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PubMedDate not supplied

CAI: a strategy for retaining minority and academically disadvantaged students.

A computer assisted instruction (CAI) program was implemented as a teaching-learning strategy to retain students with academic deficiencies and increase their chances of being successful. The CAI programs were based on curriculum, course, and specific unit objectives. The CAI programs helped reduce the number of student failures in a medical-surgical nursing course which previously had a high attrition rate. The authors discuss the potential CAI has for assisting minority and disadvantaged students in successfully completing the baccalaureate nursing program.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enrichment for academic success: helping at-risk students.

Successful retention of at-risk nursing students is best accomplished through an organized system that addresses their individual needs in the areas of academic, cognitive, and self-enhancement skills. The cooperative endeavors of students, faculty, and administrators in the development of one such system, Enrichment for Academic Success, has resulted in a 95% retention rate among participants. The authors describe the incentive, development, implementation, and value of the system which can be adapted to any setting with adequate human and material resources.

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Student retention: policies and services to enhance persistence to graduation.

Nurse educators are concerned about retaining students as the nursing shortage plagues the healthcare system. The authors describe the academic services and policies of a prototype retention program to provide support to all nursing students in a baccalaureate program. Central to the program is the integration of students into the life of the institution. Services include orientation, tutoring, advisement, progress monitoring, achievement awards, and stress management. Policies relate to readmissions, individual study, and course repetition.

Counseling↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An evaluation of the nursing success program: reading comprehension, graduation rates, and diversity.

The Nursing Success Program was developed to enhance retention of baccalaureate nursing students. Reading comprehension scores are used to identify students who are at risk for failure and direct them into the retention program that addresses their skill deficits. To evaluate the program, the authors assessed reading comprehension, graduation rates, and ethnic diversity.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1998

HIV infection in disadvantaged out-of-school youth: prevalence for U.S. Job Corps entrants, 1990 through 1996.

To describe HIV infection prevalence and prevalence trends for disadvantaged out-of-school youth in the United States, we analyzed the HIV prevalence for and demographic characteristics of youth, aged 16 through 21 years, who entered the U.S. Job Corps from January 1990 through December 1996. Job Corps is a federally funded jobs training program for socially and economically disadvantaged out-of-school youth. All 357,443 entrants residing at Job Corps centers during their training were tested for HIV infection; 822 (2.3 per 1000) were HIV-positive. HIV prevalence was higher for women than for men (2.8 per 1000 versus 2.0 per 1000; relative risk [RR]=1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.2-1.6). Among racial/ethnic groups, prevalence was highest for African Americans (3.8 per 1000). Prevalence was higher for African American women (4.9 per 1000) than for any other gender and racial/ethnic group. From 1990 through 1996, standardized HIV prevalence-stratified by age, race/ethnicity, home region, population of home metropolitan statistical area, and year of entry--declined for women and for men: for women, from 4.1 per 1000 in 1990 to 2.1 per 1000 in 1996 (p=.001); and for men, from 2.8 per 1000 in 1990 to 1.4 per 1000 in 1996 (p=.001). These data suggest that HIV prevalence for disadvantaged out-of-school youth declined from 1990 through 1996. However, considering their youth, prevalence was still high, particularly for women and African Americans, most notably African American women. These data support the need for ongoing HIV prevention programs targeting such youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

School refusal and psychiatric disorders: a community study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between anxious school refusal and truancy and psychiatric disorders in a community sample of children and adolescents using a descriptive rather than etiological definition of school refusal. METHOD: Data from eight annual waves of structured psychiatric interviews with 9- to 16-year-olds and their parents from the Great Smoky Mountains Study were analyzed. RESULTS: Pure anxious school refusal was associated with depression (odds ratio [OR] = 13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.4, 42) and separation anxiety disorder (OR = 8.7, 95% CI 4.1, 19). Pure truancy was associated with oppositional defiant disorder (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.2, 4.2), conduct disorder (OR = 7.4, 95% CI 3.9, 14), and depression (OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.2, 56). Of mixed school refusers (children with both anxious school refusal and truancy), 88.2% had a psychiatric disorder. They had increased rates of both emotional and behavior disorders. Specific fears, sleep difficulties, somatic complaints, difficulties in peer relationships, and adverse psychosocial variables had different associations with the three types of school refusal. CONCLUSIONS: Anxious school refusal and truancy are distinct but not mutually exclusive and are significantly associated with psychopathology, as well as adverse experiences at home and school. Implications of these findings for assessment, identification, and intervention for school refusal are discussed.

Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorder↗
PubMed2003

Cannabis and educational achievement.

AIMS: To examine the relationship between cannabis use in adolescence/young adulthood and levels of educational attainment. DESIGN: Data were gathered over the course of a 25-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand children. MEASUREMENTS: Measures analysed included (a) frequency of cannabis use in adolescence and young adulthood (15-25 years); (b) levels of educational achievement to age 25 years; and (c) social, family and individual characteristics assessed prior to age 16. FINDINGS: Increasing cannabis use was associated with increasing risks of leaving school without qualifications, failure to enter university and failure to obtain a university degree. The association between cannabis use and leaving school without qualifications persisted after control for confounding factors. When due allowance was made for pre-existing levels of cannabis use there was no evidence to suggest the presence of reverse causal pathways in which lower educational achievement led to increased cannabis use. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the view that cannabis use may act to decrease educational achievement in young people. It is likely that this reflects the effects of the social context within which cannabis is used rather than any direct effect of cannabis on cognitive ability or motivation.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A new leisure class. The effect of training in leisure-time occupations on ESN(S) school leavers.

