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PubMed2005

Examining the association between rumination, negative affectivity, and negative affect induced by a paced auditory serial addition task.

The present study examined the relations among a depressive ruminative response style, a general propensity to experience negative affectivity, and negative affect induced by a paced serial auditory addition task (PASAT). Ninety nonclinical individuals completed a computerized version of the PASAT, which elicits a generalized negative affect response [Lejuez, C. W., Kahler, C. W., & Brown, R. A. (2003). A modified computer version of the paced auditory serial addition task (PASAT) as a laboratory-based stressor: Implications for behavioral assessment. Behavior Therapist, 26, 290-292]. As hypothesized, there was a moderate correlation between depressive rumination and a propensity to experience negative affect, as indexed both by a significant association with a negative affect personality factor and the prediction of negative affect elicited during the provocation. Findings also suggested that dispositional negative affectivity moderated the effects of a depressive ruminative response style on the valence but not arousal dimensions of emotional responding to the challenge. These findings are discussed in terms of improving our understanding of rumination and its potential role in emotional vulnerability processes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Access to white bread as an intervention for chronic ruminative vomiting.

Research has demonstrated that providing extra and sometimes unlimited food quantities following meals can be effective in reducing or eliminating ruminative vomiting in persons with developmental disabilities. In this study, providing access to white bread was evaluated as an alternative method of satiation-based treatment of rumination displayed by an 18-year old male with mental retardation. White bread was made available during 1-h periods following daily meals and this intervention produced a reduction in ruminating to near zero levels throughout the young man's waking hours. Long-term follow-up assessment revealed maintenance of low-frequency responding. Issues related to satiation treatment programs for ruminative vomiting are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Reactions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of camels with monoclonal antibodies against ruminant leukocytes.

The particular immune system of the camel has been but little investigated. In this work circulating camel peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were studied by flow cytometry. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against ruminant leukocytes were used for the detection of cell surface antigens. Monoclonals to T-cell markers, CD4 (CACT138A) and CD8 (CACT80C), exhibited no reactivity towards camel PBMC in contrast to their reactivity to PBMC of other ruminant species and those of cattle in particular. A relatively high percentage (29.1+/-8.9%) of camel PBMC reacted with a non-immunoglobulin cell surface marker, B-B2, comparable to the reactivity of bovine PBMC. The B-B7 cell marker revealed 22.4+/-10.0% of reactive camel PBMC while the CD45 leukocyte common antigen was identified only on 19.4+/-3.1% of camel PBMC as compared to 74.7+/-4.9% for bovine PBMC. IgM (PIg45A) was detected on 9.1+/-1.4% of camel PBMC and on 46.6+/-19.5% of the bovine PBMC. Double fluorescent labeling with two B-cell markers and an anti-ruminant lambda light-chain mAb revealed 7-9% of cells bearing both B and lambda L-chain markers. Light chain reactivity was also assessed using an anti-goat F(ab')(2) antiserum. The values obtained, 14.3+/-5.8% for the camel and 47.8+/-2.7% for the cattle, are close to the values observed for surface IgM. These data suggest that camels, like other ruminants, possess L-chain bearing cells of the B-cell lineage. However, in the camel, Igs are different in that in addition to regular four chain Igs, about 65% of them possess two heavy chain Igs devoid of light chains. Because different sets of V(H) gene segments are used by four and two chain Igs, it is possible that there might be two lineages of B-cells each secreting a different form of antibodies.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Ionophore resistance of ruminal bacteria and its potential impact on human health.

