number of travelers), and lack of data on the characteristics of trips taken. However, despite its limitations, this profile of infectious diseases among travelers from Québec provides interesting data for preventive intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Therapy of antimicrobial-resistant typhoid fever.

Antimicrobial-resistant typhoid fever in Saigon was studied by examining in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella typhi strains and conducting a randomized clinical trial of ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ). Isolates of S. typhi were obtained from blood or stool cultures of 90 patients. Of 87 isolates tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, 65 (75%) were resistant (R) to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline, and 22 (25%) were susceptible (S). The drug resistance was transferable to Escherichia coli and was found in 11 different Vi-phage types. All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin and to TMP-SMZ. Agar dilution studies of TMP and SMZ showed synergistic inhibition of growth in all 18 S isolates and in 12 of 48 R isolates tested. The clinical trial of ampicillin and TMP-SMZ showed that both drugs were equally effective. Treatment failure with both drugs was more frequent in patients with S isolates than in patients with R isolates. Therefore, in an area where antimicrobial-resistant typhoid fever exists, patients with R isolates should receive either ampicillin or TMP-SMZ, but patients with S isolates should be treated with chloramphenicol.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1985

Ceftriaxone therapy in bacteremic typhoid fever.

The efficacy and safety of ceftriaxone in the treatment of bacteremic typhoid fever was studied in 14 patients. Ceftriaxone at a dosage of 50 to 60 mg/kg per day was administered intravenously in two divided doses in 13 patients and as a single dose in 1 patient. When the two patients with medical complications causing persistent fever and the patient who was febrile during therapy were excluded from the calculations, the mean period of defervescence was 4 days. Five to eight days of ceftriaxone therapy was adequate for the patients who were cured. The 14 patients treated with ceftriaxone included 13 patients who were considered cured, although 1 was a convalescent carrier, and one patient who was a treatment failure. There were no relapses in the 11 patients who were monitored for 1 to 8 months. Both peak and trough concentrations of ceftriaxone were well above the ceftriaxone MICs for the Salmonella typhi strains isolated from the patients. We have demonstrated that ceftriaxone can be used successfully in the treatment of typhoid fever in some patients. The advantages of its use include rapid clinical response, short course of treatment, and lack of serious adverse drug reactions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Moxalactam in the treatment of typhoid fever.

Moxalactam therapy was evaluated in 25 patients with typhoid fever. A satisfactory initial response was observed in all cases. Treatment for 3 days resulted in a much higher relapse rate (three of five patients) than did treatment for 5 days (one of nine patients). None of the 11 patients treated for 10 to 11 days relapsed. Moxalactam is effective in typhoid fever, but its use is better restricted to special indications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Treatment of typhoid fever with ceftriaxone for 5 days or chloramphenicol for 14 days: a randomized clinical trial.

To compare the therapeutic efficacy of ceftriaxone given once daily for 5 days and chloramphenicol given four times daily for 14 days, a controlled trial was carried out with 59 patients who were culture positive for Salmonella typhi. Ceftriaxone was given to 28 patients in once-daily intravenous doses of 75 mg/kg of body weight to children and 4 g to adults for 5 days; chloramphenicol was given to 31 patients at a dosage of 60 mg/kg/day until defervescence and then at 40 mg/kg/day to complete 14 days of treatment. All Salmonella isolates were susceptible to both antibiotics. Clinical cures (defervescence without complications, no relapse, and no need for further treatment) occurred in 79% of the patients treated with ceftriaxone and 90% of those treated with chloramphenicol (P = 0.37). On the third day of treatment, blood cultures were positive for S. typhi for 60% of the patients in the chloramphenicol group and 0% of the ceftriaxone group (P = 0.001). Defervescence occurred in half the patients in both groups during the first 7 days, but on days 9 to 13 after the start of treatment, nine patients in the ceftriaxone group, compared with six patients in the chloramphenicol group, remained febrile (P = 0.4). The median hematocrit and total leukocyte counts at day 14 were significantly lower for the chloramphenicol group than those for the ceftriaxone group (P = 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). These results indicate that the effects of therapy with ceftriaxone for typhoid fever differed from those of chloramphenicol therapy in that blood cultures became negative earlier, prolonged fever persisted in some patients, and bone marrow suppression was reduced. We conclude that a short, 5-day course of ceftriaxone is a useful alternative to conventional 14-day chloramphenicol therapy in the treatment of typhoid fever.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1973

Salmonella typhi resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and other antimicrobial agents: strains isolated during an extensive typhoid fever epidemic in Mexico.