Many mentally handicapped teenagers may be faced with prolonged periods of leisure but few have been educated for a life of leisure. Reference is made to survey data on ESN(S) school leavers to illustrate some of the obstacles standing in the way of their constructive use of leisure time. A small scale intervention study is described involving a group of ESN(S) teenagers which resulted in their increased social interaction and activity levels in free choice periods at school and at home.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Attitudes and beliefs versus study results: exemplified by attrition in a school of nursing in Israel during 1968-1974.

Head nurses and faculty members have their own beliefs on and attitudes towards the process of selecting candidates to schools of nursing. Many times these are based on impressions and/or everyday experiences that might have a crucial influence on perception of the issue. These impressions are not always verified when a study is conducted. This article reports on some of the issues and findings regarding attrition in one school for registered nurses in Israel during the years 1968-1974. It also describes what head nurses and faculty members thought to be valid criteria in the selection process, though findings revealed that things are not always as they are believed to be. For example, psychological tester recommendations were thought to be crucial in selecting candidates and preventing attrition, but no significant correlation was found between the recommendations and attrition. Head nurses thought that the main reason for attrition was dissatisfaction, although this was not found to be a stated reason. This belief of the head nurses should evidently be investigated. Findings support the author's belief that local studies are important and that faculty members and head nurses should communicate on the issue of student nurse selection and education.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1980

Representation of racial minority students in selected Canadian university schools of nursing.

Several studies have suggested that the problem of inequality in educational opportunity for minority students, manifested by under-representation, prevails in American higher education. Under-representation of minority groups in schools of nursing is not an unusual problem. The dearth of information on representation of ethnic minorities in baccalaureate programmes in Canada provided the impetus for the investigators to conduct this study to: (1) explore the racial and ethnic composition of the student population in selected Canadian University Schools of Nursing; (2) determine the total number of withdrawals and graduations; and (3) establish baseline data for a follow-up study. This study was exploratory in nature. A questionnaire was designed to elicit information on enrollment, admission, withdrawal and graduation of six ethnic minority groups in the 5 year period, 1974-1978. Out of 18 schools surveyed, nine schools responded with the requested statistical information. Findings of this study supported findings of other research studies conducted in the United States in that the ethnic minorities were under-represented, and their academic survival rates were low. Statistics presented in this study should not be interpreted as conclusive. Many questions crucial to exploring and understanding the pattern of representation of racial and ethnic minority nursing students are still unanswered. A better designed, long-term study is needed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1995

Unemployment and mental health.

The literature review has been carried out to examine current evidence linking mental health and unemployment. The research reviewed in this paper covers a wide range of academic disciplines spanning epidemiological medical research to more descriptive papers from social policy and geography, and while international material is included, the work concentrates on British literature. The paper examines published accounts of the relationship between mental health, suicidal behaviour and employment giving special attention to the influence of the variables, age and gender, on the experience of unemployment. All the literature reviewed suggests a link between unemployment and mental health problems. However, the direction of this link, that is whether unemployment is the cause of poor mental health or the result of poor mental health, is not clear. This paper will be of interest to a wide range of community health professionals, especially those working in areas affected by unemployment or mental health professionals working with individuals who recently have been made redundant.

Female↗
PubMed1975

How should we select? - A sociologist's VIEW.

The implications of recent studies of the selection process for entry to medical school are discussed. It is argued that there are two types of factors that need to be considered in selection; first, those that are essentially concerned with policy decisions in relation to entry, e.g. sex or nationality; and, second, those that are to do with individual characteristics. In relation to this second group, once minimal criteria are satisfied, random choice seems as fair as any method of selection, as a means of choosing among applicants: none appears to be sufficiently predictive of performance to be suitable as a means for selection in themselves.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1993

Selection of Auckland medical students over 25 years: a time for change?

The selection procedures used in Auckland have been reviewed, and the characteristics of those admitted over 25 years analysed. Students are admitted either as school-leavers, mature entrants, or through an affirmative action scheme. A further small number are admitted as part of overseas development assistance. School-leavers are invited for interview on the basis of their academic achievement. Mature students and the affirmative group must have a minimum acceptable academic standard, with the interview playing a dominant role. Two thousand four hundred and forty-eight students have been admitted. The mean age was 18.6 years, and 39.7% were women. Over one half of the students had a parent who had attended university and 13% had a medical parent. One in ten students failed to complete the course, academic failure and withdrawal being of equal importance. The high loss seen in the affirmative group was due to academic failure and has led to the introduction of extra tuition and support for these students. The emphasis on academic achievement by school-leavers has excluded many applicants with outstanding personal qualities. The academic staff has therefore decided to modify the selection procedure, the final rank order of these applicants being based on their personal attributes and life experiences.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