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PubMed1983

Curanderismo and Latino views of disease and curing.

Curanderismo is a diverse folk healing system of Latin America. Eight major philosophical premises underlie a coherent curing world view of Latino patients: disease or illness may follow (1) strong emotional states (such as rage, fear, envy or mourning of painful loss) or (2) being out of balance or harmony with one's environment; (3) a patient is often the innocent victim of malevolent forces; (4) the soul may become separated from the body (loss of soul); (5) cure requires the participation of the entire family; (6) the natural world is not always distinguishable from the supernatural; (7) sickness often serves the social function, through increased attention and rallying of the family around a patient, of reestablishing a sense of belonging (resocialization) and (8) Latinos respond better to an open interaction with their healer. These nuclear ideas or attitudes about health, illness and care are culturally patterned and are both conscious and unconscious (implicit). Moreover, expectations of the nature of the patient-healer relationship have implications for medical practice in general and psychotherapy in particular.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1994

Splitting as a consequence of severe abuse in childhood.

Clinical data suggest that Kernberg's description of splitting as a defense mechanism is useful in conceptualizing the psychological consequences of abuse in childhood in certain patients. The splitting in these patients is similar to his description of splitting in borderline patients in that it compartmentalizes and sequesters certain overwhelming and painful ego states accompanying negative introjects of the betraying primary object and the betrayed self. These sequestered introjects, furthermore, act as automatons, generating behaviors that arbitrarily re-enact their content even though the patient remains consciously unaware of their historical meaning. Another consequence of the sequestration of these traumatic introjects is that their affects retain their initial power and primitive quality, unmodulated by the usual homogenizing process that is a part of the synthesis of part-object introjects into whole-object introjects; the sequestration, therefore, often painful in itself, must nevertheless be rigidly maintained lest traumatic anxiety in the face of overwhelming affects be re-experienced. Shengold calls the sequence of events that results in this brittle but stubborn painful constriction of the personality "soul murder." He borrowed the phrase from Freud who used it to refer to what Schreber had suffered at the hands of his sadistic father. That phrase--"soul murder"--may sound melodramatic, but it powerfully conveys what these patients communicate of their experience of themselves. As with Kernberg's patients, the defensive splitting serves to protect the positive introjects. These patients fear their negative introjects, even more than they feel uncomfortable about the split. They fear their desperate rage will destroy their love objects, and leave them feeling abandoned and hating themselves. As one of my patients put it: "I fear that my destructive anger will leave me all alone in a sea of rubble of my own making." In the transference, he feared destroying me and our positive bond. In these cases it would seem that the turning to splitting occurred at a later age than it does with Kernberg's borderline patients. His proposition is that the developmentally normal "splitting," related to the undifferentiation of the infantile ego, persists as a defensive splitting, perhaps as a consequence of a consistently derailed mother-child dialogue; whereas in my patients it would seem that the normal developmental splitting had waned as ego differentiation proceeded, but that in the face of overwhelming traumata at perhaps 3 or 4 years of age, the primitive defense was invoked regressively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1993

[Mania and melancholia in the writings of Aretaeus].

In antique medicine mania and melancholia were diagnosed as impairment of sense and imagination. Aretaeus considered that the difference between them was that melancholia was "partial" insanity (anxiety of the soul caused by a single idea), while mania was insanity of the "whole soul". This concept led to extension of both terms, in particular melancholia which composed also paranoid and hallucinatory symptomatology. This concept persisted to the beginning of the 19th century.

Bipolar Disorder↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Cartesian dualism or alchemy of medical routine practice].

Whereas alchemy postulated the unity of body and soul as early as in the 15th century, René Descartes developed an artificial separation of the body from the soul in the 17th century, a challenge that today's doctors continue to face. This problematic nature of dualism seems to be suitable for complicating the doctor's relationship with patients of different age groups. With the help of a screening technique and a semi-standardized interview 100 patients (25 women with RA aged > 65; 25 women with RA aged < 55; 25 women aged < 65 without RA and 25 women aged < 55 without RA) were examined with regard to their basic needs in the relationships with their doctor. The patients older than 65 showed characteristic psychophysical particularities and, as compared with patients younger than 55, 86% of them articulated the needs for security as primary need in the relationship with their doctor. Seventy-six percent of the younger patients articulated the need for passing on of information as primary need. To understand the world of the elderly means the handling of pseudo-morbidity, reduced capability, social death and disease as normality, means the acceptance of the need for a mainly emotional doctor-patient relationship. From the results efficient psycho-therapeutical findings can be recommended for the doctor's practical work with regard to "pitfalls," as well as for use as the basis for talks and for a method to use in dealing with elderly people.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

[Theological-ethical theses of organ transplantation].

