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PubMed1987

Mouse hybrid sterility and testicular function.

Crosses of BALB/c female mice and inbred wild male mice (PWD, PWK) produce fertile female progeny, but the male offspring are sterile. The hybrid male sterility is a direct action of the hybrid sterility genes Hst-1s and Hstws. Previous reports concluded that spermatogenic arrest effected the sterility. However, the testicular steroidogenesis of hybrid sterile male mice has not been elucidated. In the present report, the steroidogenic capacity of hybrid sterile and parental strain males was directly assessed by quantifying testosterone secretion by maximally stimulated testes perfused in vitro. Additionally, Leydig cell mass and germ cell volumes were morphometrically determined. The experimental results confirm the deleterious impact of the Hst-1s/Hstws genotype on spermatogenesis and demonstrate for the first time that the steroidogenic capacity of hybrid sterile testes is reduced. The biochemical defects that cause the impairment of testicular function are unknown.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Studies on Genetic Male-Sterile Soybeans: I. Distribution of Plant Carbohydrate and Nitrogen during Development.

Soybeans (Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv. NC 69-2774) were used to study the nonstructural carbohydrate and nitrogen content of plant tissues, and nitrogenase activity throughout the development of male-sterile and male-fertile plants. Male-sterile plants set approximately 85% fewer pods plus seed than the male-fertile siblings and retained green leaves until a killing frost at 145 days after emergence. Reduced pod set caused increased carbohydrate accumulation in the leaf and root systems of male-sterile plants. Total carbohydrate in roots of male-sterile plants increased from 1.7 to 7.6 times that in the male-fertile roots. A high proportion (60 to 70%) of the male-sterile root carbohydrate was starch. Apparently, root starch was not metabolized by the male-sterile plants. Late in plant development per cent nitrogen was higher in the male-sterile soybean tissues. However, no difference was found in the ability of the nodulated root systems from either genotype to fix nitrogen.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Leaf Nitrate Reductase, d-Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase, and Root Nodule Development of Genetic Male-Sterile and Fertile Soybean Isolines.

The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of pod and seed development on leaf chlorophyll concentration, and on activities of leaf ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, leaf nitrate reductase, and root nodule acetylene reduction in field-grown soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). Two genetic male-sterile lines and their fertile counterparts (Williams and Clark 63) were compared in both 1978 and 1979. Two additional lines (Wells x Beeson and Wells x Corsoy) were compared in 1979.The expression of male-sterile character was nearly complete as very little outcrossing due to insect pollinators was observed. Male-sterile plants showed a delayed late season decline in leaf chlorophyll content and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase activity when compared with fertile plants. A slight delay in the loss of in vivo leaf nitrate reductase activity was also observed for male-sterile plants. Root nodule fresh weight and acetylene reduction activity declined slightly more rapidly for fertile lines than for male-sterile lines in both years with differences significant on the last two to three sampling dates as leaf loss occurred in the control plants.Seed development was found to increase slightly, the rate of decline of metabolic activity in fertile lines compared with that of male-sterile lines. However, pod development was not an a priori requirement for leaf and root nodule senescence. Male-sterile plants also lost photosynthetic and nitrogen metabolic competence, but at a slower rate. These results support the concept that pod and seed development does not signal monocarpic senescence per se but rather affects the rate at which senescence occurs after flowering.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Sex-linked hybrid sterility in a butterfly.

Recent studies, primarily in Drosophila, have greatly advanced our understanding of Haldane's rule, the tendency for hybrid sterility or inviability to affect primarily the heterogametic sex (Haldane 1922). Although dominance theory (Turelli and Orr 1995) has been proposed as a general explanation of Haldane's rule, this remains to be tested in female-heterogametic taxa, such as the Lepidoptera. Here we describe a novel example of Haldane's rule in Heliconius melpomene (Lepidoptera; Nymphalidae). Female F1 offspring are sterile when a male from French Guiana is crossed to a female from Panama, but fertile in the reciprocal cross. Male F1s are fertile in both directions. Similar female F1 sterility occurs in crosses between French Guiana and eastern Colombian populations. Backcrosses and linkage analysis show that sterility results from an interaction between gene(s) on the Z chromosome of the Guiana race with autosomal factors in the Panama genome. Large X (or Z) effects are commonly observed in Drosophila, but to our knowledge have not been previously demonstrated for hybrid sterility in Lepidoptera. Differences in the abundance of male versus female or Z-linked versus autosomal sterility factors cannot be ruled out in our crosses as causes of Haldane's rule. Nonetheless, the demonstration that recessive Z-linked loci cause hybrid sterility in a female heterogametic species supports the contention that dominance theory provides a general explanation of Haldane's rule (Turelli and Orr 2000).

