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PubMedDate not supplied

Sperm mitochondrial mutations as a cause of low sperm motility.

We report the unique case of a 28-year-old man who, in spite of having a varicocele and a sperm concentration of 5 million/mL, of which 10% were motile and 20% had normal forms (oligoasthenoteratozoospermia [OAT]), was fertile. This was confirmed by paternity testing using 16 autosomal and 6 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci. An analysis of mitochondrial genes that included cytochrome oxidase I (COI), cytochrome oxidase II (COII), adenosine triphosphate synthase6 (ATPase6), ATPase8, transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) serine I, tRNA lysine, and NADH dehydrogenase3 (ND3) revealed, for the first time, 9 missense and 27 silent mutations in the sperm's mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) but not in the DNA from the blood cells. There was a 2-nucleotide deletion in the mitochondrial COII genes, introducing a stop codon, which might be responsible for low sperm motility.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Is sperm motility maturation affected by static magnetic fields?

Kinematic parameters were evaluated in mouse epididymal extracts to monitor maturation of sperm movement in animals exposed to static magnetic fields using the Sperm-Class Analyzer computerized image analysis system. For this purpose, animals were exposed to a field of 0.7 T generated by a permanent magnet over 10 or 35 days for either 1 or 24 hr/day. The values of the motion endpoints were similar in animals used as controls and in those exposed to the nonionizing radiation, whatever the period of exposure or daily dosage. Changes in motility were observed in all groups: the percentage of total motile and progressive motile spermatozoa increased during passage through the epididymis, with major changes between the caput and corpus epididymides, and the pattern of swimming changed clearly towards more rapid and straighter trajectories. The processes of initiation of sperm motility and maturation of displacement patterns were not then affected by magnetic treatment. Moreover, it appears that sperm production is unaffected because no changes were observed in testicular or epididymal weights after exposure to static magnetic fields.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The presence of a C1-inhibitor-like molecule (C1-INH-L) on human sperm: its involvement in sperm motility.

PROBLEM: An 88-92-kDa C1-inhibitor-like molecule (C1-INH-L) was previously identified to elicit cytotoxic sperm antibody response in infertile men and women. Here, we document that it is present on the human sperm surface and could be detected by an enzyme-labeled immunoglobulin G (IgG) fraction of anti-human C1-INH antibody. METHOD OF STUDY: Western blot analysis, enzyme-lined immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) and computerized sperm motion analysis. RESULTS: The existence of C1-INH-L on the sperm surface is calcium independent. Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PIPLC), EDTA, and acid (pH 3.0) could not remove the C1-INH-L from sperm, but trypsin did. Activated C1s was able to bind to the sperm surface. Immunofluorescence studies localized the protein to the head and midpiece of the sperm membrane. The C1-INH-L exists on both uncapacitated and capacitated sperm surfaces, which suggests that this protein is a sperm-surface protein. The heat-treated (56 degrees C, 30 min) IgG fraction of anti-C1-INH greatly reduced the percentage of motile spermatozoa and the progressive and path velocities in the absence of complement. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that C1-INH is a sperm membrane-anchored protein that may have complement and sperm motility regulatory function.

Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins↗
PubMed1990

Modulation of mammalian sperm motility by quercetin.

The flavonoid quercetin inhibits collective motility of ejaculated ram spermatozoa in the first 2 hr of incubation; during the next 3-4 hr motility is stimulated. To explain this interesting effect, we followed the influence of quercetin on sperm glycolysis, extracellular pH, ATP content, mitochondrial respiration, and lipid peroxidation. The collective motility of untreated cells is decreased to about 40% of the original motility during two hours of incubation. During this time, the rate of glycolysis is constant, respiration rate is increasing, there is no change in ATP content, the rate of lipid peroxidation is very slow, and the extracellular pH became very acidic (pH 5.5). It is concluded that motility is decreased due to this acidification. This acidification is prevented to some extent by quercetin, which indirectly inhibits glycolysis. Quercetin inhibits motility due to the inhibition of the plasma membrane calcium pump, as we showed previously (Breitbart et al., J Biol Chem 260:11548-11553, 1985). The motility of untreated cells is arrested after 3.5 hr of incubation, whereas quercetin-treated cells show high motility, which continues for additional 2-3 hr. After 3.5 hr, the control cells show no glycolytic activity, ATP content and respiration rates are decreased, and rate of lipid peroxidation is highly increased. At this time, quercetin-treated cells show no glycolytic activity, only a small decrease in ATP content and respiratory rate, and a very low rate of lipid peroxidation. Based on these data it is concluded that sperm motility after 3.5 hr of incubation is dependent mainly on mitochondrial respiration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1987

Evaluation of cellulose acetate/nitrate filters for the study of stallion sperm motility.

