Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “STIGMATIZATION”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Lives renewed: the emergence of a breast cancer survivor movement in Ukraine.

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among women in Ukraine. In addition to the physical toll that breast cancer takes, the psychological and emotional needs of women diagnosed with the disease are great but rarely addressed. Since 1997, with initial technical assistance from the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), a nascent breast cancer survivor movement has emerged in Ukraine, which aims to challenge societal stigmatization of the disease. As of mid-2001, survivor groups have been formed in 15 cities, representing 12 of the country's 25 provinces, and groups in eight cities have begun implementing Peer Support Volunteer programmes through which survivors provide information and emotional support to newly diagnosed women in hospital. Survivors also are playing an important role in raising public awareness about the disease through public events, outreach activities and the media. The groups have also forged alliances with key medical professionals specialising in cancer care, both to educate them about the potential role that survivors' groups can play in assisting patients, as well as to enlist their active support for these efforts. Solidifying the groups' organisational structures and strengthening their management and fundraising skills have been vital to success.

Awareness↗
PubMed1997

Self-esteem and adiposity in black and white girls: the NHLBI Growth and Health Study.

PURPOSE: Obesity is assumed to have a negative impact on self-esteem because of the associated social stigmatization in Western society. Studies of the psychological effect of obesity in children are inconclusive and limited, particularly pertaining to minority populations. Most studies have assessed global rather than domain-specific measures of self-esteem and hence, may have lacked specificity to detect impairment of certain aspects of self-esteem most closely associated with obesity. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of adiposity and other environmental factors on measures of perceived competence and self-adequacy in 2205 black and white girls aged 9-10 years. METHODS: Domain-specific measures of self-esteem were studied by race and degree of adiposity, using Harter's "Self-Perception Profile for Children". Three Harter scales deemed more relevant to obesity (social acceptance (SA), physical appearance (PA), and global self-worth (GSW)) were selected for univariate and multivariate linear regression models to examine relationships between self-esteem level and adiposity (measured by the sum of triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds (SSF)), race, pubertal maturation, and parental education. The relationship between adiposity and Harter scores was further examined with LOESS curves and also by comparing the mean scores of each quintile of SSF by race, as well as inter-quintile differences within race. RESULTS: Adiposity in general impacted negatively on the scores of all three selected Harter scales. There was also racial variation in the relationship between the scores and adiposity, with the magnitude of the effect somewhat less in black girls. White girls exhibited a significant inverse relationship between SSF and SA scores while, in striking contrast, there was no variation in scores in black girls across all ranges of adiposity. Although there was a significant inverse relationship between adiposity and PA and GSW in both groups, the slope was steeper in white girls, particularly at higher ranges of SSF. Non-linearity in the relationship between SSF and the scores was seen in SA and PA scales. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated a significant negative association between adiposity and the level of self-esteem in girls as young as 9 to 10 years. There were also intriguing racial differences in the selected domains of esteem. These results may help better understand cultural differences regarding the psychological impact of obesity and could be used to formulate appropriate strategies for public health policy.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2002

An assessment of the effect of data collection setting on the prevalence of health risk behaviors among adolescents.

PURPOSE: To examine the effect of data collection setting on the prevalence of priority health risk behaviors among adolescents. METHODS: Analyses were conducted using data from two national probability surveys of adolescents, the 1993 national school-based Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) and the 1992 household-based National Health Interview Survey (NHIS/YRBS). Forty-two items were worded identically on both surveys. RESULTS: Thirty-nine of the 42 identically worded items (93%) showed that the YRBS produced estimates indicating higher risk than the NHIS. Twenty-four of these comparisons yielded statistically significant differences. The prevalence estimates affected most were those for behaviors that are either illegal or socially stigmatized. CONCLUSIONS: School-based surveys produce higher prevalence estimates for adolescent health risk behaviors than do household-based surveys. Each has advantages and disadvantages, and both can play a role in assessing these behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Health-related quality of life in youth: a comparison between adolescents and young adults with uncomplicated epilepsy and healthy controls.