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Male sterility at extreme temperatures: a significant but neglected phenomenon for understanding Drosophila climatic adaptations.

The thermal range for viability is quite variable among Drosophila species and it has long been known that these variations are correlated with geographic distribution: temperate species are on average more cold tolerant but more heat sensitive than tropical species. At both ends of their viability range, sterile males have been observed in all species investigated so far. This symmetrical phenomenon restricts the temperature limits within which permanent cultures can be kept in the laboratory. Thermal heat sterility thresholds are very variable across species from 23 degrees C in heat sensitive species up to 31 degrees C in heat tolerant species. In Drosophila melanogaster, genetic variations are observed among geographic populations. Tropical populations are more tolerant to heat induced sterility and recover more rapidly than temperate ones. A genetic analysis revealed that about 50% of the difference observed between natural populations was due to the Y chromosome. Natural populations have not reached a selection limit, however: thermal tolerance was still increased by keeping strains at a high temperature, close to the sterility threshold. On the low temperature side, a symmetrical reverse phenomenon seems to exist: temperate populations are more tolerant to cold than tropical ones. Compared to Mammals, drosophilids exhibit two major differences: first, male sterility occurs not only at high temperature, but also at a low temperature; second, sterility thresholds are not evolutionarily constrained, but highly variable. Altogether, significant and sometimes major genetic variations have been observed between species, between geographic races of the same species, and even between strains kept in the laboratory under different thermal regimes. In each case, it is easily argued that the observed variations correspond to adaptations to climatic conditions, and that male sterility is a significant component of fitness and a target of natural selection.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

Molecular and physical mapping of a barley gene on chromosome arm 1 HL that causes sterility in hybrids with wheat.

Addition of the long arm of barley chromosome 1H (1HL) to wheat causes severe meiotic abnormalities and complete sterility of the plants. To map the barley gene responsible for the 1H-induced sterility of wheat, a series of addition lines of translocated 1H chromosomes were developed from the crosses between the wheat 'Shinchunaga' and five reciprocal translocation lines derived from the barley line St.13559. Examination of the seed fertility of the addition lines revealed that the sterility gene is located in the interstitial 25% region of the 1HL arm. The genetic location of the sterility gene was also estimated by physically mapping sequence-tagged site (STS) markers and simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers with known map locations. The sterility gene is designated Shw (sterility in hybrids with wheat). Comparison of the present physical map of 1HL with two previously published genetic maps revealed a paucity of markers in the proximal 30% region and non-random distribution of SSR markers. Two inconsistencies in marker order were found between the present physical map and the consensus genetic map of group 1 chromosomes of Triticeae. On the basis of the effects on meiosis and chromosomal location, the relationship of the present sterility gene with other fertility-related genes of Triticeae is discussed.

Genetic Markers↗
PubMed2006

Radiation-induced sterility for pupal and adult stages of the malaria mosquito Anopheles arabiensis.

