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PubMed1999

The Job Stress Survey: assessing perceived severity and frequency of occurrence of generic sources of stress in the workplace.

In this article, the authors respond to comments in the October 1998 issue of the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology (Vol. 3, No. 4) in regard to measuring occupational stress with the Job Stress Survey (JSS). The authors are pleased that (a) the need to assess the perceived severity and frequency of occurrence of specific sources of occupational stress was acknowledged and (b) job pressure and lack of organizational support were recognized as key dimensions of stress in the workplace. In addressing concerns about the independence of JSS severity and frequency ratings and the utility of the JSS for assessing jobs with extensive person-machine interactions, the authors noted that correlations among JSS severity and frequency scores were relatively low, and that person-focused stressor items were relevant for employees with person-machine jobs because most workers are required to deal with supervisors and fellow employees. It was concluded that the JSS provides important information about sources of occupational stress that can adversely affect the health and productivity of men and women employed in a wide variety of work settings.

Female↗

PubMed2001

Panax ginseng and Eleutherococcus senticosus may exaggerate an already existing biphasic response to stress via inhibition of enzymes which limit the binding of stress hormones to their receptors.

A mechanism of action for Panax ginseng (PG) and Eleutherococcus senticosus (ES) is proposed which explains how they could produce the paradoxical effect of sometimes increasing and sometimes decreasing the stress response. The mechanism suggests that this biphasic effect results from increased occupancy of positive and negative feedback stress hormone receptors by their natural ligands due to inhibition of specific enzymes which function to limit receptor occupancy. Specifically, it is suggested that PG inhibits 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase one and ES inhibits catechol- O -methyl transferase, both of which reside in close proximity to stress hormone receptors and catalyse the degradation of stress hormones into inactive compounds. In addition, it is suggested that the increased energy said to result from PG and ES may be a consequence of their increasing the occupancy of stress hormone receptors which function to redistribute the body's energy reserves from regeneration to activity.

11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1↗

PubMed1981

Development of a sensitive somatostatin radioimmunoassay and its application to plasma of stressed and non-stressed rats.

A sensitive somatostatin radioimmunoassay was developed and immunoreactive somatostatin was measured in plasma of different vessels of stressed and non-stressed rats. Detection limit of the assay is 4 pg/ml. Serial dilutions of rat plasma run parallel to the standard curve. On gel chromatography of rat plasma immunoreactive somatostatin elutes at the position of synthetic somatostatin. Immunoreactive somatostatin in plasma of non-stressed rats is (mean +/- 1 SEM) 369 +/- 58, 244 +/- 66, 273 +/- 61, 260 +/- 44, 359 +/- 80 pg/ml in aorta abdominalis, vena cava, vena renalis, vena jugularis, vena porta respectively. After stress mean immunoreactive somatostatin was higher in plasma of all vessels, in aorta abdominalis (p less than 0.01), vena renalis and vena porta about 50 per cent, in vena jugularis and vena cava about 90 per cent (p less than 0.002). We conclude that under conditions like stress somatostatin circulates in increased amounts and perhaps reaches organs distant from documented sources.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Targeted disruption of the orphanin FQ/nociceptin gene increases stress susceptibility and impairs stress adaptation in mice.

The neuropeptide orphanin FQ (also known as nociceptin; OFQ/N) has been implicated in modulating stress-related behavior. OFQ/N was demonstrated to reverse stress-induced analgesia and possess anxiolytic-like activity after central administration. To further study physiological functions of OFQ/N, we have generated OFQ/N-deficient mice by targeted disruption of the OFQ/N gene. Homozygous mice display increased anxiety-like behavior when exposed to a novel and threatening environment. OFQ/N-null mice show elevated basal pain threshold but develop normal stress-induced analgesia. Interestingly, these mice show impaired adaptation to repeated stress when compared with wild-type mice, whereas their performance in spatial learning remained unaffected. Basal and poststress plasma corticosterone levels were found to be elevated in OFQ/N-deficient animals. Thus, OFQ/N appears to be crucially involved in the neurobiological regulation of stress-coping behavior and fear.

Analgesia↗

PubMed1997

Discordant activation of stress-activated protein kinases or c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinases in tissues of heat-stressed mice.

Stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK) or c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinases (JNK) are believed to be crucial signal transducers between stress stimuli and genetic responses in mammalian cells. These kinases are activated in various types of in vitro cultured cells by heat shock, but a similar activation of SAPK/JNK in tissues in vivo has yet to be shown. In the present study, C57BL/6 mice were exposed to elevated ambient temperature for various time periods, and SAPK/JNK activities determined in protein extracts of brain, heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney using protein kinase assay and Western blot analyses. The time course and relative magnitude of the heat-induced SAPK/JNK activity differed among tissues of the same animal. Significant activation of SAPK/JNK was achieved in heart, liver, and kidney at 60 or 90 min of heat stress. This increased activity of SAPK/JNK kinases was demonstrated to result from activation or phosphorylation of existing proteins in tissues. The maximal activation of these kinases showed no direct relationship with the elevation in body temperature (38-40.5 degrees C). Interestingly, SAPK/JNK activation did not occur in lung, brain, or spleen of the same heat-stressed mouse. Although elevated body temperature (40.5 degrees C) did not result in SAPK/JNK activation in spleen and lung tissues, heat stress induced SAPK/JNK activation in cultured organs or fibroblasts derived from spleen or lung of C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, activity and amount of SAPK/JNK proteins were the most abundant in brain among tissues examined. Thus, our findings demonstrated that heat shock-induced SAPK/JNK activation in vivo lacks much of the characteristic coordinate control of activation of cultured cell lines, and suggests that the mechanisms controlling SAPK/JNK activation are influenced by physiologic factors that cannot be studied in vitro.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Cation chloride cotransporters interact with the stress-related kinases Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress response 1 (OSR1).

Cells respond to stress stimuli by mounting specific responses. During osmotic and oxidative stress, cation chloride cotransporters, e.g. Na-K-2Cl and K-Cl cotransporters, are activated to maintain fluid/ion homeostasis. Here we report the interaction of the stress-related serine-threonine kinases Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress response 1 (OSR1) with the cotransporters KCC3, NKCC1, and NKCC2 but not KCC1 and KCC4. The interaction was identified using yeast two-hybrid assays and confirmed via glutathione S-transferase pull-down experiments. Evidence for in vivo interaction was established by co-immunoprecipitation of SPAK from mouse brain with anti-NKCC1 antibody. The interacting region of both kinases comprises the last 100 amino acids of the protein. The SPAK/OSR1 binding motif on the cotransporters consists of nine residues, starting with an (R/K)FX(V/I) sequence followed by five additional residues that are essential for binding but for which no consensus was found. Immunohistochemical analysis of choroid plexus epithelium revealed co-expression of NKCC1 and SPAK on the apical membrane. In contrast, in choroid plexus epithelium from NKCC1 null mice, SPAK immunostaining was found in the cytoplasm. We conclude that several cation chloride co-transporters interact with SPAK and/or OSR1, and we hypothesize that this interaction might play a role during the initiation of the cellular stress response.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1988

Somatic complaints, stress reaction, and posttraumatic stress disorder: a three-year follow-up study.

The relationships of somatic complaints and health-related habits to combat stress reaction and posttraumatic stress disorder were assessed one, two, and three years after the 1982 Lebanon War. The sample consisted of 213 combat stress reaction Israeli casualties and 116 comparable controls. Results showed that higher rates of somatic complaints were reported by both combat stress reaction and posttraumatic stress disorder casualties at all three assessments. Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Oxygen radicals induce stress proteins and tolerance to oxidative stress in human lymphocytes.

A set of eight proteins is induced in peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors by exposure to hydrogen peroxide or to xanthine oxidase plus hypoxanthine. Four of them (hsp90, hsp72 and proteins 65 and 50 kDa) are also expressed after heat shock, together with proteins 110, 100 and 38 kDa. Among proteins induced after oxidative stress is a 32 kDa protein-probably corresponding to heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)- and a 27 kDa protein, both known to be induced by reactive oxygen species. Although ionizing radiation is known to generate a number of pro-oxidant intermediates, using our one-dimensional electrophoresis system we can detect no differences in the proteins synthesized after exposure to gamma-ray doses between 5 and 20 Gy as compared with control cells. Pre-exposure to a mild hyperthermia or to moderate oxidative stress significantly increases survival of lymphocytes challenged with high doses of reactive oxygen species, in conditions compatible with a protective rôle exerted by stress proteins. The increase in survival is accompanied by the maintenance of the proliferative capacity of the cells. The physiological rôle played by stress proteins in prevention and repair of damage and the relationships between stress protein induction, oxidative state, proliferation and mode of cell death are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Starvation-induced autophagocytosis paradoxically decreases the susceptibility to oxidative stress of the extremely oxidative stress-sensitive NIT insulinoma cells.