In recent years, there has been a debate concerning the causes of antibiotic resistance and the steps that should be taken. Beef cattle in feedlots are routinely fed a class of antibiotics known as ionophores, and these compounds increase feed efficiency by as much as 10%. Some groups have argued that ionophore resistance poses the same public health threat as conventional antibiotics, but humans are not given ionophores to combat bacterial infection. Many ruminal bacteria are ionophore-resistant, but until recently the mechanism of this resistance was not well defined. Ionophores are highly lipophilic polyethers that accumulate in cell membranes and catalyze rapid ion movement. When sensitive bacteria counteract futile ion flux with membrane ATPases and transporters, they are eventually de-energized. Aerobic bacteria and mammalian enzymes can degrade ionophores, but these pathways are oxygen-dependent and not functional in anaerobic environments like the rumen or lower GI tract. Gram-positive ruminal bacteria are in many cases more sensitive to ionophores than Gram-negative species, but this model of resistance is not always clear-cut. Some Gram-negative ruminal bacteria are initially ionophore-sensitive, and even Gram-positive bacteria can adapt. Ionophore resistance appears to be mediated by extracellular polysaccharides (glycocalyx) that exclude ionophores from the cell membrane. Because cattle not receiving ionophores have large populations of resistant bacteria, it appears that this trait is due to a physiological selection rather than a mutation per se. Genes responsible for ionophore resistance in ruminal bacteria have not been identified, but there is little evidence that ionophore resistance can be spread from one bacterium to another. Given these observations, use of ionophores in animal feed is not likely to have a significant impact on the transfer of antibiotic resistance from animals to man.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1986

Modified satiation reducing ruminative vomiting without excessive weight gain.

Satiation procedures involving increased food intake recently have been used to reduce rates of ruminative vomiting in mentally retarded children. Use of these nonaversive intervention procedures has been limited almost exclusively to clients who are seriously underweight since excessive weight gain is a common side effect. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether modified satiation, provided by unlimited quantities of low calorie foods, could decelerate ruminative vomiting to clinically acceptable rates without producing undesirable weight gain. The two subjects were a severely mentally retarded man and a profoundly mentally retarded woman whose histories of ruminative vomiting were extensive but whose body weights were within their ideal ranges. A multiple-baseline-across-subjects combined with a withdrawal design demonstrated significant reductions in both subjects' rates of ruminative vomiting while their body weights remained within the middle of their ideal weight ranges. The results are discussed in terms of their clinical utility and the need for future analyses of the critical components of food satiation techniques.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Kinetics of pancreatic exocrine secretion and plasma gut regulatory peptide release in response to feeding in preruminant and ruminant calves.

Pancreatic exocrine secretion and plasma cholecystokinin, gastrin, secretin, and somatostatin concentrations were examined in relation to feeding in 70- to 120-day-old preruminant and ruminant calves. The apparatus used was designed to immediately re-infuse the animal's own pancreatic juice and to carry out accurate measurements of the juice flow in real time and to take samples. In the preruminants, pancreatic juice, protein, and trypsin flows increased from 45 min before and until 15 min after the meal and decreased sharply thereafter over a period of 30 min. while protein and trypsin concentrations peaked after feeding. A significant increase in plasma gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK), a fall in secretin and no change in somatostatin were observed after milk ingestion. By contrast, in the ruminants, feeding had no effect on the pancreatic secretion and on the plasma concentrations of these peptides. Similar and simultaneous patterns of juice flow and secretin, as well as of protein and trypsin concentrations, CCK and gastrin, could support the hypothesis that these gut regulatory peptides play a significant role in the regulation of the pancreatic function. In preruminant calves, the existence of cephalic, gastric and intestinal phases is discussed. In the ruminants, that of the ruminal phase is questionable.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effect of ruminations on the saliva cortisol response to a social stressor.

Depression is generally precipitated by stressful life events, which suggests that there could be differences in response to stress in individuals at risk for depression compared to normal subjects. To test this hypothesis, we compared individuals who scored high on ruminative coping, a risk factor for depression, to individuals low on ruminative coping. We used the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), a mock job interview in front of a panel of judges, and collected saliva cortisol to assess neuroendocrine response. While we observed a clear effect of the stressor on saliva cortisol secretion, we observed no differences in this response between high and low ruminators. However, the task itself failed to cause a significant increase in rumination in either group, suggesting the task itself may not be optimal for testing the hypothesis. Finally, a modified version of the TSST in which the subjects were allowed a longer preparatory period resulted in a markedly diminished saliva cortisol response to the TSST.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Genetic heterogeneity of porcine and ruminant pestiviruses mainly isolated in Japan.