During 1972 a large epidemic, in excess of 10,000 cases, of typhoid fever occurred in Mexico City, Pachuca, and other communities of Mexico. The main characteristic of the epidemic, in addition to the large number of persons affected, was the prevalence of a strain of Salmonella typhi which was highly resistant to chloramphenicol both in vivo and in vitro, and which belonged to a single phage type, Vi degraded approaching type A. Of 493 strains of S. typhi studied during the outbreak, 452 (91.7%) were resistant to chloramphenicol (CM), tetracycline (TC), streptomycin (SM), and sulfonamides (SU). The epidemic strain owes its resistance to an R factor which is easily transferable to Escherichia coli K-12 and which appears to be stable. In the third month of the outbreak, a strain of S. typhi resistant to CM, TC, SM, SU, ampicillin (AM), and kanamycin (KM) was isolated from a patient with severe typhoid fever. During the following 9 months, six additional strains of S. typhi resistant to AM, CM, TC, SM, and SU were also isolated. Transfer experiments to E. coli K-12 indicate that these strains are infected with two different R factors, one causing CM, TC, SM, and SU resistance and the other causing AM or AM and KM resistance. The frequency of transfer of the resistance in overnight crosses was in the order of 10(-4) for CM, TC, SM, and SU and 10(-6) for AM or AM, and KM. The appearance of these strains resistant both to chloramphenicol and ampicillin was a cause for concern for the clinicians; fortunately, they have remained an infrequent cause of disease.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1996

Two or three days of ofloxacin treatment for uncomplicated multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in children.

An open randomized comparison of 2 days (Ofx2) versus 3 days (Ofx3) of oral ofloxacin treatment (15 mg/kg/day) was conducted with Vietnamese children between 1 and 15 years of age with suspected typhoid fever. Of 108 children enrolled, 100 were blood culture positive for Salmonella typhi, and 86% of the isolates were multidrug resistant. There were no significant adverse effects. The therapeutic responses were similar in both groups, with mean (+/- standard deviation) fever clearances of 107 +/- 60 h in the Ofx3 group and 100 +/- 64 h in the Ofx2 group (P > 0.2). There were six "clinical" failures in the Ofx2 group and two clinical failures in the Ofx3 group (P > 0.2), in which fever and symptoms persisted for more than 1 week after the start of treatment, but only one of these was culture positive (Ofx3). There was one suspected relapse, and one carrier was identified. Short courses of ofloxacin are simple, inexpensive, safe, and effective for the treatment of uncomplicated multidrug-resistant typhoid fever.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous ofloxacin in children with multidrug-resistant typhoid fever.

The pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous ofloxacin (7.5 mg.kg of body weight-1 given over 30 min) were studied in an open crossover study of 17 Vietnamese children, aged between 5 and 14 years, with acute uncomplicated typhoid fever. Following oral administration, the median (95% confidence interval [CI]) time to peak concentration of ofloxacin in serum (Cmax) was 1.7 h (1.4 to 1.9 h) and the mean (95% CI) Cmax was 5.5 mg.liter-1 (4.7 to 6.3 mg.liter-1) compared with a Cmax of 8.7 mg.liter-1 (7.6 to 9.7 mg.liter-1) following the intravenous infusion. The median (95% CI) total apparent volume of distribution following the first intravenous dose, 1.35 liter.kg-1 (1.17 to 1.73 liter.kg-1), was significantly larger than that following the second dose, 0.99 liter.kg-1 (0.86 to 1.17 liter.kg-1; P < 0.0005), although the estimates for systemic clearance were similar: 0.255 liter.kg-1 h-1 (0.147 to 0.325 liter.kg-1 h-1) compared with 0.172 liter.kg-1 h-1 (0.127 to 0.292 liter.kg-1 h-1; P = 0.14). The mean residence times (95% CI) following intravenous and oral administration were similar: 5.24 h (4.84 to 6.58 h) and 6.24 h (5.32 to 7.85 h), respectively. The mean (95% CI) oral bioavailability was 91% (74 to 109%). The peak concentrations in serum were 10 to 100 times higher than the maximum MICs for ofloxacin against multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhi isolated in this area. Although the systemic clearance values were higher than those reported previously for adults, these data overall suggest that weight-or area-adjusted dose regimens for the treatment of typhoid in older children should be the same as those for adults.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