Glucose and amino acid starvation of cells in culture generally enhances their sensitivity to oxidative stress. This is explained by compensatory autophagocytosis, which results in increased amounts of lysosomal low-molecular-weight, redox-active iron, due to the degradation of metallo-proteins, with a potential increase in iron-catalyzed, intralysosomal oxidative reactions. Such reactions diminish the stability of lysosomal membranes, with resultant leakage of hydrolytic enzymes into the cytosol and ensuing cellular degeneration, often of apoptotic type. However, starvation of NIT insulinoma cells, which are normally remarkably sensitive to oxidative stress, actually attenuated the sensitivity to such stress. We found that starved NIT cells rapidly synthesized ferritin. Moreover, ferritin was found to be autophagocytosed, and the lysosomes were stabilized, as assayed by the acridine orange relocation test. We hypothesize that compensatory autophagocytosis during starvation increases the cytosolic pool of redox-active iron, as a reflection of enhanced transportation of low-molecular-weight iron from autophagic lysosomes to the cytosol, resulting in ferritin induction. The newly formed ferritin would, in turn, become autophagocytosed and bind redox-active lysosomal iron in a non-redox-active form. We also suggest that the proposed mechanism may be a way for oxidative stress-sensitive cells to compensate partly for their failing capacity to degrade hydrogen peroxide before it leaks into the acidic vacuolar apparatus and induces intralysosomal oxidative stress. The insulin-producing beta cell may belong to this type of cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Gluconeogenesis from lactate in liver of stress-susceptible and stress-resistant pigs.

In vitro rates of lactate conversion to glucose and oxidation to CO2 were determined in livers of stress-susceptible (SS) and stress-resistant (SR) pigs because we hypothesized that livers of SS pigs had a lower capacity than livers of SR pigs to remove lactate from blood. Stress-susceptibility was determined by reaction to halothane at 7 weeks of age. At approximately 9 weeks of age, pigs were assigned to one of three experimental diets. Pigs weighing 95 kg were slaughtered immediately after stress, and liver samples were obtained. Incorporation of lactate into glucose in liver of SS pigs was 38% of that in SR pigs. Addition of either vitamin C or vitamins C and E plus magnesium oxide and collagen extract to a corn-soy diet did not alter lactate conversion to glucose, but depressed lactate oxidation to CO2. No differences were detected in either activities of lactate dehydrogenase, HAD-malate dehydrogenase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase or concentration of glycogen in livers of SS and SR pigs. Our data indicate that livers of SS pigs possess a lower capacity to incorporate lactate into glucose and to oxidize lactate to CO2; maximal activities of enzymes measured in this study are not the cause of these differences. Reduced capacity of lactate metabolism in livers of SS pigs seems a part of the etiology of the porcine stress syndrome.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Conversion of alanine, aspartate and lactate to glucose and CO2 in liver from stress-susceptible and stress-resistant pigs.

Rates of conversion of lactate, alanine and aspartate to glucose and oxidation of each to CO2 were determined in incubated liver slices from nine stress-susceptible (SS) and seven stress-resistant (SR) Yorkshire pigs ranging in body weight from 24 to 54 kg. Pigs were screened for stress susceptibility by exposure to halothane at 7 weeks of age. Stress was minimized before slaughter, and liver samples were obtained immediately after death. Rates of lactate and aspartate conversion to glucose were not significantly different between pig types. Mean rates of lactate conversion to glucose in livers of SS and SR pigs were 637 and 413 nmoles/(100 mg X 2 hours), respectively. Mean rates of aspartate conversion to glucose were 441 and 540 nmoles/(100 mg X 2 hours) in SS and SR pigs, respectively. Alanine conversion to glucose in livers of SS pigs was slower than that in SR pigs [527 and 813 nmoles/(100 mg X 2 hours), respectively]. Rates of hepatic gluconeogenesis from lactate probably do not predispose SS pigs to the lactic acidosis observed during the porcine stress syndrome. Rates of lactate, alanine and aspartate oxidation to CO2 in livers of SS pigs were 61, 59 and 76%, respectively, of the rates observed in SR pigs. Decreased rates of substrate oxidation to CO2 may contribute to the development of the syndrome in SS pigs.

