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PubMed1997

Cardiac vagal tone indices of temperamental reactivity and behavioral regulation in young children.

The relation between two dimensions of vagal tone (Vna), indexed by a baseline measure of Vna and suppression of Vna and temperamental reactivity and behavioral regulation was investigated. Forty-one children were observed during a series of episodes designed to elicit temperamental reactivity and behavioral regulation. Heart rate was recorded during these baseline, positive, negative, and delay episodes, from which measures of vagal tone were computed. Across the entire sample, vagal tone decreased from the baseline episode to the three affect tasks. Baseline measures of vagal tone were related to the tendency to show a decrease in vagal tone: Children who consistently suppressed vagal tone (showed a decrease to all the affect tasks) had higher baseline vagal tone. Baseline vagal tone was related to temperamental reactivity for the positive and negative tasks, but not the delay tasks. Vagal suppression (vagal difference score) was related to several of the behavioral regulation strategies used by the children in the affect-eliciting situations. These findings are discussed in terms of the adaptive value of physiological regulation in the development of regulatory behaviors that may be critical to social development.

Affect↗
PubMed2001

Child development after maternal tocolysis with beta-sympathomimetic drugs.

The psycho-social development of both preterm and term children whose mothers reported tocolytic treatment was assessed at the ages of 2, 4.5, and 8 years. Term children exposed to tocolysis showed a higher rate of psychiatric disorders as well as poorer cognitive and motor performance than controls. In the preterm children no adverse impact of tocolysis could be found. The results are discussed concerning possible ways in which tocolytic treatment may influence child development. Restrictions because of the preliminary character of this study and the need of further prospective studies to clarify the developmental impact of tocolysis are also considered.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1991

Gender differences in the development of relationships during late adolescence.

Until recently, inadequate measures of affiliation need and relationship closeness hindered investigations into the social development of adolescents. For example, assumptions about gender differences (Douvan & Adelson, 1966; Gilligan, 1982) and age-related changes (Dunphy, 1972; Erikson, 1968; Newman & Newman, 1976) in affiliation need and relationship closeness have remained virtually untested. To better understand adolescent social behavior and test these assumptions, recently developed measures of affiliation need and interpersonal closeness were used to examine seventy-four 18- to 20-year-olds. In support of Erikson's theory, need for social comparison declined with age for both sexes. However, in support of Gilligan's theory, not only were females more attached to their partners, but these gender differences were most pronounced for the 18-year-olds. Finally, Dunphy's (1972) assumption that adolescents' need for stimulation peaks around age 18 or 19 and then declines, and Newman and Newman's (1976) position that need for emotional support declines in later adolescence, held true--but only for females.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1979

Psychological development of children who received intrauterine transfusions.

The intellectual, visual-motor, and social development of 15 children, 3 to 10 years of age, who received IUT for eythroblastosis fetalis was compared with that of 15 children of similar age who had required only exchange transfusions for the treatment of the same disorder. No over-all differences were found between the two groups or between the groups and the normal population. In comparison with normal population, recipients of IUT have above average IQ's and normal development in visual-motor integration and adaptive behavior.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Developmental impact of frontal lobe injury in middle childhood.

Executive function of frontal lobe systems, like intelligent behavior, appears to demonstrate two major features: it is adaptive and goal-directed. Disruption of executive function following injury to the frontal lobes in childhood might be predicted to impact the trajectory of normal cognitive, behavioral, and social development. Case studies of two children injured at different ages showed the primary developmental impact to involve the behavioral and social realms. While cognitive development may be suspected to also be considerably influenced, assessment of changes in cognitive abilities by traditional psychometric means was found to be problematic. Psychometric changes were found to occur over a prolonged period of time, emphasizing the importance of documenting observations and chronicling postinjury events.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lifestyle determinants for social activity levels among the Japanese elderly.