The message of the resurrection from the dead is meant to human beings living and dying in the unity of body and soul. The personality of man is unseparably connected with this unity--even beyond the death. The brain death only marks a (decisive) point during the process of dying, but the brain death cannot be defined as the death of a human being (in general). Theological ethics object to this definition and to a new dualism of brain and body as well as of body and personality (resp. soul), because this dualism socializes the organs of individuals and denies the personal dignity of disappearing life. Therefore the explantation of organs must depend on a personal declaration of consent given by the adult sponsor himself. And each information given on organ transplants must clarify that the explantation of organs means an interruption of dying.

Ethics, Medical↗

PubMed1996

[From animal automatons to scientific questioning--reflections on the development of veterinary medicine in the 18th century].

Descartes wanted to prove the cosmos to be a machine which God had made run. The animals, too, were machines which functioned like robots. In the 18th century the animal machine of Descartes was being discussed and eventually negated. The animal was considered a being with a soul and an intellect. Therefore an animal was to be looked at as a creation of God-nearly like a human being. Reimarus (About the animals' soul, 1760) and Germershausen (About sheep breeding, 1789), tried to be fair to animals while handling them. They negated the machine model of Descartes but accepted his scientific language. They transferred his vocabulary into their treatises. In this way they installed this new vocabulary into their scientific terminology--an important requirement for the instutitionalisation of veterinary medicine.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

[We're moving closer and closer to the insane asylum...": Modern life and nervous system diseases by Johann CHristian Reil (1759-1813)].

Johann Christian Reil is usually portrayed as a pioneer in the realm of neuroanatomy and psychiatry, and as a pragmatic physician engaged in contemporary problems of social medicine and hygiene. In this article, the connection between these two fields of interest is focused: Reil's ideas on the relation between the "modern" way of life and the occurrence of diseases of the nervous system. The first part of the paper summarizes Reil's statements on the issue, as laid out e.g. in his "Ueber die Erkenntnis und Cur der Fieber" (1802), and in the "Rhapsodieen über die Anwendung der psychischen Curmethode auf Geisteszerrüttungen" (1803). The second part gives an outline of Reil's neurophysiological model of the interaction between the organ of the soul ("Seelenorgan") and the social environment. In the third part, Reil's conceptions of culture, civilisation, and history are investigated. For Reil, madness is not an alienation from reason, but from a postulated healthy state of nature which is located in the past. Modern life causes and steadily increases a contradiction between the needs of the body and those of the soul, resulting in a concomitant tension and irritability of the nerves. Modern culture is thus criticized for its potentially harmful effects on mental health. The balance between physical and mental activities, and the constitution of a decentralized state would be means to prevent the manifestation of the ensuing diseases.

Germany↗

PubMed1998

Islamic jurisprudence and the end of human life.

Death is an inevitable reality but the causes leading to death may vary from individual to individual. In the past, death was considered to be a simple and straightforward phenomenon. The general practitioner would issue the death certificate once he was convinced that there was cessation or absence of spontaneous life in the patient. This meant that the patient had stopped breathing, his heart had stopped beating, there was unresponsiveness, his body had turned cold and finally rigor mortis had set in. With the successful accomplishment of heart transplants, it became obvious that a process of rethinking on how death could be determined had to be instituted. Cessation of heartbeat is no longer considered evidence of death since the heart is now able to be substituted with that of a just-deceased donor or with that of a baboon or even with a mechanical one. Moreover, modern biomedical innovations like the resuscitator and cardiac pacemaker have made it imperative to establish a set of criteria by which the moment of death could be identified. Diagnosis of brainstem death is relevant to the issue of retrieving viable vital organs, i.e. heart, lung, liver and kidney, for transplantation purposes. The Holy Qur'an emphasizes the universality of death and from its teachings one gathers that the moment of death would be at the time when the soul is separated from the body. However, one has to concede that the Qur'an does not in any way tell us anything about the nature of the soul nor of its location in the human body, hence the dilemma of Muslims insofar as brain death is concerned. In this paper, an attempt is made to analyse the deliberations of the classical and contemporary Muslim scholars on the end of human life with the aim of determining whether brain stem death could in effect be regarded by Muslims as the end of human life and if not why?

Brain Death↗

PubMed2005

Polymorphisms in 16S rRNA genes of Flavobacterium psychrophilum correlate with elastin hydrolysis and tetracycline resistance.

Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the etiological agent of bacterial coldwater disease, which causes significant problems to aquaculture worldwide. A recent study (Soule M, Cain K, LaFrentz S, Call DR [2005] Infect Immun 73:3799-3802) identified two 16S rRNA gene sequence variants (6 base differences) within the variable stem-loop region 3 for F. psychrophilum strains ATCC 49418 and CSF 259-93. That study also hypothesized that F. psychrophilum is composed of at least 2 distinct genetic lineages (I and II) described by a microarray-based comparative genomics study. In the present study, we augmented an existing 16S rDNA microarray to detect both 16S rRNA sequence variants from F. psychrophilum. Subsequent microarray experiments showed that CSF 259-93 hybridized as expected, but ATCC 49418 was positive for both sequence variants. We then developed a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay (MnlI and MaeIII) to distinguish between the 2 sequences. Gel isolation of PCR-RFLP products, cloning, and sequencing confirmed that ATCC 49418 harbors both 16S rRNA sequences. Microarray experiments showed that 11 of 14 strains from genetic Lineage I harbor both the CSF 259-93 and ATCC 49418 16S rRNA sequence variants, whereas all 15 Lineage II strains were only positive for the CSF 259-93 sequence (p < 0.0001). Elastin hydrolysis and tetracycline resistance were most closely associated with the latter strains (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.024, respectively). These data support the hypothesis that F. psychrophilum is composed of at least 2 distinct genetic lineages that are closely associated with host origin.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1994

Functional interaction between the integrin antagonist neutrophil inhibitory factor and the I domain of CD11b/CD18.

Neutrophil inhibitory factor (NIF) is a hookworm-derived glycoprotein ligand of the integrin CD11b/CD18 that inhibits human neutrophil function (Moyle, M., Foster, D. L., McGrath, D. E., Brown, S. M., Laroche, Y., De Meutter, J., Stanssens, P., Bogowitz, C. A., Fried, V. A., Ely, J. A., Soule, H. R., and Vlasuk, G. P. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 1008-10015). Here, we present evidence that recombinant NIF (rNIF) associates with the approximately 200-amino acid residue I domain of CD11b/CD18 and that this interaction is essential for inhibition of neutrophil function by NIF. First, radiolabeled rNIF binds to a recombinant glutathione S-transferase fusion protein that contains the CD11b I domain. This high affinity interaction has a partial dependence on divalent cations. The association of rNIF with the CD11b I domain is specific because 125I-rNIF does not bind either a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein that contains the I domain of the integrin CD11a/CD18 or recombinant glutathione S-transferase without the I domain. Second, the CD11b I domain fusion protein effectively competes with CD11b/CD18 on human neutrophils for 125I-rNIF binding. Third, the CD11b I domain fusion protein blocks the inhibition of certain neutrophil functions by rNIF, including adhesion of neutrophils to human endothelial cell monolayers and adhesion-dependent release of hydrogen peroxide from neutrophils. Specificity is demonstrated by the inability of the CD11a I domain fusion protein to block either rNIF binding to neutrophils or rNIF activity. Fourth, rNIF blocks the interaction between neutrophils and fibrinogen, a CD11b/CD18 ligand that is also thought to bind the I domain of CD11b. In contrast, rNIF does not appear to block the binding of factor X to CD11b/CD18 on neutrophils. These results suggest that CD11b/CD18 has multiple distinct binding sites for its cognate ligands, including, but not limited to, the I domain. NIF interferes with the binding of a subset of these CD11b/CD18 ligands in a highly selective manner.

Animals↗

PubMed2007

N-terminal fragment of the prohormone brain-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), cardiovascular events, and mortality in patients with stable coronary heart disease.