Stallion semen was diluted in a Hepes-supplemented buffer (CM) (10(6) spermatozoa/ml) and placed in the upper well of a Sykes-Moore chemotaxis chamber. Chambers were incubated in a humidified atmosphere (5% CO2 in air) at 37 degrees C for 1 and 2 h and spermatozoa were allowed to swim through filters with a mean pore size of 3,5 or 8 micron. Spermatozoa entered filters of all three pore sizes. Distance travelled was greater for each increase in pore size (P less than 0.01) but did not differ (P greater than 0.05) between 1 and 2h of incubation. Extended semen from stallions of different fertility was analysed for the minimal concentration of spermatozoa needed to enter filters with a 3 micron pore size. Sperm progression into the filter reflected the motility of the ejaculate. Assuming that sperm motility is a good indicator of fertility, this method may be useful for estimating the fertility of a stallion. Progression of spermatozoa into filters with a pore size of 3 micron was hampered by supernatants from overnight cultures of Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Enterobacter aerogenes. Motility decreased after 2h of incubation in supernatant from S. zooepidemicus diluted 1:5 and E. aerogenes supernatant diluted 1:5 and 1:10 in culture medium. In contrast, the bacterial supernatants were chemokinetic to horse neutrophils and did not affect their viability.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Human semen prostaglandins do not affect sperm motility and migration.

Prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF2 alpha and testosterone (T) concentrations were determined in the seminal plasma of 57 fertility-clinic patients. Results (mean less than SE) were: PGE2, 3.44 +/- 0.38 mu/ml; PGF2 alpha, 138 +/- 0.33 micrograms/ml; T, 429.54 +/- 14.01 pg/ml. The material was divided into 4 groups: normospermic, oligozoospermic, asthenozoospermic and azoospermic. No statistically significant differences were found among the values of the different groups, except for PGE2, which was found to be increased in the asthenozoospermic group. Sperm migration patterns were assessed in each semen sample, using the Kremer capillary tube test and human cervical mucus. Considering each semen sample individually, no correlations whatever were found among sperm count, motility and migration parameters and the respective concentrations of both PGs and T, nor was there a correlation among PGE2, PGF2 alpha, and T values of the same sample.

Dinoprost↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison between a conventional index of progressive sperm motility and movement variables analysed by CellSoft.

Two different techniques of human sperm motion analysis were compared. In 25 ejaculates, diluted to an appropriate concentration, the sperm motion index called "specific progressive motility" (SPM) was assessed by a modified conventional method. The same sperm preparations were also analysed by the CellSoft system for computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA). The SPM-value was found to correspond mainly to the variables motility and curvilinear velocity presented by CASA (multiple r = 0.92, P less than 0.001). Linearity of sperm progression, lateral head displacement, and beat cross frequency did not significantly contribute to the relationship between SPM and CASA. For comparative studies between SPM and CASA the logarithmic values of SPM are recommended.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed1984

Inhibition of bovine spermatozoa by caudal epididymal fluid: I. Studies of a sperm motility quiescence factor.

Spermatozoa from all portions of the bovine epididymis are essentially quiescent when examined in vitro without dilution. However, sperm from the caudal epididymis, particularly the distal portion, develop full motility when they are diluted into seminal plasma or simple isotonic buffers. Dilution of the sperm into neat cauda epididymal fluid (CE fluid) does not result in the initiation of motility. The initiation of motility upon dilution into buffers is complete within 10-20 min, while the inhibition induced by CE fluid is nearly instantaneous. CE fluid concentration, but not sperm concentration, controls sperm motility. Therefore, an inhibitory component of this fluid, but not sperm-sperm interactions, is responsible for the inhibition. CE sperm, which have been diluted into isotonic buffers and are consequently motile, become quiescent when resuspended in CE fluid; thus, this process is fully reversible. No elevations in sperm cyclic AMP levels can be detected concomitant with the induction of motility but high concentrations of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors can overcome the quiescence induced by CE fluid. The inhibitors of CE sperm motility reported for other species, e.g., the high-viscosity mucin, immobilin ; carnitine; calcium; or glycerylphosphorylcholine , do not appear to be of importance in the bovine caudal epididymis. The quiescence produced by bovine CE fluid is strongly dependent upon the extracellular pH; i.e., motility is inhibited at pH 5.5 but not at pH 7.6.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed2003

Hyperactivated sperm motility driven by CatSper2 is required for fertilization.