PURPOSE: To describe health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adolescents and young adults with uncomplicated epilepsy and to compare it with a random sample of the general population. METHODS: Young people, aged 13-22 years, meeting the criteria and registered in four Swedish hospitals answered questionnaires (n = 158/193) on HRQOL together with 282 (n = 282/390) random controls living in the same areas in Sweden. The instruments used were "I think I am," "Youth Self Report," "Sense of coherence," and "Family APGAR." Data were analyzed by using factorial analysis of variance. RESULTS: Girls had a poorer HRQOL than boys. The epilepsy group reported lower competence (i.e., they were less active, had lower social competence and poorer school achievement). Both groups had an overall positive self-esteem. Differences between girls in the epilepsy and control groups were small, whereas differences among boys were more evident. Older age was related to poorer HRQOL in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study points out the importance of being observant of signs of stigmatization in adolescents with epilepsy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Indiana Youth Access Project: a model for responding to the HIV risk behaviors of gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth in the heartland.

The Indiana Youth Access Project (IYAP) is supported by the Special Projects of National Significance Program, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration. The IYAP is a model HIV care program being developed at the Indiana Youth Group, Inc. (IYG) in conjunction with the Indiana State Department of Health and Indiana University. Previous studies indicate that gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth are at increased risk of acquiring HIV because of the stigmatization and social marginalization they experience as a result of their sexual identities. During the course of the first 3 years of the demonstration, the program has served 418 young people, including nine who are HIV infected. The IYAP targets the special needs of this special population by confronting institutional barriers which limit these young people's access to HIV care services, assisting them in building stronger peer support networks, and providing them with professional case management and related services. The model builds upon the successful peer-support program established at IYG by incorporating a unique set of health, mental health, and social case-management services provided by trained professionals. In addition, the program incorporates an extensive peer-counselor training and outreach program which targets street youth and other at-risk young people. The program has provided education and training workshops on the special needs of gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth to thousands of health care, education, and social service professionals both in central Indiana and around the nation.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Empathic learning: an innovative teaching strategy to improve attitudes toward caring for persons with HIV/AIDS.

The authors conducted a pretest-posttest experimental study to explore the effect of an innovative teaching strategy ("The Circle of Life") on nursing students' knowledge, attitudes, and concerns about caring for persons with AIDS (PWAs). The students (N = 43) who participated in the intervention demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in attitudes toward PWAs. Interventions such as this one, which engage the affective response, have potential for improving attitudes toward caring for individuals with stigmatizing conditions.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

Childhood obesity.

The prevalence of childhood obesity is rising, and pediatric obesity has become an important public health issue. It can be defined as BMI more than 95th percentile for age and sex, whereas overweight is defined as BMI more than 85th percentile. Using these cut points, more than one quarter of all children and adolescents are either overweight or obese. The recent increases in the prevalence of childhood obesity result from the interaction between a strong genetic predisposition that facilitates storage of fat, easy access to calorically dense foods, and the low levels of physical activity that characterize modern societies. Childhood obesity has pervasive psychosocial and medical consequences in the short term and the long term. Many of these consequences may not be apparent for decades, but the metabolic complications of obesity and the insidious effects of early psychosocial stigmatization are sometimes observed even in young children. For pediatric obesity, behavioral approaches seem moderately efficacious in younger children. Comprehensive programs generally include modification of dietary and activity habits and some degree of parental involvement. Medication for pediatric obesity cannot be recommended currently outside the context of clinical trials. Gastric bypass surgery is effective but should be considered a last resort for the child with life-threatening complications of obesity.