CONTEXT: Identification of individuals at high risk for cardiovascular events is important for the optimal use of primary and secondary prevention measures. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether plasma levels of amino terminal fragment of the prohormone brain-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) predict cardiovascular events or death independent of other available prognostic tests. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective cohort study (2000-2002) of 987 individuals in California with stable coronary heart disease in the Heart and Soul Study, who were followed up for a mean of 3.7 (range, 0.1-5.3) years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The association of baseline NT-proBNP levels with death or cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure). Traditional clinical risk factors, echocardiographic measures, ischemia, other biomarkers, and New York Heart Association classification were adjusted for to determine whether NT-proBNP levels were independent of other prognostic factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the incremental prognostic value of adding NT-proBNP level to these other measures. RESULTS: A total of 256 participants (26.2%) had a cardiovascular event or died. Each increasing quartile of NT-proBNP level (range of quartile 1, 8.06-73.95 pg/mL; quartile 2, 74-174.5 pg/mL; quartile 3, 175.1-459 pg/mL; quartile 4, > or =460 pg/mL) was associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular events or death, ranging from 23 of 247 (annual event rate, 2.6%) in the lowest quartile to 134 of 246 (annual event rate, 19.6%) in the highest quartile (unadjusted hazard ratio [HR] for quartile 4 vs quartile 1, 7.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.0-12.1; P<.001). Each SD increase in log NT-proBNP level (1.3 pg/mL) was associated with a 2.3-fold increased rate of adverse cardiovascular outcomes (unadjusted HR, 2.3; 95% CI, 2.0-2.6; P<.001), and this association persisted after adjustment for all of the other prognostic measures (adjusted HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.2; P<.001). The addition of NT-proBNP level to standard clinical assessment and complete echocardiographic parameters significantly improved the area under the ROC curves for predicting subsequent adverse cardiovascular outcomes (0.80 for clinical risk factors and echocardiographic parameters plus log NT-proBNP vs 0.76 for clinical risk factors and echocardiographic parameters only; P = .006). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated levels of NT-proBNP predict cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, independent of other prognostic markers, and identify at-risk individuals even in the absence of systolic or diastolic dysfunction by echocardiography. Level of NT-proBNP may help guide risk stratification of high-risk individuals, such as those with coronary heart disease.

Aged↗

PubMed1985

Otto Rank and man's urge to immortality.

Otto Rank, one of Sigmund Freud's original followers, posited the existence of an "urge to immortality" as man's deepest drive. In his Psychology and the Soul, Rank traced the desire for immortality through four historical eras, with particular emphasis on the creativity of the hero and the artist. By the end of his life, Rank had not only repudiated orthodox psychoanalysis and developed then abandoned a psychology of the will, he had moved "beyond psychology" to a religious view of history and the nature of man.

Austria↗

PubMed2004

Gunther von Hagens and Body Worlds Part 1: the anatomist as prosektor and proplastiker.

Recent calls to reintegrate the sciences and humanities are challenged by the contemporary work of anatomist Gunther von Hagens and his Body Worlds exhibits of plastinated cadavers. The anatomical quest to understand our physical interior has long been in tension both with aesthetic ideals and religious sensitivities regarding the metaphysical significance of the human body. Part I of this two-part Historical Note examines tensions epitomized by Goethe's figures of the prosektor and proplastiker. The former, driven by scientific curiosity, is willing to destroy, even desecrate, the human form to obtain knowledge. The latter demurs at such mutilation of our physical body, wondrous even in death--seeking instead to rejoin what the prosektor has pulled apart, to restore human dignity. In the confrontation between prosektor and proplastiker, roles disturbingly fused in the person of von Hagens himself, questions arise regarding the authenticity of models as well as the appropriate recipients of such mediated yet intimate anatomical knowledge. Part II will focus on religious perspectives on the human body, variously interpreted as God's handiwork, habitation for the soul, and vehicle of resurrection. Consideration also is given to the role of anatomist as priest, prophet, and Promethean creator, roles self-consciously embraced by von Hagens.

Anatomy, Artistic↗

PubMed1994

Drug membrane interaction and the importance for drug transport, distribution, accumulation, efficacy and resistance.

Some aspects of drug membrane interaction and its influence on drug transport, accumulation, efficacy and resistance have been discussed. The interactions manifest themselves macroscopically in changes in the physical and thermodynamic properties of "pure membranes" or bilayers. As various amounts of foreign molecules enter the membrane, in particular the main gel to liquid crystalline phase transition can be dramatically changed. This may change permeability, cell-fusion, cell resistance and may also lead to changes in conformation of the embedded receptor proteins. Furthermore, specific interactions with lipids may lead to drug accumulation in membranes and thus to much larger concentrations at the active site than present in the surrounding water phase. The lipid environment may also lead to changes in the preferred conformation of drug molecules. These events are directly related to drug efficacy. The determination of essential molecular criteria for the interaction could be used to design new and more selective therapeutics. This excursion in some aspects of drug membrane interaction underlines the importance of lipids and their interaction with drug molecules for our understanding of drug action, but this is not really a new thought but has been formulated in 1884 by THUDICUM: "Phospholipids are the centre, life and chemical soul of all bioplasm whatsoever, that of plants as well as of animals".

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Cardiac patterning and morphogenesis in zebrafish.