We conducted a self-administered questionnaire survey to a total of 5239 elderly persons in four areas in Japan in 1993, which inquired about past lifestyles and present social activities. Based on the survey data, we first developed social activity measures, and then examined associations of the present total social activity measure with past lifestyles and physical conditions. The lifestyles significantly associated with high social activity after 65 years of age were 'high educational attainment'; having been 'healthy', 'plump', 'physically active' and 'having had hobbies' at about 50 years of age; and having 'frequent intake of many kinds of foods' during 30-50 years of age. Intake during 30-50 years of age of Japanese-style foods (rice, soybean paste soup, bean curd, pickles), noodles, beans, plant roots and potatoes was not significantly linked with the social activity levels at old age in either males or females. The same was true for smoking and drinking habits at about 50 years of age. Our findings essentially suggest the importance of a positive attitude at middle age to maintain and promote health status and improve lifestyles in order to attain high social activity at old age.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Defeat is a major stressor in males while social instability is stressful mainly in females: towards the development of a social stress model in female rats.

Social stress models appear useful in elucidating the interrelationship between stress, mood disorders, and drug efficacy. However, reliable social stress models for females are virtually lacking. The aim of this study was to determine stress-related consequences of (a) defeat in aggressive encounters and (b) social instability, in male and female rats. Defeat in male and female subjects was induced by aggressive male residents and female residents made aggressive by surgery (mediobasal hypothalamic lesion [MBHL]), respectively. Aggressiveness of resident males and resident MBHL females was remarkably similar. Alternating isolation and mixed-sex crowding phases with membership rotation were used to induce social instability. Aggression was kept low in the latter paradigm by manipulating crowding group composition. Defeat stress reduced weight gain, and increased both adrenals and plasma corticosterone in males. Only adrenal weight was affected in females. Social instability reduced weight gain, and induced thymus involution, adrenal hypertrophy and elevated plasma corticosterone levels in females. Only weight gain and thymus weights were affected in males. It is concluded that defeat stresses males more than females, while social instability is more stressful for females than for males, if aggressive contacts are low. It is suggested that the social instability model is a good model of social stress in females.

Aggression↗
PubMed1994

Community based, effective, low cost approach to the treatment of severe malnutrition in rural Jamaica.

Moderate and severe malnutrition are endemic in much of the developing world and in association with pockets of deprivation in the developed world. The cost in terms of individual and social development is high. The principles of effective management are clearly documented. A low cost, community based treatment programme for moderately and severely malnourished children under 3 years of age was established at a health centre in rural Jamaica. Children were followed up monthly and defaulters were rigorously recalled. Management consisted of carefully delivered dietary advice, antibiotics, anthelminthics, and vitamin supplements. All children improved and the response of 36 children, who were treated in the first year, showed an accelerated weight gain, with catch-up growth and the maintenance of length gain. There was a significant increase in the weight for age, at 1.9% per month over six months, which exceeds the rate reported with food supplementation programmes and nutrition rehabilitation centres.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed2000

Integrated child development services scheme (ICDS) in India: its activities, present status and future strategy to reduce malnutrition.

Integrated Child Development Services Scheme (ICDS) provides an integrated approach for converging all the basic services for improved child care, early stimulation and learning, health and nutrition, water and environmental sanitation aimed at the young children, expectant and lactating mothers, other women and adolescent girls in a community. Its objectives are: To improve nutritional and health status of children of 0-6 years; to reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition and school dropout; to achieve effective co-ordination amongst various departments to promote child development; to lay foundation of proper psychological,physical and social development of the child; to enahance mother's capability to look after normal health and nutritional needs of the child. ICDS services are provided through a village based centre ie, the Anganwadicentre for the services of: Supplementary nutrition, immunisation, health check-up, referral services, treatment of minor illnesses, nutrition and health education to women, preschool education to children and supports for water supply, sanitation, etc. Several government departments and their services are co-ordinated at village, block, district, state and central levels. The Anganwadiworker is the most peripheral functionary which implements the programme services at the village/community level. In projects where able leadership has been provided, ICDS has been reported to be better. Though there are some shortcomings in ICDS, till future thrust of the programme is necessary for aiming of the upliftment of underprivileged section of the population. Operative research in various areas is suggested which can help in improving the efficiency of ICDS.

