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PubMed2001

Social comparison in Chinese older adults.

Depression is quite common among the elderly members of Hong Kong Chinese society. This study examined the role of social comparison in the relationship between depressive symptoms and four key life domains including: physical health, financial situation, relationships with adult children, and social support from friends. The respondents were 411 people aged 60 years or older from a survey of a representative community sample of the elderly population in Hong Kong. Using multiple regression models, the authors found that social comparison mediated the effect of support from friends on depressive symptoms and social comparison was the partial mediator in the linkage between financial strain and depressive symptoms. Moreover, social comparison also moderated the effect of physical health and support from friends on depressive symptoms. Lastly, we found that self-efficacy and self-esteem were moderators in the relationship between depressive symptoms and all four key life domains including physical health, financial situation, relationship with adult children, and social support from friends, whereas sense of control over physical health and sense of control over support from friends moderated the effect of social comparison on physical health and support from friends, respectively, on depressive symptoms.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Associations between loneliness, depressive symptoms and perceived togetherness in older people.

This study explores the associations of loneliness with depressive symptoms in a five-year follow-up and describes how the six dimensions of perceived togetherness explain loneliness and depressive symptoms at baseline. The data were collected on 207 residents of Jyväskylä, central Finland, who at baseline in 1990 were aged 80; and 133 residents who at follow-up in 1995 were aged 85. Loneliness was assessed using a questionnaire item with four preset response options, perceived togetherness using the Social Provisions Scale, and depressive symptoms using the CES-D scale. A recursive structural equation model showed that in women but not in men, depressive symptoms predicted more experiences of loneliness. Those who were lonely were more depressed (CES-D score 16 or over) and experienced less togetherness than those who were not. Loneliness was explained by reliable alliance, social integration and attachment; and depressive symptoms were explained by guidance, reassurance of worth, reliable alliance and attachment. A common feature in both loneliness and depressive symptoms was a lower level of perceived emotional togetherness in social interaction.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Persistence in high school: experiences of adolescents and young adults with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder.

BACKGROUND: This study examined persistence in high school among students with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) from the perspective of the adolescents themselves. Tinto's (1975, 1997) Student Integration Model (SIM) provided the theoretical framework for the research. This model consists of three factors: background characteristics, academic integration, and social integration. METHOD: A collective case study method involving 8 adolescents with FASD from Canada and the United States was used. RESULTS: Although the students did not meet the usual academic standards and had acquaintances rather than friends, they perceived themselves as academically and socially successful. It was shown that persistence occurred largely because of the strong support of, and advocacy by, the adoptive parents. CONCLUSIONS: Parental advocacy is an environmental factor that may protect adolescents with FASD from dropping out of high school.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Deficits in perceived social support associated with generalized social phobia.

Social phobia is a common anxiety disorder associated with significant impairment in social and occupational functioning. To date, few studies have examined the relationship between social phobia and perceived social support, a construct with important relationships to physical and mental health. The present study examined data from 2 widely used measures of perceived social support administered to 132 individuals with DSM-IV generalized social phobia. These data were compared with those obtained from a healthy control group and from several clinical and non-clinical samples reported in the literature. Persons with generalized social phobia scored significantly lower on both measures of social support compared with all other groups. It is suggested that deficits in perceived social support associated with generalized social phobia may play a role in the development of co-morbid problems and should be explicitly targeted by treatments for social phobia. Low correlations between perceived social support and social anxiety measures suggest that perceived support should be specifically evaluated in this population.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Geriatrics in relation to the social and behavioural sciences.

Social and behavioural gerontology is the scientific study of how men and women adapt to their environment as they grow older. It is a multidisciplinary area, comprising subjects each of which asserts an existence in its own right, as a scientific enterprise, apart from other subjects in the area, and apart from geriatrics. Social and behavioural gerontology, however, forms part of the total context within which geriatrics gets its meaning and value. Geriatrics, in turn, affects these other adjacent disciplines. Social and behavioural gerontology could help in a general way by putting geriatrics into this wide perspective and thus demonstrating the wider issues that might otherwise be neglected in the busy round of geriatric care. Social and behavioural gerontology could also help in numerous particular ways such as: the collection of normative data; improved conceptual analysis; better methods of observation, experimentation, measurement and data analysis; the integration of social and behavioural case-work with clinical geriatrics for both treatment and training purposes; improved techniques of social and behavioural assessment; improvements in communication; better social attitldes; increased self-help and understanding of the role of the elderly in society; more effective consumer behaviour; and more effective social policies incorporating long-range, broad-spectrum preventive measures.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Factors contributing to sense of coherence among men and women.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of four key areas of resistance resources (GRR), i.e. childhood living conditions, work and family life, and social relationships, with sense of coherence (SOC) among Finnish men and women. A particular interest was devoted to interactions between sex and GRR. METHODS: The data derived from a representative personal interview survey collected by Statistics Finland in 1994 (N=8650, response rate 73%). This study included ages 25-64 (N=6506, 49% women). The associations of age, educational attainment, childhood living conditions, work and family, and social relationships with SOC were analysed using ordinary regression analysis. RESULTS: Among both men and women, psycho-emotional resources rather than socio-economic circumstances were associated with SOC. These resources included the quality of the relationship with partner, social support, quality of work, and childhood living conditions. Although sex differences were small, the association of living without a partner with low SOC was stronger among men than women. CONCLUSION: SOC is strongly associated with the psycho-emotional resistance resources. In the Finnish context, the SOC scale was largely sex neutral.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Perceived social support and mortality in older people.