Alanine↗

PubMed1998

A study of plasmalogen as an index of oxidative stress in patients with chronic renal failure. Evidence of increased oxidative stress in malnourished patients.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of premature cardiovascular disease is high in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). Free-radical-induced tissue damage is thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and several reports indicate increased oxidative stress in patients with CRF. However, the cause of such stress in CRF is not exactly known. Plasmalogens, a group of phospholipids with a vinyl ether bond in the sn-1 position, are supposed to be sensitive markers of oxidative stress. METHODS: The fasting relative plasmalogen levels of erythrocyte membranes (DMA 16/C16:0 and DMA 18/C18:0), as well as of vitamin E and serum lipids, were determined in a cohort of 105 patients (mean age 51+/-2 years) with advanced CRF (creatinine clearance 9+/-1 ml/min) before starting dialysis treatment. Twenty-nine healthy controls (47+/-2 years) were also investigated. RESULTS: Significantly lower relative plasmalogen levels (DMA 16/C16:0 and DMA 18/C18:0) were found in erythrocytes of predialysis patients than in controls. When the patients were divided on the basis of subjective global assessment of nutritional status (SGA), the malnourished patients (SGA 2-4) had significantly (P<0.05) lower relative plasmalogen levels than the well-nourished predialysis patients (SGA 1). In the prospective part of the study, we found that a 12-month dialysis treatment in 38 patients was associated with significant increases in both erythrocyte DMA 16/C16:0 (P<0.001) and DMA18/C18:0 (P<0.05) ratios. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that predialysis patients are exposed to an augmented oxidative stress which is partially reversed by 12 months of dialysis treatment. The present study also demonstrates lower relative plasmalogen levels in erythrocyte membranes in malnourished than in well-nourished predialysis patients. One could speculate that an increased oxidative stress may be a factor contributing to the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease documented in malnourished CRF patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

An evaluation of the stresses generated in a bonded orthodontic attachment by three different load cases using the Finite Element Method of stress analysis.

The objective of the investigation was to develop a clinically valid three-dimensional computer model of the orthodontic bracket-cement-tooth continuum, and determine the magnitude and distribution of stresses generated by three different load cases. A three-dimensional finite element model of the bracket-cement-tooth system was constructed consisting of 15,324 nodes and 2,971 finite elements. The stresses induced in the bracket-tooth interface by a masticatory load, a peel force and a twisting couple were recorded. The maximum principal stresses resulting from occlusal and 'twisting' forces are distributed toward the lute periphery. Peel forces, applied to the bracket tie wing, are concentrated beneath the bracket stem. Twisting forces result in the highest enamel stresses. The quality of orthodontic attachment can be explained by the magnitude and distribution of major principal stresses within the cement and impregnated bracket base. Shear and shear/peel forces are most likely to induce crack propagation within the adhesive layer. However, when a twisting action is used to remove orthodontic brackets, enamel failure is most likely. A clearer insight into the complexity of the bracket-cement-tooth system has been provided by numerical and finite element investigations. Further investigations, evaluating the influence of bracket base designs and orthodontic cement physical and geometric properties are indicated. Refereed Scientific Paper

Compressive Strength↗

PubMed1987

The effect of stress level, amino acid formula, and nitrogen dose on nitrogen retention in traumatic and septic stress.