BACKGROUND: In the context of the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), radiation-induced sterility in the malaria mosquito Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) was studied. Male mosquitoes were exposed to gamma rays in the pupal or adult stage and dose-sterility curves were determined. METHODS: Pupae were irradiated shortly before emergence (at 22-26 hrs of age), and adults <24 hrs post emergence. Doses tested ranged between 0 and 100 Gy. The effects of irradiation on adult emergence, male survival, induced sterility and insemination capability were evaluated. Emergence and insemination data were analysed using independent t-tests against the control. Correlation analyses were performed for insemination rate and dose and insemination and fecundity. Male survival was analysed using Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. Finally, the calculated residual fertility values were inverse-normal transformed and linear regression analyses performed. RESULTS: Irradiation of pupae, for all doses tested, had no effect on adult emergence. Survival curves of males irradiated as pupae or adults were similar or even slightly higher than non-irradiated males. Overall, adults appeared to be slightly more susceptible to irradiation, although no significant differences for individual doses were observed. In the pupal stage, a significant negative correlation was found between insemination and dose, but the correlation-coefficient was associated with less than 25% of the total variation. A review of the literature indicated that An. arabiensis is more radiation resistant than other anopheline mosquitoes. CONCLUSION: The optimal dose for male insects to be released in an SIT programme depends on their level of sterility and competitiveness. The use of semi-sterilizing doses to produce more competitive insects is discussed. The most convenient developmental stage for mosquito irradiation on a mass-scale are pupae, but pupal irradiation resulted in a lower insemination rate at the highest dose compared to adult irradiation. On the basis of this study, a suitable dose range that includes semi-sterilizing doses is identified to initiate competitiveness experiments for males irradiated at both developmental stages.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Role of excitatory amino acid pathways in control of gonadotrophin secretion in adult female rats sterilized by neonatal administration of oestradiol or testosterone.

Administration of sex steroids to neonatal female rats resulted in anovulation and absence of positive and negative feedback between oestradiol and LH secretion. In the present experiments, the role of excitatory amino acids in the control of gonadotrophin secretion in anovulatory adult rats sterilized by neonatal administration of oestradiol benzoate or testosterone propionate (100 mg or 1.25 mg on the day of birth, respectively) was studied. Cyclic females in metoestrus were used as controls. Serum LH and FSH concentrations were measured at different times after i.p. administration of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), kainic acid (agonists of NMDA and kainate receptors, respectively), MK-801 or 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) (antagonists of NMDA and kainate receptors, respectively). Experiments were also performed in control and sterilized females 1 week after ovariectomy. It was found that: (1) the effectiveness of NMDA and kainic acid in stimulating LH secretion was significantly higher in sterilized than in cyclic females; (2) ovariectomy increased LH secretion only in control females; (3) the stimulatory effect of NMDA and kainic acid on LH secretion after ovariectomy was observed only in sterilized females; (4) MK-801 and DNQX selectively decreased LH secretion in sterilized females; and (5) FSH secretion remained unaffected after NMDA or kainic acid administration in both control and sterilized females. In conclusion, the results obtained in sterilized females showed both a tonic release of endogenous excitatory amino acids and a greater responsiveness to NMDA and kainic acid than in controls.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A cytonuclear incompatibility causes anther sterility in Mimulus hybrids.

Multilocus interactions (also known as Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities) are thought to be the major source of hybrid inviability and sterility. Because cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes have conflicting evolutionary interests and are often highly coevolved, cytonuclear incompatibilities may be among the first to develop in incipient species. Here, we report the discovery of cytoplasm-dependent anther sterility in hybrids between closely related Mimulus species, outcrossing M. guttatus and selfing M. nasutus. A novel pollenless anther phenotype was observed in F2 hybrids with the M. guttatus cytoplasm (F2G) but not in the reciprocal F2N hybrids, F1 hybrids or parental genotypes. The pattern of phenotypic segregation in the F2G hybrids and two backcross populations fit a Mendelian single-locus recessive model, allowing us to map the underlying nuclear locus to a small region on LG7 of the Mimulus linkage map. Anther sterility was associated with a 20% reduction in flower size in backcross hybrids and we mapped a major cytoplasm-dependent corolla width QTL with its peak at the anther sterility locus. We argue that the cytonuclear anther sterility seen in hybrids reflects the presence of a cryptic cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and restorer system within the hermaphroditic M. guttatus population and therefore name the anther sterility locus restorer-of-male-fertility (RMF). The genetic mapping of RMF is a first step toward testing hypotheses about the molecular basis, individual fitness consequences, and ecological context of CMS and restoration in a system without stable CMS-restorer polymorphism (i.e., gynodioecy). The discovery of cryptic CMS in a hermaphroditic wildflower further suggests that selfish cytoplasmic evolution may play an important, but often undetected, role in shaping patterns of hybrid incompatibility and interspecific introgression in plants.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2004

Recapture of sterile Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in California's Preventative Release Program.