Development of the embryonic vertebrate heart requires the precise coordination of pattern formation and cell movement. Taking advantage of the availability of zebrafish mutations that disrupt cardiogenesis, several groups have identified key regulators of specific aspects of cardiac patterning and morphogenesis. Several genes, including gata5, fgf8, bmp2b, one-eyed pinhead, and hand2, have been shown to be relevant to the patterning events that regulate myocardial differentiation. Studies of mutants with morphogenetic defects have indicated at least six genes that are essential for cardiac fusion and heart tube assembly, including casanova, bonnie and clyde, gata5, one-eyed pinhead, hand2, miles apart, and heart and soul. Furthermore, analysis of the jekyll gene has indicated its important role during the morphogenesis of the atrioventricular valve. Altogether, these data provide a substantial foundation for future investigations of cardiac patterning, cardiac morphogenesis, and the relationship between these processes.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Surface proteins of simian-virus-40-transformed cells.

Mammalian cells transformed in tissue culture by SV40 were shown to contain, in addition to the SV40-coded 94,000 d large T antigen and the 20,000 d small t antigen, a approximately 56,000 d cellular protein, which specifically precipitates with sera of animals bearing SV40-induced tumor(s) (tumor or T serum). We investigated the presence of these three proteins at the surface of logarithmically growing SV40-transformed cloned mouse cells, after metabolic labelling with [35S]-methionine for 3 h. The 56,000 d protein was found to be susceptible to digestion by trypsin under conditions which did not disrupt the cells, while no small t antigen was found to be digested. Both the 56,000 d cellular protein and the SV40 large T antigen were susceptible to lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination from the outside of intact cells. Trypsin treatment removed both the iodinated 56,000 d protein and the iodinated SV40 large T antigen. These experiments indicated that (a certain amount of) the 56,000 d protein and a relatively small amount of the large T antigen (which is present mainly in the nucleus) are present on the cell surface. The results confirm and extend independent experiments using subcellular fractionation techniques (Luborsky and Chandrasekaran, 1980; Soule and Butel, 1979). After heat treatment (at 50 degrees C for 30 min) of the whole-cell extract the 56,000 d cellular protein was precipitated by the tumor serum in the absence of precipitation of SV40 large T antigen. This result showed that the 56,000 d protein is more (thermo)stable (in the whole-cell extract) than the SV40 large T antigen, and also indicated that the tumor serum employed had antibodies against the 56,000 d cellular antigen. The heat-treated whole-cell extract of Sv40-transformed mouse cells was able to immunize and fully protect mice against a lethal tumorigenic dose of SV40-transformed cells. These results suggest the need for further experiments to characterize the chemical and immunologic properties of the 56,000 d protein.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Just say no to psychotropic drugs!

Prescribing drugs for mental disorders by psychologists means accepting an invalid model--the brain disease, biological-defect explanation of psychopathology--that is advanced by political conservatives and accepted by some naive, well-intentioned, but misinformed moderates who have not thought critically about the issue. Conservative psychiatry serves the ruling class by rejecting or ignoring the fact that most mental disorders are learned in the context of social and economic injustice, and familiar dysfunction. If we accept the fallacy of brain disease and genetic defect as the major causes of mental disorder and succeed in getting prescription privileges we will have sold our soul to the devil!

Drug Prescriptions↗

PubMed2003

Embryological origins of developmental stability: size, shape and fluctuating asymmetry in prenatal random bred mice.

Ontogenetic patterns of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) can be used to test models for the mechanisms underlying stability during embryonic development (developmental stability). In this study, we ask whether developmental processes initially show high levels of instability that are subsequently dampened through active compensatory mechanisms or passive properties of developmental systems or whether the effects of instability accumulate during embryonic development causing random drift away from an earlier stable state. Previous work on this question has dealt with postnatal skeletal growth and thus been unable to effectively distinguish developmental instability from the effects of mechanically mediated variation in bone modeling and remodeling. Here, we report that FA variances of limb skeletal elements in CD1 mice decrease with gestational age from day 14 to birth (day 20.5). Thus, in mouse limbs, skeletal development is characterized by a high level of developmental instability initially that is reduced during subsequent prenatal development. These results are consistent with the existence of active mechanisms that compensate for the effects of minor perturbations or deviations during development. However, they are also consistent with Soule's model of allomeric variation in which the variance of structures is reduced as the number of independent developmental events that produce them increases. This study illustrates that predictions based on morphometric analyses can yield insights into general properties of developmental systems in cases where specific developmental mechanisms are not yet known.

Animals↗