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PubMed1990

The activity in vitro of trospectomycin sulphate (U-63366F) against aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci.

Trospectomycin (U-63366F), a 6'-propyl analogue of spectinomycin, was tested against aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci. The MIC90 for Enterococcus faecalis was 4 mg/l and that for E. faecium was 8 mg/l. Trospectomycin alone was not bactericidal for enterococci, with MBC90 4096 mg/l for both E. faecalis and E. faecium. The addition of commercially available polyvalent immunoglobulin decreased significantly both the MICs and the MBCs and the rendered trospectomycin bactericidal for enterococci. Chequerboard titration of a combination of trospectomycin with ampicillin revealed an FIC index of 1.0 for all the isolates tested. Time-kill curves also did not show any enhancement of bactericidal activity of ampicillin when combined with trospectomycin. A combination of ampicillin and gentamicin was synergistic for enterococci under similar experimental conditions. Trospectomycin can be used as a safe alternative to aminoglycosides or beta-lactam antibiotics in enterococcal infection where bactericidal activity is not required, or in the event of serious side effects from these two classes of antibiotics.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1998

Can susceptibility to an antimicrobial be restored by halting its use? The case of streptomycin versus Enterobacteriaceae.

To test the widespread view that resistance disappears in the absence of antimicrobial use, we tested streptomycin against 477 Enterobacteriaceae from the Royal London Hospital. Twenty per cent proved resistant although streptomycin is little used at the hospital and streptomycin resistance in gram-negative bacteria is caused by mechanisms that do not compromise the drugs that are used. Up to 70% of the observed resistance was associated with cross-resistance to spectinomycin and the presence of ant(3")-Ia, an integron-associated gene carried in Tn21-type transposons. This genetic organization may have conserved streptomycin resistance in the absence of direct selection pressure.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

Two new gene cassettes, dfr17 (for trimethoprim resistance) and aadA4 (for spectinomycin/streptomycin resistance), inserted in an Escherichia coli class 1 integron.

Two new gene cassettes, dfr17 and aadA4, inserted in a class 1 integron of Escherichia coli EC107, are described here. The dfr17 cassette encodes trimethoprim resistance and has 91% identity with the dfrVII dihydrofolate reductase gene. The aadA4 cassette confers resistance to spectinomycin and streptomycin and shows 94% identity with the aadA3 gene. The integron carrying the dfr17 and aadA4 cassettes was located on a conjugative plasmid, pEC1072.

DNA Transposable Elements↗
PubMed1985

Nucleotide sequence of the transposon Tn7 gene encoding an aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme, 3"(9)-O-nucleotidyltransferase.

The nucleotide sequence of a transposon Tn7 DNA fragment encoding a 3"(9)-O-nucleotidyltransferase, an aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme, which mediates bacterial resistance to spectinomycin and streptomycin, was determined. The aadA structural gene was 786 bases long and predicted a polypeptide of 262 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 29,207. Comparison of the DNA sequences of Tn7 and plasmid R538-1 indicated that their aadA genes were nearly identical. Comparison of the polypeptides predicted by the aadA genes of Tn7 and Tn554 indicated that the genes were related.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Screening of Salmonella isolates from a turkey production facility for antibiotic resistance.

An ecological survey was conducted from April 1997 to June 1999 on four turkey flocks (F1 to F4). Turkey cecal contents, litter, waterers, feed, feeders, and environmental swabs were analyzed. Presence of Salmonella was determined using conventional microbiological screening techniques and confirmed by serology. Positive isolates were serotyped and screened for antibiotic resistance. From a total of 69 Salmonella isolates 25% were resistant to one or more antibiotics including gentamicin (G), spectinomycin (SP), streptomycin (S), tetracycline (T), tobramycin (TO), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Isolates included 45 S. heidelberg, 13 S. senftenberg, 7 S. muenster, 2 S. anatum, and 2 S. worthington. Resistance to antibiotic(s) was highest among waterer isolates (55%) followed by environmental swabs (43%), feeder content samples (33%), turkey cecal contents (26%), and litter samples (5%). Frequencies of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella in F1, F2, and F4 were 27, 13, and 40%, respectively. Salmonella was undetected in F3. In F1, S. heidelberg from cecal content and waterer samples was resistant to G, SP, S, and T, whereas S. anatum from waterer samples was resistant to T and S. In F2, S. worthington from litter and feeder content samples was resistant to T, and in F4, S. muenster from environmental swabs was resistant to TO, S, SP, and G. Identifying preharvest sources and characterizing serotype and antibiotic-resistance profile can assist poultry producers and integrators in tracking movement of Salmonella on turkey farms.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Agar dilution method for determination of antibiotic susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum.