Body Height↗
PubMed2003

Psychological aspects of diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) presents itself in two forms: insulin-dependent (type 1 DM) and non-insulin-dependent (type 2 DM). Although type 2 DM usually has an adult onset, in recent years there has been a significant rise in the number of children diagnosed with type 2 DM in the United States. Reasons for this increased frequency are believed to be a larger percentage of children who are overweight, a family history of diabetes, and a considerable increase in the use of psychotropic medication in children. The diagnosis of DM is a significant stressor not only for patients but also for their environment. Children with DM are sometimes stigmatized by their peers and relatives who do not understand the illness or are frightened by it. Some children also may need to alter several of their customary routines and are often scared to participate in activities in which they were previously engaged. The family's response to the diagnosis of DM may have a negative effect on glycemic control. Differences have been found in the way patients with type 1 DM and type 2 DM cope with and adapt to their diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

John Hall and his epileptic patients--epilepsy management in early 17th century England.

John Hall, a physician, practised in Stratford in the early 17th century and was the son-in-law of William Shakespeare. During his career he kept records of his patients (in Latin) which he may have been preparing for publication when he died. Despite his instruction for them to be destroyed some were later translated into English and published by another physician. The case records were popular and have recently been reprinted with a commentaryl. We have searched the case records for descriptions of epilepsy and examined the treatments offered (and the attitudes to) this condition in early 17th century England. Treatment consisted of standard remedies ('fumes' of hartshorn and extracts of peony) related to the Galenic system of medicine, plus individual remedies. Interestingly, there is no evidence that the condition was stigmatized.

England↗
PubMed1996

Living with epilepsy: a qualitative study investigating the experiences of young people attending outpatients clinics in Leicester.

Epilepsy is a disorder associated with significant psychosocial morbidity, and the effects of a stigmatizing condition upon the everyday life and adjustment of young people is not known. The study involved in-depth interviews with 24 young people (15 females, 9 males), aged between 13 and 25 years, all of whom suffered from epilepsy and attended outpatients clinics. The important issues raised included the finding that a large proportion of the sample (71%) reported having been the victims of prejudice, especially bullying and teasing while they were at secondary school. Additionally, many subjects were critical of the medical profession and support services for people with epilepsy, complaining that they were not meeting their needs appropriately. Most subjects reported feelings of apprehension about telling others about their epilepsy, especially members of the opposite sex, and potential employers. Most described supportive, positive relationships with their families and close friends, and parental overprotection was rarely reported by them as being a significant problem. In addition, an estimate of subjects' adjustment to epilepsy was obtained which appears to indicate that the majority were coping well with their condition, even though it may have been resented by some of them.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The effects of perceived stigma and psychological over-control on the behavioural problems of children with epilepsy.

This pilot study finds that parents who think that their child will be stigmatized and who perceive that epilepsy limits their child, report higher levels of four child behavioural problems than reported by other parents of children with epilepsy. Those children with epilepsy who report that their parents use an over-controlling psychological approach to parenting report higher levels of four behavioural problems than those children with epilepsy who do not report over-controlling behaviour from their parents. The effects of simple partial seizures and of seizure severity on children's behavioural problems are completely mediated by perceived stigma, perceived limitations, and perceived parenting. Seizure frequency, absence seizures, and treatment with ethosuximide have direct effects on three children's behavioural problems; the effects of these medical variables are generally unaffected by control for parent's and children's perceptions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Bariatric surgery for severely obese adolescents.

