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PubMed1976

Stutterers' perceptions of therapy improvement and of posttherapy regression: effects of certain program modifications.

In an attempt to improve its effectiveness, a traditional, symptomatic stuttering therapy program for school-age children was modified to (1) focus more upon self-therapy activities while reducing group work emphasis; (2) specify more precisely the target responses used to replace stuttering; (3) establish clearly the criteria for client progress; and (4) provide well-defined activities for the transfer of speech change. Participants used a questionnaire to evaluate their improvement and post-therapy regression in various dimensions of stuttering severity, and results were compared with questionnaire findings from an earlier treatment program. Significantly greater improvement in speech fluency was perceived by the participants following the modified program, and follow-up videotape samples confirmed their perceptions as revealed on the questionnaire.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Treatment and generalization effects in an experimental treatment for a stutterer using contingency management and speech rate control.

An experimental treatment program for an adult stutterer, using contingency management and rate control procedures, is described. During laboratory sessions, a combination of both procedures resulted in maintained stutter-free speech within a target speech rate range. Bidaily recordings of the subject's speech across all nonlaboratory speaking situations, preceding and throughout the laboratory treatment, revealed no correspondence between laboratory and nonlaboratory speech behavior. Some positive and negative findings from this study are considered with respect to contingency management of stuttering.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

The concomitant problems of young stutterers.

This investigation was designed to survey a sample of 650 speech-language pathologists providing services in elementary schools and to obtain information on the concomitant problems of stutterers in their caseloads. The results of the survey revealed that 32% of all the young stutterers were free of any other problems. The remaining 68% were reported as having some other type of problem (articulation, language, voice, emotional disturbance, neurological handicap, etc.) in addition to their stuttering. Results also present the type of therapy received by each subgroup. Limitations of the survey method and clinical and research implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Stuttering and speech naturalness: some additional data.

Thirty listeners used the 9-point speech naturalness rating scale described by Martin, Haroldson, and Triden (1984) to score 1-minute spontaneous speaking samples from 15 normally fluent speakers and 15 stutterers who had completed the initial phases of a prolonged speech treatment program. The same listeners were later asked to judge whether each sample was from a stutterer or from a normal speaker. Reliable listeners identified almost identical numbers of samples from both speaker groups as "normal speakers," but the stutterers received significantly higher scores on the rating scale, indicating that their speech was judged more unnatural sounding. The speech samples incorporated those used in a related study by Ingham and Packman (1978), thus permitting a reevaluation of the findings of that study.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

Developing assertiveness during employment interviews with young adults who stutter.

Assertiveness training procedures have been demonstrated to be effective in working with a variety of clinical populations. Persons who stutter represent a group for whom assertiveness skills may be particularly useful. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of an assertiveness training program that included instruction, modeling, behavior rehearsal, feedback, social reinforcement, and homework. Dependent variables included putting the employer at ease, corrective feedback for interrupting, responding to pejorative statements, and acknowledging positive employer behaviors. The results indicated substantial increases in the target behaviors as well as improvements in subjective ratings of baseline and posttraining interviews. A collateral benefit was a sizable posttraining decrease in the amount of stuttering. These results are discussed with reference to future research isolating the influence of assertiveness skills on stuttering.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

What is stuttering?

The most definitive evidence about any aspect of stuttering is that listeners are unable to judge unit-by-unit occurrences of it acceptably. This result has been replicated repeatedly in every decade for a half century. Nonetheless, for virtually all research and most clinical practice, stuttering has been defined perceptually as if listeners could identify it accurately. Reasons for this state of affairs and its implications for therapy, theory, and research are analyzed. An alternative speech production definition with its implications is proposed. Further, a diagnostic method of validating authentic stuttering is described, as is an objective for fluency-skill therapy that reduces rather than reinforces avoidance behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Acoustic and psychophysical dimensions of the perceived speech naturalness of nonstutterers and posttreatment stutterers.

