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The oldest series of human skeletons in the New World shows a high incidence of traumatic lesions during the early nomadic hunting and gathering phase, dental patterns which reflect the transition to an agricultural economy, some evidences of microevolution occurring in a local population, and one probable example of pre-Columbian syphilis.
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Cervical abrasion and some factors related to oral hygiene habits and periodontal health were investigated in 250 subjects aged 21-60 yr. The subjects were considered dentally aware since they had visited their dentist on a regular basis over the past several years. A high occurrence rate of cervical abrasion was noted with 85% of subjects exhibiting at least one superficial lesion. Manifest or deep lesions, although less common, were present in 22% of subjects. Both prevalence and severity increased with age. The severity expressed as the mean number of lesions was 7.3 for the total sample. It increased significantly with calculus index, frequency of periodontal pockets, and reduction of the alveolar bone height. No significant associations were observed between abrasion and oral hygiene factors. It is concluded that cervical abrasion, although most likely related to toothbrushing, may not be synonymous with periodontal health. Ineffective toothbrushing may not only fail to prevent disease but may also cause cervical abrasion.
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For 41 toothpastes available to European consumers in 1995, the cleaning efficacy was evaluated in comparison with abrasivity on dentin (RDA value). For cleaning power assessment, a modified pellicle cleaning ratio (PCR) measurement method was developed. The method is characterized by a five-day tea-staining procedure on bovine front teeth slabs on a rotating wheel, standardized brushing of the slabs in a V8 cross-brushing machine, and brightness measurement by a chromametric technique. All tested products were in accordance with the new DIN/ISO standard 11,609 for toothpastes in terms of dentin abrasivity. Not a single product exceeded an RDA value of 200. The majority of toothpastes (80%) had an RDA value below 100. Only three products surpassed the reference in cleaning power. Most products (73%) had a cleaning power (PCR value) between 20 and 80. The correlation between cleaning power and dentin abrasion was low (r = 0.66), which can be explained with the different influence on dentin and stains by factors like abrasive type, particle surface and size, as well as the chemical influence of other toothpaste ingredients. Some major trends could be shown on the basis of abrasive types. The ratio PCR to RDA was rather good in most silica-based toothpastes. A lower ratio was found in some products containing calcium carbonate or aluminum trihydrate as the only abrasive. The addition of other abrasives, such as polishing alumina, showed improved cleaning power. Some active ingredients, especially sequenstrants such as sodium tripolyphosphate or AHBP, also improve the PCR/RDA ratio by stain-dissolving action without being abrasive. The data for some special anti-stain products did not differ significantly from standard products. Compared with data measured in 1988, a general trend toward reduced abrasivity without loss of cleaning efficacy could be noticed on the European toothpaste market. This may be mostly due to the increased use of high-performance abrasives such as hydrated silica.
Oral-hygiene-related abrasion lesions usually occur in patients over 30 years of age. Although abrasions and idiopathic erosions are different regressive alterations of the teeth, the clinical diagnosis is not always evident. Abuse of oral-hygiene devices and abrasive dentifrices can cause dental and gingival abrasions, but their role in the etiology of these lesions should be established clearly before a precise diagnosis is made. This largely influences treatment implications and expectations. This article clarifies the definitions, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, and treatment of abrasions and similar clinical lesions.
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The aim of the study was to evaluate the abrasion resistance of eroded enamel brushed with experimental toothpastes and fluoride gels of varying buffering capacities. 50 Specimens were prepared from extracted human molars and cycled through three alternating de- and remineralizations including brushing abrasion in a brushing machine. Demineralization was accomplished by immersing the samples in 1% citric acid (5 min), remineralization occurred during immersing the samples in artificial saliva (1 min). Groups of ten samples were brushed with either one of the toothpaste (A-C) or one of the fluoridated gels (D-E). Toothpastes and gels were produced on the basis of elmex toothpaste or elmex-gelée (GABA International AG, Switzerland). Amount of titrable acid was defined as amount (mg) of 1 N KOH needed for neutralization of 1 g toothpaste or gel (A: 6 mg, B: 12 mg, C: 24 mg, D: 3.1 mg, E: 10 mg KOH). The following abrasion values (mean + S.D. [micron]) were obtained profilometrically: A: 6.76 +/- 2.05, B: 6.84 +/- 1.19, C: 8.28 +/- 2.89, D: 4.19 +/- 1.09 and E: 0.83 +/- 0.61. No significant difference in abrasion between the toothpastes was found. The fluoride gel with the higher buffering capacity (E) exhibited significantly less abrasion than the gel with the lower buffering capacity (D). It is concluded that in eroded enamel buffering capacity of the tested fluoridated toothpastes has no effect on abrasion, whereas use of fluoride gel with a higher buffering capacity leads to reduced abrasion values.