OBJECTIVES: This study examines the effect of perceived social support on all-cause mortality at a 10-year follow-up as well as the plausible mediating factors in this association. METHODS: We measured perceived social support in 206 Finnish men and women aged 80 years old by using the Social Provision Scale, which consists of six dimensions: attachment, social integration, opportunity for nurturance, reassurance of worth, reliable alliance, and guidance. RESULTS: By using a theoretical framework that divided perceived social support into assistance-related and non-assistance-related support, we found that the risk of death was almost 2.5 times higher in women in the lowest tertile of non-assistance-related social support (comprising infrequent experiences of reassurance of worth, emotional closeness, sense of belonging and opportunity for nurturance) than in women in the highest tertile. The risk remained strong even when we controlled for the indicators of baseline sociodemographics and psychological and physiological health and functioning. Among men, none of the perceived social support dimensions showed a significant association with mortality. DISCUSSION: The results of this study present a challenge for society to find and develop new social innovations and interventions in order to promote a sense of emotional social support in older people, thereby contributing to their health and welfare.

Aged, 80 and over↗
PubMed1983

A reconceptualization of age stratification in China.

Using the concepts of age stratification theory--age effect, cohort effect, and subcohort differences--this paper provides a new perspective on age stratification in China. Currently, the literature suggests that the status of elderly people declined after the Communist Revolution and will further decline with modernization. We discuss the problems with this perspective and argue, instead, that the status of elderly adults did not decline for the majority of the aged during the Maoist years. Rather, the most important change in the age stratification system during the Maoist years was the change in the criterion of age stratification--from age differences to cohort and subcohort differences. Furthermore, the subcohort of elderly adults who suffered the most status decline during the Maoist years--the bourgeoisie--may actually enjoy an increase in status with the recent modernization impetus. Research suggestions from this new perspective are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Planning for contact between the generations: an effective approach.

A program for preschoolers and elders was designed to promote three types of prosocial behavior in the children: sharing, cooperating, and helping. The program used five types of contact: contact with natural grandparents in the preschool, regular elderly volunteers in the preschool, competent elderly visitors who shared their expertise, contact with less able elders through regular visits to a nursing home, and classroom activities providing positive and realistic information about older people and aging. The program resulted in increased prosocial behaviors in the children.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Genetic susceptibility testing: ethical and social quandaries.

Breast cancer in the United States continues to be a serious public health problem that affects individuals, families, and society. The simultaneous rapid progress in mapping the human genome, the advances in technology, and the subsequent commercialization of genetic testing have made it possible for women to seek breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility testing before comparable social and psychological supports are put in place. As health care places more emphasis on illness prevention and simultaneously commits less economic support for health care, genetic testing presents social and ethical challenges as well as dilemmas. The study discussed in this article consisted of intensive field observation and in-depth, face-to-face interviews concerning genetic susceptibility testing. The social worker may be in a unique position to collaborate with other health professionals in the clinical and the policy arena in regard to these tests.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1978

Social work with epileptic patients.

Although more than 4 million people in the United States have epilepsy, misconceptions about the disease are prevalent among the public. The author discusses some of the physical and psychosocial problems related to epilepsy and offers suggestions on how social workers can assist epileptic patients and their families.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Children with physical handicaps and their mothers: the interrelation of social support, maternal adjustment, and child adjustment.

Examined the interrelation of maternal adjustment, mother-child interaction, and child adjustment in 29 families of children with spina bifida and without mental retardation and in 28 families of children without handicaps. A multivariate, ecological model proposed that adjustment of mother and child depends on the adaptiveness of maternal response to the stress of the physical handicap and on the ability of mothers to create an optimal caregiving environment through mother-child interaction. Analyses examining the relationships among maternal social support, maternal psychological adjustment, and child adjustment are reported. Social support was found to be related to higher maternal psychological adjustment and to higher child adjustment, and maternal psychological adjustment was related positively to child adjustment in both groups. No significant differences were found between groups in the examined relationships or in the levels of resources and adjustment. Results underscore strengths of families of children with spina bifida in their adaptation to the stress of the handicap.

Adaptation, Psychological↗