The purpose of this study was twofold: to determine through psychophysical comparison of scaling data whether speech naturalness is a prothetic or a metathetic continuum, and to examine the relationship between selected acoustic characteristics of the speech of nonstutterers and treated stutterers and listeners' judgments of their speech naturalness. Comparison of magnitude estimation and interval scaling data indicated that speech naturalness behaves like a metathetic continuum, suggesting that either scaling procedure is valid for the quantification of this dimension. The speech of the nonstutterers was judged more natural than the speech of the treated stutterers, and a global voice onset time (VOT) measure (averaged across places of articulation) and a sentence duration measure were found to be the acoustic parameters most highly correlated with and predictive of speech naturalness. These results suggest the possibility that stuttering treatments that employ strategies like gentle voicing onset and prolonged speech may result in somewhat slower posttherapy speech patterns characterized by prolonged VOTs that could influence listeners to judge the speech as more unnatural than the speech of nonstutterers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Auditory assembly abilities of stuttering and nonstuttering children.

The auditory assembly abilities of 30 stuttering and 30 nonstuttering children were investigated. Subjects were first- through fourth-grade children matched for age, grade level, sex, and misarticulations. They were individually presented four tape-recorded lists of both meaningful and nonmeaningful CVC syllables with one of four silent interphonemic intervals (100, 200, 300, or 400 msec) spliced between the phonemes of each syllable. There was no significant overall difference between the performance of the stuttering and the nonstuttering children. The results failed to support the findings of previous investigations which have suggested that stutterers are less adept than nonstutterers in the performance of auditory processing tasks.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1977

Laryngeal behavior during stuttering.

Laryngeal behavior associated with 101 stutterings (part-work repetitions, sound prolongations, and broken words) produced by a group of 10 stutterers was observed by means of a flexible fiberoptic naso-laryngoscope. Results indicated that 60% of part-word repetitions were different from fluent productions of the same speech segment in terms of laryngeal behavior, and 72% of sound prolongations were similar to fluent productions of the same speech segment. Findings indicate that there are differences in laryngeal behavior among the various types of stutterings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Central auditory function in stutterers.

Central auditory function was assessed in 10 stutterers and 10 nonstutterers. Performance of the two groups was compared for seven audiometric procedures including acoustic reflex threshold, acoustic reflex amplitude function, performance intensity function for monosyllabic phonetically balanced (PB) words, performance intensity function for Synthetic Sentence Identification, Synthetic Sentence Identification with Ipsilateral Competing Message, Synthetic Sentence Identification with Contralateral Competing Message, and the Staggered Spondaic Word test. Relative to the control group, the performance of the stuttering group was depressed on three procedures--the acoustic reflex amplitude function, Synthetic Identification with Ipsilateral Competing Message, and Staggered Spondaic Word test. As a group, the stutterers presented evidence of a central auditory deficiency. The pattern of test results suggests a disorder at the brainstem level. The subtlety of the deficiency is emphasized.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗
PubMed1978

Neural response time of stutterers and nonstutterers in selected oral motor tasks.

Neural response time (NRT) was compared for 12 adult stutterers and 12 matched normal speakers on two verbal tasks (production of /pae/ and /bae/) and one oral, nonverbal task (lip closure) in response to visual and auditory stimulation. The auditory response stimulus was presented separately to the left and right ears, and the visual stimulus to both eyes. NRT was defined as the time interval between stimulus offset and the onset of electromyographic (EMG) activity from orbicularis oris superior muscle. Results show, in general, that stutterers are slower in NRT for all response tasks in both stimulus modes. Significant differences were found, however, for only the auditory mode. Analyses of the differences between and within groups for response tasks and stimulus modes are discussed in terms of recent research in and theory of timing disturbances in stuttering.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1979

The effects of delayed auditory feedback and masking on the fundamental frequency of stutterers and nonstutterers.

This investigation determined if fluency of the reader or type of auditory feedback changed characteristics of fundamental frequency or duration in oral reading by stutterers or nonstutterers. Mingographic tracings were made of sentences excerpted from tape recordings of paragraphs read by 15 adult male stutterers and 15 adult male nonstutterers in three conditions of feedback: normal auditory feedback (under earphones), delayed auditory feedback (0.14 sec delay), and masking (90 dB SPL). The data included 15 measures of fundamental frequency and two measures of duration. Stutterers read sentences in greater total time and with more downward inflections than nonstutterers. Comparison of the delayed auditory feedback (DAF) conditions with the normal auditory feedback (NAF) condition showed that the numbers of total, upward, and downward inflections and upward pitch shifts increased under DAF. In the DAF condition, average rates of upward and downward inflections decreased, and mean and median fundamental frequencies and total time increased. The only changes from the NAF to the masking condition were increases in mean and median fundamental frequencies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Phone rate and the effective planning time hypothesis of stuttering.