A 1991 National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference concluded that severely obese adults could be eligible for bariatric surgery if they had a body mass index (BMI) > or =35 kg/m(2) with or > or =40 kg/m(2) without obesity comorbidity. It was thought at that time that there were inadequate data to support bariatric surgery in severely obese adolescents. An estimated 25% of children in the United States are obese, a number that has doubled over a 30-year period. Very little information has been published on the subject of obesity surgery in adolescents. Therefore we reviewed our 20-year database on bariatric surgery in adolescents. Severely obese adolescents, ranging from 12 to less than 18 years of age, were considered eligible for bariatric surgery according to the National Institutes of Health adult criteria. Gastroplasty was the procedure of choice in the initial 3 years of the study followed by gastric bypass, which was found to be significantly more effective for weight loss in adults. Distal gastric bypass (D-GBP) was used in extremely obese patients (BMI > or =60 kg/m(2)) before 1992 and long-limb gastric bypass (LL-GBP) was used for superobese patients (BMI > or =50 kg/m(2)) after 1992. Laparoscopic gastric bypass was used after 2000. Thirty-three adolescents (27 white, 6 black; 19 females, 14 males) underwent the following bariatric operations between 1981 and June 2001: horizontal gastroplasty in one, vertical banded gastroplasty in two, standard gastric bypass in 17 (2 laparoscopic), LL-GBP in 10, and D-GBP in three. Mean BMI was 52 +/- 11 kg/m(2) (range 38 to 91 kg/m(2)), and mean age was 16 +/- 1 years (range 12.4 to 17.9 years). Preoperative comorbid conditions included the following: type II diabetes mellitus in two patients, hypertension in 11, pseudotumor cerebri in three, gastroesophageal reflux in five, sleep apnea in six, urinary incontinence in two, polycystic ovary syndrome in one, asthma in one, and degenerative joint disease in 11. There were no operative deaths or anastomotic leaks. Early complications included pulmonary embolism in one patient, major wound infection in one, minor wound infections in four, stomal stenoses (endoscopically dilated) in three, and marginal ulcers (medically treated) in four. Late complications included small bowel obstruction in one and incisional hernias in six patients. There were two late sudden deaths (2 years and 6 years postoperatively), but these were unlikely to have been caused by the bariatric surgical procedure. Revision procedures included one D-GBP to gastric bypass for malnutrition and one gastric bypass to LL-GBP for inadequate weight loss. Regain of most or all of the lost weight was seen in five patients at 5 to 10 years after surgery; however, significant weight loss was maintained in the remaining patients for up to 14 years after surgery. Comorbid conditions resolved at 1 year with the exception of hypertension in two patients, gastroesophageal reflux in two, and degenerative joint disease in seven. Self-image was greatly enhanced; eight patients have married and have children, five patients have completed college, and one patient is currently in college. Severe obesity is increasing rapidly in adolescents and is associated with significant comorbidity and social stigmatization. Bariatric surgery in adolescents is safe and is associated with significant weight loss, correction of obesity comorbidity, and improved self-image and socialization. These data strongly support obesity surgery for those unfortunate individuals who may have difficulty obtaining insurance coverage based on the 1991 National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference statement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Assessing psychiatric illness in geriatric patients.

Assessing psychiatric illness in geriatric patients can be difficult for a variety of reasons. First, medical comorbidity may obscure the diagnosis. For example, the patient with multiple chronic illnesses will often have many "vegetative" symptoms of either dementia or depression (e.g., fatigue, loss of energy, poor appetite) attributed to the primary medical condition rather than to an underlying psychiatric illness. Second, the phenomenology of psychiatric illness in the elderly is often different. For example, depression in the elderly is often characterized by prominent anhedonia--loss of interest in virtually everything--and physical complaints leading to an unnecessary medical workup. Third, physicians are often reluctant to diagnose new-onset mental illness in their elderly patients. The fear of stigmatizing the patient or physician discomfort with "psychologic language" often results in underdetection of straightforward psychiatric syndromes. This article will focus primarily on detection of 3 of the most common psychiatric syndromes: dementia, depression, and delirium. The field of geriatric psychiatry has done a good job of characterizing the prevalence (Table I) and clinical features of these syndromes. The problem--briefly addressed here--is how to incorporate some of these findings into a busy clinical practice where there is very little time for the assessment of psychiatric symptoms.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Obesity and its comorbid conditions.