In southern California, the sterile insect technique has been used since 1994 to prevent establishment of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). This method involves the continual mass release of sterile flies, which suppress or eliminate any introduced wild fly populations. In addition, Jackson traps baited with trimedlure are deployed throughout the preventative release region for the dual purpose of detecting wild flies and monitoring released sterile flies. Sterile fly recapture data for a 3-yr period was compared with climate and to host plant (in which traps were placed). Precipitation was negatively correlated; and temperature and relative humidity were positively correlated with fly recapture levels. The highest numbers of flies were recaptured during trapping periods associated with intermediate relative humidity and temperature, and low precipitation. Flies were recaptured throughout the entire year, in traps that had been frequently relocated to host plants with fruit. This finding suggests that these flies were capable of locating acceptable fruit in a variety of abiotic conditions. However, these data do not necessarily suggest that measurements unimportant in explaining sterile fly recapture are not of value in determining other outcomes important to the goals of sterile release programs, such as reducing the likelihood of establishment of an introduced wild Mediterranean fruit fly population. Future research might build on these results in developing more precise models useful in predicting recapture of sterile flies.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Treatment of idiopathic sterility].

In the Centre for Assisted Reproduction of the Second Gynaecological and Obstetric Clinic, First Medical Faculty, Charles University and General Hospital Prague, during the period from 1993-1997, 900 couples were examined on account of sterility. In 8%, i.e. 72 couples the cause was not elucidated. The female patients were divided into groups by age, parity and period of sterility. In these groups the cumulative conception (CCR) was compared as well as the fecundity per cycle after three months without treatment, after three cycles of intrauterine insemination (IUI) and after three cycles of in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection into the oocyte (ICSI). In the group of patients with sterility shorter than three years, the cumulative conception rate after three months without treatment was 34.8%, after the subsequent three cycles of IUI 27.3% and after three cycles of IVF/ICSI 66.7%. In women with sterility extending over more than three years these results were significantly lower: without treatment CCR was 12.5%, when IUI was used it was 16.1% and after IVF/ICSI 40.5%. There were also marked differences in the age groups. Based on these results the authors elaborated an optimal individual therapeutic pattern. Treatment can be postponed by three months in women under 30 years and those where sterility persists for less than three years. If they do not become pregnant, 3-4 IUI cycles should be attempted. Even women where IUI fails have a fair chance to become pregnant by IVF ET. In women above 30 years with sterility lasting more than three years there the chance that they will become pregnant without treatment is only when secondary sterility is involved. IUI increases the probability of pregnancy in this group only slightly. If during stimulation before IUI more than four follicles grow, it is advisable to convert these cycles to IVF. In women above 39 years the authors recommend IVF or ICSI resp. as the method of first choice.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[A study of genetic stability of male sterile mutant of maize obtained from space flighted seeds].

OBJECTIVE: To select a male sterile mutant of maize through space flight for production application. METHOD: Air dried seeds of maize (Chuan Dan No. 9) were carried to space for 15 d. After returned to the earth, a male sterile mutant was selected and a sterile line was obtained through direction breeding. RESULT: It was found that the sterile material was thoroughly abortive. The sterile was trail stable and expressed a genetic feature of single recessive gene controlled nucleus sterility. CONCLUSION: The appearance of male sterile mutant was due to gene mutation caused by space conditions.

Breeding↗
PubMed2003

[Genetic analysis about maize male sterile mutant obtained by space flight].

The seeds of maize single hybrid Chuandan No. 9 were carried into space in 1996 by satellite. After the seeds were planted in field in comparison with travel in space seeds which was not carried into space. Fortunately, male sterile plants were discovered in one of the ear rows. The stability of male sterile expression was observed in different years, different locations and different generations. In order to analysis the genetic characteristic of male sterility, test cross, sister cross, back cross, reciprocal cross and self-pollination were conducted with these male sterile plants. The results showed that the male sterility was stable in different years and different locations, it is inheritable from generation to generation. The sterility is controlled by a single nuclear recessive gene. The appearance of male sterile mutant is the conclusion of gene mutation which happened in nuclear by space flight. This mutant material always accompanies with lower plant height.

Crosses, Genetic↗
PubMed1984

[Gaps in asepsis due to surgical caps, face masks, external surfaces of infusion bottles and sterile wrappers of disposable articles].