Child Development↗
PubMed1995

Essential components of growth and development.

The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations' standards require that documentation of age-appropriate care be done when a child or adolescent is treated, with particular attention given to growth and development, socialization, and other issues. The principles of growth and development from infancy to adolescence are discussed, including physical, psychological, and psychosocial needs. Nursing implications are presented to improve understanding of growth and developmental stages as well as provision of nursing care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The concept of health promoting schools to enhance positive youth development.

The concept of Health Promoting Schools improves the school's physical and social environment, its curriculum, teaching and learning methods, and the personal and social development of students. It will enable the participating schools create a 'learning perspective', 'community perspective', and 'capacity building' environment to improve both educational and health outcomes of students. As the scheme promotes self-esteem of students, staff development, parental education, involvement of the whole school community and linkage with different stakeholders, it will also enhance positive youth development. It will help to shift the paradigm from handling crisis to prevention approaches emphasizing on youth support before problem behaviours occur, and also address the circumstances (families, schools, communities, peer groups) of youth's lives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Social capital and health: measuring and understanding social capital at a local level could help to tackle health inequalities more effectively.

This paper examines whether an understanding of the concept of social capital and its local measurement can help to tackle inequalities in health within and across communities. The paper concludes that the concept of social capital offers a valuable opportunity to help public health professionals understand how to approach inequalities in health with a greater awareness of the social processes affecting the health of communities. The measurement of social capital has been problematic. However, new guidance from the Health Development Agency (HDA) provides a useful tool for developing social capital research. A greater understanding of whether, and how social capital relates to health will help to improve strategies to reduce health inequalities at the community level. Public health professionals contributing to community development strategies such as Neighbourhood Renewal Projects, Community Safety Partnerships, Health Action Zones and Health Improvement Programmes (HImPs) should encourage thought to be given about the role that an understanding of social capital could play in making these strategies more effective. Using the HDA measurement tool locally could be one way of doing this.

Community Health Planning↗
PubMed1995

Psychological needs and the facilitation of integrative processes.

The assumption that there are innate integrative or actualizing tendencies underlying personality and social development is reexamined. Rather than viewing such processes as either nonexistent or as automatic, I argue that they are dynamic and dependent upon social-contextual supports pertaining to basic human psychological needs. To develop this viewpoint, I conceptually link the notion of integrative tendencies to specific developmental processes, namely intrinsic motivation; internalization; and emotional integration. These processes are then shown to be facilitated by conditions that fulfill psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, and forestalled within contexts that frustrate these needs. Interactions between psychological needs and contextual supports account, in part, for the domain and situational specificity of motivation, experience, and relative integration. The meaning of psychological needs (vs. wants) is directly considered, as are the relations between concepts of integration and autonomy and those of independence, individualism, efficacy, and cognitive models of "multiple selves."

Emotions↗
PubMed1994

Evaluating agency initiatives: building social science capability in tropical disease research.

In recent years, in an endeavour to increase social and economic research in tropical diseases, WHO/TDR has used a number of alternative models to develop social science research capability in countries endemic for the designated tropical diseases. These have included small grants schemes to encourage junior researchers to gain familiarity with the subject area and methods, and protocol development and methodology workshops, either for specific research topics (e.g. adolescent women's health; community perceptions of schistosomiasis) or for any topic of interest to the participants. Participants have included medical researchers, social science researchers, and interdisciplinary teams (e.g. a medical researcher and a collaborating social scientist). This paper develops a typology and critically analyses these alternative approaches to developing research capability, and assesses their effectiveness in terms of cost, short-term effectiveness, and sustainability of the initiative.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed2002

Development of specific social skills training programmes for schizophrenia patients: results of a multicentre study.