Effects on syllable disfluency and phone rate (duration of phones spoken per minute) were compared in 19 adult stutterers under three reading rate conditions: control; slow normally-spoken-word-syllable timed (WS); and phone-prolongation (PP) matched to WS in syllable rate. Both phone rate and syllable disfluency were progressively reduced from control to WS to PP conditions. These results strongly support the discoordination hypothesis that any condition which facilitates initiation of phonation in coordination with articulation and respiration will reduce stuttering. A broader hypothesis is that effective planning time for voice onset coordinations is the common element that explains the power of retarded phone rate, reduction of phonatory complexity, and rhythm virtually to eliminate stuttering.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Articulatory behaviors associated with stuttering: a cinefluorographic analysis.

High speed (150 fps) cinefluorographic techniques were used to record articulatory movements during fluent and disfluent speech from four stutterers and control utterances from one normal speaker. Analyses of 11 perceptually disfluent utterances are reported. The results show: (1) interarticulator positions occurring in both perceptually fluent and disfluent utterances of stutterers were unlike those in fluent utterances of a normal speaker; (2) aberrant interarticulator positions preceded repetitive movements and static posturing; (3) consistent interarticulator repositioning which precedes termination of an oscillatory movement or static position often results in: (a) the lowering of the jaw or lip, and or (b) tongue shapes which resemble shapes found in normal speakers' fluent productions or the resting tongue shapes of the stutterer. The systematic repositioning and other patterns found are discussed in terms of possible neuromotor mechanisms involved in disfluency. It is suggested that reflex interactions among the muscles of articulation might account for some of these effects. A brief discussion of theoretical and therapeutic implications is included.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Conditioned stimulus effects on stuttering and GSRs.

The simultaneous effects of a conditioned stimulus on the frequency of autonomic arousal responses (GSRs) and stuttering for ten subjects were investigated. GSR and stuttering responses were recorded during baserate, treatment, and extinction conditions for three sessions. A face slide was presented continuously for treatment conditions of all sessions. Recorded laughter was presented contingent upon each moment of suttering during the treatment condition of session two. Stuttering frequency was suppressed during session three demonstrating that the face slide was functioning as a discriminative stimulus. During the treatment portion of session three, GSRs increased for four subjects and decreased for six subjects. Autonomic arousal as a response to the conditioned stimulus did not demonstrate a consistent pattern across subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Laryngeal and manual reaction times of stuttering and nonstuttering adults.

This investigation compared the reaction times of thirteen stuttering and thirteen nonstuttering adults for forefinger button pressing, nonspeech vocal initiation, and speech-mode vocal initiation. The stutterers and nonstutterers were matched individually for age, sex, and handedness. The reaction-time stimulus in all response conditions was the offset of a 1000-Hz pure tone. Two of the experimental conditions required button pressing with the right and left forefingers. The remaining four responses required vocal-fold vibration. The nonspeech vocal activity consisted of inspiratory phonation and expiratory throat clearing. The speech-mode vocal activity required production of the isolated vowel and the word. The results demonstrated that stuttering and nonstuttering adults differed significantly only on tasks requiring speech phonation. These results are compared to previous reaction-time investigations and related to factors which may influence sensory-motor pathways prior to and during speech.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

A comparison of stutterers and nonstutterers in a task of controlled voice onset.

The purpose of this study was to determine if stutters and nonstutters differed in their ability to initiate phonation repeatedly with a gentle voice onset. Ten stutterers and ten nonstutterers were asked to phonate the vowel /a/ with an average rise time slower than 52.3 dB/sec while starting the voice at or below 63 dB SPL. Voice productions were monitored by a voice monitor, which is used in the administration of the Precision Fluency Shaping Program. Measurements of number of attempts and time to reach criterion, percentage of correct productions, and intensity levels of each production were made. There were no significant differences between the two groups for any of the variables examined. Results were compared with other studies demonstrating phonatory differences between stutterers and nonstutterers.

Adult↗