It is obvious that the surfaces of the boxes of sterile packed disposable instruments and infusion bottles are not sterile. The disposable surgical masks and surgical caps used for sterile clothing are delivered by the producers not sterile, either. To quantify these gaps and to judge their risks in the aseptic region the surfaces of 117 sterile packed disposable instruments and the inner sides of their boxes were examined bacteriologically. The surfaces of these objects proved to be not sterile by 21% and 4% were heavily contaminated with saprophytic germs. 3% of the examined articles showed pathogenic germs like Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter spec. 5-15% of the surfaces (glass- respectively plastic and labels) of the 331 infusion bottles proved to be heavily bacteriologically contaminated; 4-6% of them even showing pathogenic germs like Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Achromobacter spec. The surfaces of 25% of the examined disposable surgical masks and caps were considerably contaminated with saprophytic germs. Although pathogenic germs could not be detected, it means that these not sterile objects represent a considerable deficiency in surgical asepsis.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1994

A multistate model of fecundability and sterility.

This paper develops a multistate hazards model for estimating fecundability and sterility from data on waiting times to conception. Important features of the model include separate sterile and nonsterile states, a distinction between preexisting sterility and sterility that begins after initiation of exposure, and log-normally distributed fecundability among nonsterile couples. Application of the model to data on first birth intervals from Taiwan, Sri Lanka, and the Amish shows that heterogeneity in fecundability is statistically significant at most ages, but that preexisting sterility and new sterility are unimportant before age 40. These results suggest that sterility may not be an important determinant of natural fertility until later reproductive ages.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Advances in sterilization equipment.

From the array of sterilization procedures that are safe, simple and effective, the service provider must select procedures that fit his or her logistical criteria, which include the cost and maintenance of equipment, availability of supplies, and training of the requisite personnel. In this paper, these criteria are discussed for each of the various sterilization procedures. Information about female sterilization equipment for conventional postpartum laparotomy, minilaparotomy, colpotomy, laparoscopy, and culdoscopy is presented, together with facts about the related tubal occlusion techniques. The standard ligation techniques for male sterilization are compared with the newer electrocoagulation and thermocoagulation methods. A variety of methods for both female and male sterilization that are in the research stage are also mentioned. It is concluded that, from a programmatic point of view, vasectomy and postpartum ligation via laparotomy are the optimal sterilization procedures. For women who have not recently been pregnant, minilaparotomy with a standard tubal ligation technique is recommended, except in large teaching hospitals where laparoscopy can be performed efficiently.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

A comparison of women's regret after vasectomy versus tubal sterilization.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the 5-year cumulative probability of regret and risk factors for regret among women whose husbands underwent vasectomy with women after tubal sterilization. METHODS: A total of 525 women whose husbands underwent vasectomy were compared with 3672 women who underwent tubal sterilization in a prospective, multicenter, cohort study. RESULTS: The cumulative probability of a woman expressing regret within 5 years after her husband's vasectomy was 6.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.6, 8.6), which was similar to the 5-year cumulative probability of regret among women after tubal sterilization (7.0%, 95% CI 5.8, 8.1). Women who reported substantial conflict with their husbands before vasectomy were more than 25 times more likely to request that their husband have a reversal than women who did not report such conflict (rate ratio 25.3, 95% CI 2.9, 217.2). Similarly, women who reported substantial conflict with their husbands or partners before tubal sterilization were more then three times as likely to regret their decision and more than five times as likely to request a reversal than women who did not report such conflict (rate ratio 3.1, 95% CI 1.4, 7.0, and rate ratio 5.4, 95% CI 1.6, 17.6, respectively). CONCLUSION: Most women did not express regret after their husband's vasectomy and the probability of regret was similar to sterilized women. However, when there was substantial conflict between a woman and her husband before vasectomy or tubal sterilization, the probability of subsequent request for reversal was increased.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Counseling women who request sterilization: psychodynamic issues and interventions.

With large numbers of women seeking sterilization each year, including over half a million in 1983 alone, the problem of regretted sterilization and efforts to prevent regret have become matters of concern to health care providers. This paper describes a sterilization counseling program designed to reduce the likelihood of regretted sterilization. Discussed are factors which help predict satisfaction or regret following sterilization. A psychodynamic approach to sterilization counseling informed by these factors is described. Case vignettes are included, as is a retrospective analysis of candidates counseled during one year of the program.

Adaptation, Psychological↗