The agar dilution method was adapted for use in determining antibiotic sensitivities of clinical isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum. The reproducibility of end points (minimal inhibitory concentrations) for tetracycline was excellent within one dilution; however, for spectinomycin and erythromycin end points increased 2-fold between 3 and 4 days of incubation. When incubation times were held constant for these antibiotics the method was reproducible within two dilutions (4-fold). The use of a Steers' replicator permitted many strains to be tested. Although it is recognized that ureaplasmas present unique problems among mycoplasmas because of their small colony size, suitable developmental studies will make agar dilution an important method for determining antibiotic susceptibilities of ureaplasmas.

Culture Media↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharyngeal infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

During 1978, 156 patients were treated for pharyngeal infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae; 115 (74%) returned for a posttreatment culture. Aqueous procaine penicillin G (4.8 X 10(6) units) given im with (19 patients) or without (64 patients) orally administered ampicillin for four days was successful therapy in 86% of instances. All seven patients who received tetracycline hydrochloride orally for five days had negative posttreatment cultures, as did nine of 12 patients who received 2.0 g (four patients) or 4.0 g (eight patients) of spectinomycin hydrochloride, im. Concurrent anogenital infection with N. gonorrhoeae was documented for about 60% of the patients, and, with one exception, was eradicated by these treatment schedules.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Single-dose treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea in men with intramuscular and oral thiamphenicol.

Each of 200 men with uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis was randomly assigned to a group receiving one of two therapeutic regimens. Group A received 2 g of spectinomycin intramuscularly. Group B received 2.5 g of thiamphenicol, with 500 mg administered intramuscularly just after oral administration of 2 g. Of the 89 patients in group A who completed the study, 32 were infected with penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 49 with non-penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae, and eight with gonococcal strains not tested for penicillinase production. Infection was cured in all 89 patients. Of the 91 patients in group B who completed the study, 33 were infected with penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae, 54 with non-penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae, and four with gonococcal strains not tested for penicillinase production. Infection was cured in 86 (94.5%) of the 91 patients. Thus, the single-dose regimen of thiamphenicol was effective against uncomplicated infections caused by either penicillinase-producing or non-penicillinase-producing strains of N. gonorrhoeae.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Postmeningococcal urethritis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis: a case report.

The authors describe a case of meningococcal urethritis that was followed, after treatment with spectinomycin, by development of urethritis due to Chlamydia trachomatis. This case report emphasizes the need for thorough differentiation of species of Neisseria and of direct microbiologic diagnosis of chlamydial infection in laboratories.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anorectal gonorrhea in women. Is it more difficult to cure?

It is unclear whether anorectal gonorrhea in women is more difficult to cure than endocervical gonorrhea or whether anorectal test-of-cure cultures are always indicated. Using endocervical and anorectal test-of-cure cultures, the authors evaluated 1,124 women treated for culture-positive endocervical gonorrhea with a recommended regimen of ampicillin (n = 868), procaine penicillin G (n = 78), spectinomycin (n = 45), or tetracycline (n = 133). There were 35 failures (3.1%) among women with anogenital gonorrhea, including 11 (1.0%) among those with anorectal infection. Only eight failures (0.7%) were detected by anorectal culture alone. Although anorectal isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae obtained before treatment from women were significantly (P less than .05) less susceptible to tetracycline than were endocervical isolates (geometric mean MIC, 0.35 micrograms/ml vs. 0.21 micrograms/ml), there were no failures of treatment of anorectal infection when tetracycline was used. The authors conclude that anorectal infection in women is not more difficult to treat than endocervical infection. Because of the very high cost-per-case ratio, anorectal test-of-cure cultures in women should be accorded a low priority in a gonorrhea control program.

Ampicillin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gonorrheal keratoconjunctivitis in African adults.

We describe six cases of keratoconjunctivitis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in adults. All strains tested were penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG), and we conclude that the rising incidence of corneal involvement, a classic complication in the pre-antibiotic era, is due to ineffective treatment with penicillin. Indeed, the progression of the ocular lesions was stopped and microbiologic cure was obtained in all our patients after treatment with either spectinomycin or cefotaxime. These results demonstrate that early and effective treatment of adult gonococcal conjunctivitis is mandatory to avoid potentially blinding complications such as corneal ulceration and perforation of the eye.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns of antibiotic susceptibility of gonococci isolated in Hong Kong, 1987-1990.