Mechanism of therapeutic effectiveness of cefixime against typhoid fever.

beta-Lactams have been considered ineffective against organisms growing inside mammalian cells because of their poor penetration into cells. However, cefixime has been shown to be clinically effective against typhoid fever. The probable mechanism of therapeutic effectiveness of cefixime against typhoid fever was investigated using Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium instead of S. enterica serovar Typhi both in a cellular and in a mouse infection model. Cefixime was able to inhibit the growth of serovar Typhimurium inhabiting monocyte-derived THP-1 cells. Elongation of serovar Typhimurium in THP-1 cells was observed microscopically. Apparent morphological changes of serovar Typhimurium in THP-1 cells were also observed by electron microscopy. The concentration of cefixime inside THP-1 cells was almost half (46 to 48%) of the concentration outside the cells when serovar Typhimurium coexisted in the solution. The length of time after oral dosing (8 mg/kg) that cefixime was present-calculated from levels in serum-at a concentration above the MIC at which 90% of the serovar Typhi organisms inside human cells were inhibited was presumed to be more than 12 h. Cefixime also showed excellent activity in the mouse systemic and oral infection models based on infections caused by serovar Typhimurium. It is concluded that a fair amount of cefixime can enter mammalian cells and inhibit the growth of bacteria inside cells when the bacteria are sensitive enough to cefixime, as are serovars Typhimurium and Typhi.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Widal test in diagnosis of typhoid fever in Turkey.

We studied the value of the Widal tube agglutination test for the diagnosis of typhoid fever. The subjects were all adults >18 years of age and were divided into four groups: (i) 317 healthy blood donor controls, (ii) 31 bacteriologically confirmed patients with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, (iii) 21 patients with a clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever, and (iv) 41 febrile nontyphoid patients. Blood donor controls were screened with a slide agglutination test for the Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi O and H antigens, and positives were then tested with the Widal test. Acute- and convalescent-phase sera from patients in groups 2, 3, and 4 were obtained 7 to 10 days apart and tested by the Widal test. Using a cutoff of >or = 1/200 for the O antigen test performed on acute-phase serum gave a sensitivity of 52% and a specificity of 88% with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 76% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 71%. This increased to 90% sensitivity and specificity with a PPV of 88% and an NPV of 93% when the convalescent-phase serum was tested. We concluded that O and H agglutinin titers of > or = 1/200 are of diagnostic significance. The Widal test is easy, inexpensive, and relatively noninvasive. It can be of diagnostic value when blood cultures are not available or practical. The results must be interpreted cautiously because of the low sensitivity of the test. The Widal test done on convalescent-phase serum gave more-reliable results with higher specificity and sensitivity.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Comparative analysis of immunological responses to oral (Ty21a) and parenteral (TAB) typhoid vaccines.