Elevations of sperm Ca2+ seem to be responsible for an asymmetric form of motility called hyperactivation, which is first seen near the time of fertilization. The mechanism by which intracellular Ca2+ concentrations increase remains unknown despite considerable investigation. Although several prototypical voltage-gated calcium channels are present in spermatozoa, they are not essential for motility. Furthermore, the forward velocity and percentage of motility of spermatozoa are associated with infertility, but their importance relative to hyperactivation also remains unknown. We show here that disruption of the gene for a recently described sperm-specific voltage-gated cation channel, CatSper2, fails to significantly alter sperm production, protein tyrosine phosphorylation that is associated with capacitation, induction of the acrosome reaction, forward velocity, or percentage of motility, yet CatSper2-/- males are completely infertile. The defect that we identify in the null sperm cells is a failure to acquire hyperactivated motility, which seems to render spermatozoa incapable of generating the "power" needed for penetration of the extracellular matrix of the egg. A loss of power is suggested also by experiments in which the viscosity of the medium was increased after incubation of spermatozoa in normal capacitating conditions. In high-viscosity medium, CatSper2-null spermatozoa lost the ability to swim forward, whereas wild-type cells continued to move forward. Thus, CatSper2 is responsible for driving hyperactivated motility, and, even with typical sperm forward velocities, fertilization is not possible in the absence of this highly active form of motility.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Forskolin stimulates bovine epididymal sperm motility and cyclic AMP levels.

Forskolin, a diterpene, has been reported to reversibly stimulate adenylate cyclase from a number of mammalian tissues. Adenylate cyclase preparations derived from sperm are reported to be both deficient in the guanine nucleotide subunit and insensitive to forskolin. Despite the latter observation, we report here that forskolin elevates cAMP levels in immature caput sperm, and initiates motility in the presence of "permissive" agents such as bicarbonate, procaine and dibucaine. In mature caudal sperm forskolin stimulates motility in a concentration dependent manner in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX but elevates cAMP levels only briefly before nucleotide levels return to control values. In addition, forskolin stimulates adenylate cyclase activity associated with plasma membrane preparations of caput sperm but not caudal sperm. This differential action of forskolin on these cell types could provide a basis for understanding the regulation of adenylate cyclase in both immature and mature bovine sperm.

1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine↗
PubMed1989

Effect of washing and capacitating media pH on bull sperm motility, acrosome integrity, and ability to penetrate zona-free hamster oocytes.

Bovine-ejaculated sperm were washed thrice in bovine serum albumin-saline media, pH 7.2 to 8.4, and incubated at 37 degrees C in Ca++-free Tyrode's media. pH 7.2 to 8.4, for 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. Motility was highest when sperm were washed in pH 7.2 medium and incubated in pH 8.0 or 8.4 media. Motility remained above 50% until 8 h. Washing in pH 7.6, 8.0, or 8.4 media induced more acrosome reactions after incubation than washing at pH 7.2. Percentage of acrosome-reacted sperm increased at each successive time period. Sperm penetrated more oocytes at 4, 6, and 8 h when wash medium pH was fixed at 7.2 and capacitating media pH was raised at .4 unit increments from 7.2 to 8.4. When sperm were washed in pH 7.2 medium, the postincubation penetration rates peaked at 8 h. With wash media of pH 7.6, 8.0, or 8.4, the postincubation penetration rates peaked at 4 h and then gradually declined. In conclusion, the most effective system for capacitating bull sperm was a pH 7.6 wash followed by capacitation in pH 7.6 medium for 4 to 8 h and this system resulted in the highest penetration rates. Wash media pH hastened capacitation but was not a capacitating agent.

Acrosome↗
PubMed2006

Recovery of human sperm motility and ability to interact with the human zona pellucida after more than 28 years of storage in liquid nitrogen.

Six donor semen samples were evaluated after 28 years cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen. The results showed that the samples retained good postthaw motility recovery and normal levels of binding to the human zona pellucida and that four of the five samples tested also gave normal levels of zona-induced acrosome reaction. In conclusion, human sperm can survive very long-term storage, which is pertinent information for clinicians referring boys and young men for sperm banking before chemotherapy.

Cells, Cultured↗