Obese patients are at an increased risk for developing many medical problems, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, stroke, sleep apnea, gallbladder disease, hyperuricemia and gout, and osteoarthritis. Certain cancers are also associated with obesity, including colorectal and prostate cancer in men and endometrial, breast, and gallbladder cancer in women (1-6). Excess body weight is also associated with substantial increases in mortality from all causes, in particular, cardiovascular disease. More than 5% of the national health expenditure in the United States is directed at medical costs associated with obesity (7). In addition, certain psychologic problems, including binge-eating disorder and depression, are more common among obese persons than they are in the general population (8.9). Finally, obese individuals may suffer from social stigmatization and discrimination, and severely obese people may experience greater risk of impaired psychosocial and physical functioning, causing a negative impact on their quality of life (10).

Comorbidity↗
PubMed1997

Behind the crumbling walls; the re-working of a former asylum's geography.

This paper attempts to examine the effects of deinstitutionalization on a former asylum's human and physical geography, through a case study of St Lawrence's Hospital, Bodmin, UK. It researches the inevitably impermanent geography of an asylum in the process of being 'run down'. The paper includes an empirical account of the rationalization of a former asylum, reconstructing an east to west migration of activities across the site. It deals with St Lawrence's as a 'stigmatized' place unable to escape the mark of its asylum past, and as a place that staff and local people cannot imagine being used for anything other than land uses associated with 'mad people' or other marginal groups in society. The paper deals with how St Lawrence's is regarded by some as a 'community', people who recall with a measure of affection how the asylum used to be a 'home' as well as a 'workplace', a nostalgia which rebounds into suspicion about the dismantling process. Fundamentally, the paper aims to tease out and work through the hopes and fears that now surround the former asylum's environment.

Community-Institutional Relations↗
PubMed2001

The potential place of chloroquine in the treatment of HIV-1-infected patients.

BACKGROUND: Chloroquine has been reported to be endowed with anti-HIV-1 activity. We previously found its anti-HIV-1 activity to be additive to that of of the hydroxyurea plus didanosine combination. OBJECTIVES: Here we wish to present reported data on chloroquine's effects other than its antiretroviral activity, that may be of benefit in the therapy of HIV-1-infected individuals. RESULTS: (1) Chloroquine exerts an inhibitory effect on several AIDS-opportunistic pathogens, at least in vitro and, in some cases, in murine infections. (2) The drug exerts an inhibitory effect on the synthesis of several pro-inflammatory cytokines that may play a pathogenic role in the progression of HIV infection. (3) The drug has the potential to restrict tissular iron accumulation that may play a negative role in HIV infection. (4) The drug has practical advantages, as it is widely distributed, inexpensive and not stigmatizing. (5) We hypothesized that the drug, if given to HIV-positive breast-feeding mothers, may be of potential benefit in decreasing the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. CONCLUSION: in view of the above-given data, combination therapy with chloroquine warrants clinical studies in HIV-1-infected patients, mainly in the setting of resource-poor countries.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2003

Ways of coping with obesity stigma: review and conceptual analysis.

There is clear documentation of bias and discrimination aimed at overweight persons, but less is known about methods individuals use to cope with weight stigma. This paper provides an analysis of such methods, integrating work on weight stigma with what is known from other relevant areas (e.g., race and gender bias). Multiple means of coping have been studied, ranging from attempts to change the stigmatizing condition (losing weight) to taking pride in the condition and mobilizing social action to prevent discrimination. The most promising areas for future research, methodological challenges, and the importance of individual difference and situational factors as moderating variables are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Metabolic liver disease in the young adult.

This chapter describes the gene mutations, phenotypes, diagnosis and therapy of the common metabolic liver diseases in young adulthood: haemochromatosis, Wilson disease, alpha(1)-anti-trypsin deficiency and cystic fibrosis. The remarkable variability of the phenotypical expression of the mutated genotypes makes screening recommendations and the establishment of prognosis for these liver disorders in young adults problematical. The diagnosis and therapy of the young adult with metabolic liver disease is discussed, with an emphasis on maintaining quality-of-life and balancing the importance of early intervention with the stigmatization of the diagnosis of potentially life-threatening liver disease. There is a critical need for the development of biochemical markers that would predict the risk of expression of clinical phenotypes and prognosis.

Adult↗