Among the 14,528 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from the Government Social Hygiene Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Clinics in Hong Kong between 1987 and 1990, there has been a trend toward a decrease in the percentage of penicillin resistant strains in both penicillinase-producing and nonpenicillinase producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG and non-PPNG) and an increase in moderate resistant strains, whereas the proportion of sensitive strains has remained stable, except for a small increase in 1990. Presently, PPNG still accounts for 31% of all isolates. In early 1991, 100 consecutive isolates were tested for minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against 6 commonly used antibiotics. Although ofloxacin has been used as the first-line treatment for gonorrhea for the last 5 years, there is still no sign of in vitro resistance. Two isolates with high-level tetracycline resistance (MIC greater than 16 mg/l) were detected that have not been seen before. Sensitivity to spectinomycin, cefuroxime, and ceftriaxone has also been maintained, and these drugs can probably be recommended as alternative treatments in noncompliant cases. Analysis of location of contact shows an increasing proportion of cases of gonorrhea from overseas, particularly from parts of China. Comparison with the limited information published in the region shows that the population sampled can be very heterogeneous. With the continued flux of international travel, one should be extremely careful when trying to get an accurate assessment of epidemiologic data.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Kingston, Jamaica: 1990-1991.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Gonococcal infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae have spread into many geographic areas and have increased in prevalence since the mid 1970s. Surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant gonococcal strains of Jamaica from 1981 to 1983 indicated that fewer than 3% of strains of produced beta-lactamase (penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae); approximately 4% of strains were resistant to penicillin, and 12% were resistant to tetracycline. GOAL OF THIS STUDY: To measure the frequency and nature of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Kingston, Jamaica, from 1990 to 1991 and to assess the effectiveness of prescribed treatment regimens. STUDY DESIGN: Urethral isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from 116 heterosexual men with uncomplicated gonorrhea, representing 7.1% (116/1633) men attending the STD Comprehensive Health Centre from October 1990 through March 1991 who had positive Gram-stained smears, were characterized by auxotype, serovar, presence of the TetM determinant, and plasmid content. Antimicrobial susceptibilities to penicillin, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and spectinomycin were determined by an agar dilution method. RESULTS: A total of 80.2% (93/116) of the isolates exhibited plasmid-mediated resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, or both: penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (13/116; 11.2%), tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (25/116; 21.6%), and penicillinase-producing/tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, (55/116;47.4%). Isolates with chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, or both, accounted for 5.2% (6/116) of the isolates. Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae, tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and penicillinase-producing/tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae belonging to multiple auxotype/serovar classes were isolated repeatedly through the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae exhibiting plasmid-mediated resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, or both, have become prevalent and endemic in Kingston, Jamaica. Therefore, all gonococcal infections should be treated with antimicrobial therapies known to be active against penicillin-resistant and tetracycline-resistant organisms to reduce gonorrhea transmission.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1977

Antimicrobial resistance and R factors in Salmonella isolated from humans and animals in Georgia and South Carolina.

Three hundred and five strains of Salmonella isolated from humans and 152 strains isolated from animals in Georgia and South Carolina during 1973 were examined for resistance to 14 antimicrobial agents. S typhimurium was the most frequently isolated serotype (30% of human isolates and 13% of animal isolates). The overall incidence of antimicrobial resistance was 16% in human starins and 21% in animal strains. The most commonly found resistance were to streptomycin (11% in human strains and 16% in animal strains) and tetracycline (10% in both human and animal isolates). A higher prevalence of resistance to streptomycin, spectinomycin, and nitrofurantoin, which are currently used primarily in veterinary medicine, was found in animal Salmonella. Conversely, resistance to ampicillin, cephalothin, and kanamycin, which are used mainly in human medicine, was found more frequently in human Salmonella. No resistance to nalidixic acid, gentamicin, tobramycin, rifampin, or trimethoprim was detected. Sixty-five percent of resistant strains from humans and 60% of resistant strains from animals transferred their resistance patterns partially or in toto.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed2000

Evolution of chloramphenicol resistance, with emergence of cross-resistance to florfenicol, in bovine Salmonella Typhimurium strains implicates definitive phage type (DT) 104.

The prevalence of resistance to florfenicol, a phenicol drug newly introduced in veterinary therapy, was determined in 86 chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from cattle collected during 1985-1995. All were highly resistant to chloramphenicol (MICs > or = 128 mg/L) and 38 were simultaneously resistant to florfenicol (MICs >16 mg/L) and to beta-lactam agents, spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracyclines. The isolates susceptible to florfenicol harboured the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene, cat of type I. All the florfenicol-resistant isolates harboured the floR resistance gene and the characteristic multiple resistance genetic locus, previously characterised in a S. Typhimurium DT104 strain and identified by a multiplex PCR. Plasmid profiles and ribotype patterns were determined for all the isolates. The florfenicol-resistant isolates were grouped into the same ribotyping pattern and presented similar plasmid profiles, whereas the florfenicol-susceptible isolates showed a wider genetic diversity that is usual for S. Typhimurium. Thus, the florfenicol-resistant isolates could represent a clonal cluster, closely related to, if not of DT104 phage type, which appeared in 1989 and is now predominant within chloramphenicol-resistant S. Typhimurium. The multiplex PCR provided a useful tool to survey further evolution of multiresistant S. Typhimurium strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