OBJECTIVE: The efficacy of three newly developed cognitive social skills training programmes for residential, vocational and recreational functioning (experimental groups) were compared with a traditional social skills training programme (control group) referring to cognitive and social abilities, psychopathology and generalisation effects. METHOD: One hundred and five patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder according to ICD-10 criteria were selected and assigned to the different treatment groups, using a matching procedure. The treatment phase lasted 6 months. A follow-up assessment was carried out after 1 year. RESULTS: Higher global therapy effects were obtained on almost all dependent variables in the experimental groups. Analyses of variance and covariance indicated higher symptom reduction for the experimental groups, but significantly greater improvements in some cognitive variables for the control group. Correlation analysis suggested associations between improvement of social behaviour with symptom reduction and improvements of cognitive skills. CONCLUSION: In view of these favourable effects, the developed cognitive social skills training programmes might facilitate the abilities of schizophrenia patients for their integration in the community.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Early-age mortality, socio-economic development and the health system in Mongolia.

Since the 1920s Mongolia has developed an extensive and well-staffed health care system that has made modern health technologies accessible to most of its population. In addition, the country experienced rapid economic and social development whose benefits were equitably distributed among the population. In spite of this progress, infant and child mortality levels are high by contemporary standards and during the past 20 years these rates have remained virtually constant. The modern health care delivery system, externally imposed, failed to take into account the specific characteristics of the Mongolian culture; this fact is identified as one of the major determinants of the unexpected levels of early-age mortality. The excessive orientation toward curative medicine, the lack of health prevention and promotion activities and the lack of community participation have resulted in the people continuing to believe in traditional therapeutic patterns and self-care. They perceive the modern system exclusively in curative terms and not with regard to health preservation and disease prevention. Most Mongolians do not fully understand the health care system, and use its services mainly because they have no alternative, or because of coercion rather than conviction based on the learning and internalization of its basic principles. In practices and ideas of child care, preservation of health and disease prevention, people seem to identify more with the traditional health care system. Like other former socialist countries, Mongolia is experiencing deep economic and social transformations, whose implications for the health care system are discussed. An economic crisis whose end is nowhere in sight, emergent social inequalities, a vague health insurance model with unclear financing sources, and lack of concern by most policy-makers in strengthening the preventive component of the health system, are not positive factors for substantial infant and child mortality decline in the near future. A clear advantage is, however, the fact that there is a wide space for major improvements with existing internal and external resources.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of timing of surgery on the intellectual and psychosocial development of children with tetralogy of Fallot].

Chronic hypoxemia in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot may influence intellectual and social development. Even though the physical situation is the most important factor for the time of operation, psychosocial aspects should be considered as well. 24 children underwent intelligence tests and questionnaires, 13 of them having had surgery in early infancy, 11 between 7 and 11 years of age. No significant difference was noted between the two groups concerning early childhood development and mean IQ. Early operation does appear to improve the social situation. Such children are able to participate in kindergarten, start school in time and pass through school without delay. These results suggest a possible beneficial relief of the stressed situation of the whole family.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The amygdala and development of the social brain.

The amygdala comprises part of an extended network of neural circuits that are critically involved in the processing of socially salient stimuli. Such stimuli may be explicitly social, such as facial expressions, or they may be only tangentially social, such as abstract shapes moving with apparent intention relative to one another. The coordinated interplay between neural activity in the amygdala and other brain regions, especially the medial prefrontal cortex, the occipitofrontal cortex, the fusiform gyrus, and the superior temporal sulcus, allows us to develop social responses and to engage in social behaviors appropriate to our species. The harmonious functioning of this integrated social cognitive network may be disrupted by congenital or acquired lesions, by genetic anomalies, and by exceptional early experiences. Each form of disruption is associated with a slightly different outcome, dependent on the timing of the experience, the location of the lesion, or the nature of the genetic anomaly. Studies in both humans and primates concur; the dysregulation of basic emotions, especially the processing of fear and anger, is an almost invariable consequence of such disruption. These, in turn, have direct or indirect consequences for social behavior.

Amygdala↗