Eighty-seven patients were entered into a randomized, prospective, double-blind, six-center study to evaluate the effect of amino acid loading and a formula that was branched chain enriched (50%) on nitrogen retention in metabolic stress. The patients had varying levels of metabolic stress (0-3) after major surgery, polytrauma, or surgical sepsis. The study was isocaloric and isonitrogenous and lasted for 7 days. The patients received either a standard amino acid formula (SAA) (Travasol) or a 50% branched chain enriched formula that was equimolar, leucine, isoleucine, and valine (MAA) (Travasol + Branchamin concentrate) at a dose of 1.0-2.0 g/kg/day in a fixed ratio with 114 glucose calories per gram of nitrogen administered. The nitrogen retention was proportionate to the nitrogen (and, therefore, caloric) load in both groups. The MAA group, however, had better nitrogen retention, reached nitrogen equilibrium at a lower dose of amino acids, and had less urinary nitrogen excretion per gram of nitrogen administered. Since the groups were isonitrogenous and the calorie to nitrogen ratios were fixed, it appears that nitrogen equilibrium in surgical stress is proportionate to the amino acid load over a range of 0.05-0.4 g/kg/day of nitrogen; and that MAA are more efficient at inducing nitrogen retention and a reduction in urea excretion. These effects on nitrogen retention were more significant at level 2 stress or greater. At these higher stress levels, a dose of 2 +/- 0.2 g/kg/day of MAA seemed most efficient in promoting nitrogen retention.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Combat stress reactions, posttraumatic stress disorder, and social adjustment. A study of Israeli veterans.

This study assessed social functioning among three groups of Israeli soldiers: a) front-line soldiers who had been treated for combat stress reaction during the 1982 Lebanon war (N = 382); b) matched control front-line soldiers who did not sustain combat stress reaction (N = 334); and c) combat-ready soldiers who did not participate in the 1982 war (N = 88). Subjects were screened 1 year after the war for posttraumatic stress disorder and social functioning. Results indicated that participation in combat per se did not have adverse effects on postwar social functioning. However, combat stress reactions and posttraumatic stress disorder were found to be associated with a decline in postwar social functioning. The practical and theoretical implications of these findings were discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Female Stress Urinary Incontinence Clinical Guidelines Panel summary report on surgical management of female stress urinary incontinence. The American Urological Association.

PURPOSE: The American Urological Association convened the Female Stress Urinary Incontinence Clinical Guidelines Panel to analyze the literature regarding surgical procedures for treating stress urinary incontinence in the otherwise healthy female subject and to make practice recommendations based on the treatment outcomes data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The panel searched the MEDLINE data base for all articles through 1993 on surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. Outcomes data were extracted from articles accepted after panel review. The data were then meta-analyzed to produce outcome estimates for alternative surgical procedures. RESULTS: The data indicate that after 48 months retropubic suspensions and slings appear to be more efficacious than transvaginal suspensions, and also more efficacious than anterior repairs. The literature suggests higher complication rates when synthetic materials are used for slings. CONCLUSIONS: The panel found sufficient acceptable long-term outcomes data (longer than 48 months) to conclude that surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence is effective, offering a long-term cure in a significant percentage of women. The evidence supports surgery as initial therapy and as a secondary form of therapy after failure of other treatments for stress urinary incontinence. Retropubic suspensions and slings are the most efficacious procedures for long-term success (based on cure/dry rates). However, in the panel's opinion retropubic suspensions and sling procedures are associated with slightly higher complication rates, including longer convalescence and postoperative voiding dysfunction.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed1993

An organizational culture that optimizes stress: acceptable stress in nursing.

Stressors intrinsically associated with nursing provide a desirable moderate level of stress leading to high job performance. More (or less) stress would likely lead to a drop-off in performance. A large, urban hospital's organization has been designed to minimize further stress arising from its organizational culture. Its dominant values are responsibility, high quality nursing, collaboration, supportiveness, caring, autonomy, clinical development, and professionalism. Expressed in Jungian terms, the organization embodies Great Mother, Anima, Wise Old Man, and Anima archetypes. Nurse executives and administrators who understand the effects of organizational culture on stress may help their institutions operate in stress's healthy midrange.

Female↗

PubMed1990

Posttraumatic stress disorder in the police officer: paradigm of occupational stress.

The police officer is exposed to stress outside the range of usual human experience, which often leads to his demoralization and brutalization, and predisposes him to a posttraumatic stress disorder similar to that found in the Vietnam veteran. With posttraumatic stress disorder comes functional deterioration that can lead to significant psychologic and health problems, not only for the police officer, but also for his family. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the police officer has counterparts in other stressful occupations. Current treatment methods are outlined.

Humans↗