The genetic variability of porcine and ruminant pestiviruses was studied by comparative nucleotide sequence analysis of 73 isolates (42 porcine and 31 ruminant), including 65 Japanese isolates (35 porcine and 30 ruminant). The 5'-untranslated region (UTR) amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was determined by direct sequencing and phylogenetic analysis was performed from the nucleotide sequence data. Most porcine isolates were divided into two major subgroups, classical swine fever virus (CSFV) subgroup 1 (CSFV-1, represented by Brecia strain) and subgroup 2 (CSFV-2, represented by Alfort strain). However, the Japanese Kanagawa/74, Okinawa/86, Okinawa/86-2 and Thai CBR/93 strains were the most distinct variants and these were assigned to another new disparate subgroup, CSFV-3 (represented by p97 strain). Most ruminant isolates were classified as the bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) genotype-I (BVDV-I) and subdivided into two subgroups, BVDV-Ia (represented by the NADL strain) and Ib (represented by the Osloss strain). Two bovine isolates (MS-1 and SY-89) and a contaminating strain (V/FLL) from an ovine cell line were classified as BVDV genotype-II (BVDV-II) on genetic characteristics. These data suggested that the detection and phylogenetic analysis of 5'-UTRs are useful for the rapid characterization of field isolates.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Self-regulation, rumination, and vulnerability to depression in adolescent girls.

There is increasing evidence that with the onset of adolescence, girls experience higher rates of depression than boys. However, a comprehensive understanding of the risk factors contributing to this emerging gender difference has yet to be attained. Previous studies indicate that both self-discrepancy, the perception that one is failing to attain an important personal goal, and ruminative coping, a tendency to passively and repetitively focus on one's failure and the causes and consequences of that failure, contribute to depression and that adolescent girls are more likely to manifest each than adolescent boys. In this translational study we tested the hypothesis that, whereas both actual:ideal discrepancy and ruminative coping style would independently predict depression in adolescent girls, the combination of high levels of actual:ideal discrepancy and ruminative coping would predict more severe depressive symptoms. Analyses of cross-sectional data in a sample of 223 girls ranging from 7th through 12th grades revealed a significant main effect for ruminative coping style and a trend for actual:ideal discrepancy, as well as the predicted interaction effect. We discuss the implications of this integrative psychosocial model for the etiology, treatment, and prevention of depression in adolescent girls.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

A comparative economic analysis of smallholder cattle and small ruminant production systems in Botswana.

Cattle rearing is the single most important activity in the agricultural sector of Botswana, and cattle enjoy a high status among both rural and urban dwellers. In recent years, farmers have begun to intensify the production of small ruminants owing to an increasing recognition by policy makers that they are a potential alternative source of farm income. However, as yet, small ruminants have not approached the social importance of cattle. This may be attributable to several factors, including economic considerations. The present study focused on the economic factor. It comprised a comparative economic assessment of cattle- and goat-rearing enterprises for an average smallholder farm-household to throw light on their relative economic efficiency. It was concluded that rearing either cattle or small ruminants is economically viable in the study area. The net profit measured as the net margin either per enterprise or per animal was far higher for a cattle-rearing enterprise. Nevertheless, when expressed in terms of the return on the capital invested in each enterprise, cattle rearing had only a slight edge (1.93%) over rearing of small ruminants.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2000

Screening for Indian isolates of predacious fungi for use in biological control against nematode parasites of ruminants.

Four isolates of predacious fungi, two each of Arthrobotrys oligospora isolated from a sheep and a male crossbred calf and of Duddingtonia flagrans isolated from a sheep and a female buffalo in western India, were studied for their suitability as biocontrol agents against parasitic nematodes of ruminants, using growth assay, predatory activity, germination potential and ability to survive passing through the ruminants gut as criteria. The study showed that isolates of D. flagrans grew well in artificial media, had encouraging predatory activity, produced profuse chlamydospores that germinated easily at 25 degrees C and could survive passage through the ruminant gut. The ovine isolate of D. flagrans was superior in all respects to the isolate from buffalo and was the most promising candidate for biological control of nematode parasites of ruminants.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The rumination syndrome: clinical and manometric profile, therapy, and long-term outcome.