The clinical and immunological responses to typhoid vaccination with parenteral (TAB) and oral (Ty21a) vaccines in two groups of 30 adult male subjects were studied. Parameters monitored included specific anti-Salmonella typhi cell-mediated immunity and total and specific antilipopolysaccharide fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) titers in Ty21a-vaccinated subjects. Peripheral blood lymphocytes antibacterial activity was significantly increased only in Ty21a-vaccinated subjects. Serum arming activity and results of human F(ab')2 anti-IgG and -IgA inhibition tests suggest antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity mediated by IgA in those vaccinated with Ty21a. Interestingly enough, the cells of TAB-vaccinated subjects were able to mediate IgG-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, as was observable from the results of blocking experiments. Moreover, total and specific antilipopolysaccharide fecal IgA levels were observed to be significantly increased with Ty21a, up to 8 months post-vaccination schedule. An early-onset, transitory increase in serum IgM rheumatoid factor was also found, exclusively in subjects treated with TAB, and was no longer detectable on day 240. Ty21a was well tolerated and free of side effects, whereas 65% of subjects administered TAB reported fever, headache, malaise, and local tenderness at the injection site. Our data show that the two typhoid vaccines induce different cell-mediated specific immune responses. The role of these responses in protection against Salmonella infection, however, requires further investigation.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1989

Immune response to the iron-deprivation-induced proteins of Salmonella typhi in typhoid fever.

Iron starvation conditions limited the growth of Salmonella typhi, as evidenced by an increase in the lag phase of a culture and a decrease in the number of bacteria reached in the stationary phase. The analysis of the outer membrane of bacteria grown under these conditions identified new protein components with apparent molecular weights of 83,000, 78,000, and 69,000. The extent of induction of these proteins was regulated by increased iron deprivation. Immunoblot analysis showed that the serum of patients with typhoid fever exhibited an immunoglobulin G response to these iron-deprivation-induced proteins. The results of bioassays and DNA-DNA hybridization experiments indicated that pathogenic strains of S. typhi produced enterochelin but not aerobactin. Immunodetection with an anti-FepA antiserum confirmed that one of the induced proteins is the S. typhi analog of the Escherichia coli fepA gene product. These studies suggest a role for iron uptake in the pathogenesis of typhoid fever and confirm the immunogenicity of some of the outer membrane proteins of this pathogen.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1969

Immunological response of three mouse strains to typhoid vaccine and Vi antigen.

Vi-agglutinin, active cutaneous anaphylaxis and protective responses (ed(50)) of three mouse strains (CFW, NIH, and Balb/cAnN) to acetone-inactivated typhoid vaccine and soluble Vi antigen were compared. Seven days after immunization with either typhoid vaccine or Vi antigen the three strains of mice differed with respect to Vi-antibody titers. Significant differences were observed in the protective responses. Each mouse strain was significantly better protected by the intraperitoneal than by subcutaneous route of immunization. Active cutaneous anaphylaxis was more pronounced in showing strain differences in response to Vi antigen. The serological responses to Vi antigen of the strains of mice did not correlate with their protective response.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of serological test kits for diagnosis of typhoid fever in the Philippines.

We evaluated four recent antibody-detection kits for typhoid fever by using 177 febrile patients from our hospital, in 75 of whom Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi grew. TUBEX performed best, achieving 94.7% sensitivity and 80.4% specificity. Typhidot, SD Bioline Typhoid, and Mega Salmonella were less specific and, in most cases, less sensitive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Restaurant-associated outbreak of typhoid fever in Maryland: identification of carrier facilitated by measurement of serum Vi antibodies.

Ten cases of typhoid fever occurred between 24 August and 1 September 1986 in the vicinity of Silver Spring, Md. Shrimp salad served in a fast-food restaurant was implicated as the source of infection. Stool cultures were obtained from 104 employees, and serum Vi antibodies were assayed in 97 of the employees. Salmonella typhi was isolated from stool cultures of an 18-year-old asymptomatic female employee, who was a food handler. A high level of Vi antibodies (79.0 micrograms/ml), measured by radioimmunoassay, was found in her serum. She had emigrated from an endemic area at the age of 14 years and had visited that endemic area 2 years previously. The causal relation between the carrier and the 10 cases of typhoid fever was confirmed by a common bacteriophage type, denoted "degraded Vi resembling O," in the S. typhi isolates. This phage type is rare in the western hemisphere but common in the endemic area from which the carrier had emigrated. The high level of Vi antibody in the asymptomatic carrier, in contrast to the lower levels in the convalescent- and postimmunization-phase sera, facilitated the identification of the source infection in this outbreak. This radioimmunoassay offers a rapid and standardized method for identifying carriers of S. typhi.

Adult↗