A transmissible plasmid determining lactose fermentation and multiple antibiotic resistance in a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

In a wild strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae the plasmid that determined lactose fermentation also determined resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, tetracyclines, streptomycin, spectinomycin, and sulphonamides. The plasmid transferred at a very low rate to Escherichia coli K12 and Salmonella typhi. By implanting other transfer factors in the strain the rate of transfer and the recipient range were increased. Plasmid transfer from the modified strain to Salm. typhimurium and Salm. gallinarum was detected in the alimentary tract of experimentally infected chicks fed diets containing ampicillin.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed2004

Hypermutable Haemophilus influenzae with mutations in mutS are found in cystic fibrosis sputum.

Hypermutable bacterial pathogens exist at surprisingly high prevalence and benefit bacterial populations by promoting adaptation to selective environments, including resistance to antibiotics. Five hundred Haemophilus influenzae isolates were screened for an increased frequency of mutation to resistance to rifampicin, nalidixic acid and spectinomycin: of the 14 hypermutable isolates identified, 12 were isolated from cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum. Analysis by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR and ribotyping identified eight distinct genetic fingerprints. The hypermutable phenotype of seven of the eight unique isolates was associated with polymorphisms in conserved sites of mutS. Four of the mutant mutS alleles were cloned and failed to complement the mutator phenotype of a mutS : : TSTE mutant of H. influenzae strain Rd KW20. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the hypermutators identified one beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant (BLNAR) isolate with two isolates producing beta-lactamase. Six isolates from the same patient with CF, with the same genetic fingerprint, were clonal by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). In this clone, there was an evolution to higher MIC values for the antibiotics administered to the patient during the period in which the strains were isolated. Hypermutable H. influenzae with mutations in mutS are prevalent, particularly in the CF lung environment, and may be selected for and maintained by antibiotic pressure.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2004

Antibiotic multiresistance plasmid pRSB101 isolated from a wastewater treatment plant is related to plasmids residing in phytopathogenic bacteria and carries eight different resistance determinants including a multidrug transport system.

Ten different antibiotic resistance plasmids conferring high-level erythromycin resistance were isolated from an activated sludge bacterial community of a wastewater treatment plant by applying a transformation-based approach. One of these plasmids, designated pRSB101, mediates resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, roxythromycin, sulfonamides, cephalosporins, spectinomycin, streptomycin, trimethoprim, nalidixic acid and low concentrations of norfloxacin. Plasmid pRSB101 was completely sequenced and annotated. Its size is 47 829 bp. Conserved synteny exists between the pRSB101 replication/partition (rep/par) module and the pXAC33-replicon from the phytopathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. The second pRSB101 backbone module encodes a three-Mob-protein type mobilization (mob) system with homology to that of IncQ-like plasmids. Plasmid pRSB101 is mobilizable with the help of the IncP-1alpha plasmid RP4 providing transfer functions in trans. A 20 kb resistance region on pRSB101 is located within an integron-containing Tn402-like transposon. The variable region of the class 1 integron carries the genes dhfr1 for a dihydrofolate reductase, aadA2 for a spectinomycin/streptomycin adenylyltransferase and bla(TLA-2) for a so far unknown Ambler class A extended spectrum beta-lactamase. The integron-specific 3'-segment (qacEDelta1-sul1-orf5Delta) is connected to a macrolide resistance operon consisting of the genes mph(A) (macrolide 2'-phosphotransferase I), mrx (hydrophobic protein of unknown function) and mphR(A) (regulatory protein). Finally, a putative mobile element with the tetracycline resistance genes tetA (tetracycline efflux pump) and tetR was identified upstream of the Tn402-specific transposase gene tniA. The second 'genetic load' region on pRSB101 harbours four distinct mobile genetic elements, another integron belonging to a new class and footprints of two more transposable elements. A tripartite multidrug (MDR) transporter consisting of an ATP-binding-cassette (ABC)-type ATPase and permease, and an efflux membrane fusion protein (MFP) of the RND-family is encoded between the replication/partition and the mobilization module. Homologues of the macrolide resistance genes mph(A), mrx and mphR(A) were detected on eight other erythromycin resistance-plasmids isolated from activated sludge bacteria. Plasmid pRSB101-like repA amplicons were also obtained from plasmid-DNA preparations of the final effluents of the wastewater treatment plant indicating that pRSB101-like plasmids are released with the final effluents into the environment.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B↗