The aims of this study were to investigate the diagnostic studies necessary to identify rumination syndrome and the long-term therapeutic outcomes of patients with rumination syndrome. Sixteen patients with rumination were evaluated between 1989 and 1995. Esophageal motility, gastric emptying, upper gastrointestinal motility, and electrogastrography of all patients were reviewed; follow-up information about their current status was available from 10 of the 16 patients. Duration of symptoms was 77.2 months and the mean age was 28.5 years at the time of diagnosis. Esophageal and upper gastrointestinal motility, gastric emptying, and electrogastrographic studies were all normal. Mean lower esophageal pressure was 12.7 mm Hg and three of the 16 patients had a decreased pressure of less than 6 mm Hg. Ten patients were followed for a mean duration of 31.2 months. Five of 10 patients used biofeedback and relaxation techniques and reported subjective improvement. Our results indicate that rumination syndrome is often confused with a gastric motility disorder and diagnosis is possible if one is aware of this condition. Although there is not a definitive management protocol for this condition, reassurance and education of the patient and the family are crucial first steps followed by behavioral and relaxation programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Self-perpetuating properties of dysphoric rumination.

Hypotheses about the self-perpetuating properties of ruminative responses to depressed mood were tested in 2 laboratory studies and 2 questionnaire studies with dysphoric and nondysphoric Ss. Studies 1 and 2 supported the hypothesis that dysphorics induced to engage in self-focused rumination would report reduced willingness to engage in pleasant, distracting activities that could lift their moods, even if they believed they would enjoy such activities. Studies 3 and 4 confirmed the hypothesis that dysphorics induced to ruminate in response to their moods would feel they were gaining insight into their problems and their emotions. Therefore, they might have avoided distraction because they believed it would interfere with their efforts to understand themselves. Depressed mood alone, in the absence of rumination, was not associated with either lower willingness to participate in distractions or an enhanced sense of insightfulness.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss.

In a longitudinal study of 253 bereaved adults, people with poorer social support, more concurrent stressors, and higher levels of postloss depression reported more rumination than people with better social support, fewer stressors, and lower initial depression levels. Women reported more rumination than men. People with a ruminative style at 1 month were more likely to have a pessimistic outlook at 1 month, which was associated with higher depression levels at 6 months. People with a more ruminative style were more depressed at 6 months, even after controlling for initial depression levels, social support, concurrent stressors, gender, and pessimism. Additional stressors and high depression scores at 1 month were also associated with higher levels of depression at 6 months.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Regulating responses to anger: effects of rumination and distraction on angry mood.

Previous research has found that self-focused rumination maintains or increases depressed mood, whereas distraction decreases depressed mood (S. Nolen-Hoeksema & J. Morrow, 1993; S. Nolen-Hoeksema, J. Morrow, & B. L. Fredrickson, 1993). The present series of experiments examined these mood regulation strategies in the context of an angry mood. In Experiments 1 and 3, rumination increased anger, whereas distraction decreased or had no effect on anger. In Experiments 2 and 4, women were more likely to choose to ruminate when in a neutral mood but to distract themselves following induction of an angry mood. Men were equally likely to choose rumination or distraction, regardless of mood condition. The results are interpreted and discussed within the framework of an associative-network model of anger.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

A construct validation study of the Response Styles Questionnaire Rumination Scale in participants with a recent-onset major depressive episode.

This study examined the construct validity and clinical utility of S. Nolen-Hoeksema's (1991) Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ) Rumination scale. Eighty-eight participants with recent-onset major depressive episodes were assessed and followed for 6 months, using semistructured interviews and self-report inventories. The RSQ Rumination scale exhibited poor 6-month stability and appeared to be closely linked to participants' clinical status-mood state. The scale was significantly correlated with conceptually related constructs such as emotion-focused coping, negative affectivity-temperament, and self-criticism. However, baseline negative temperament and self-criticism predicted key aspects of the 6-month course and outcome of major depressive episodes, whereas baseline rumination did not. Finally, rumination appeared to be closely associated with the severity of the depressive episode, rather than defining a distinct clinical subtype.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Post-event rumination and negative self-appraisal in social phobia before and after treatment.

This study investigated the relationship between self-appraisals of performance, symptom severity and post-event rumination in social phobia, and evaluated the effect of treatment on these variables. A socially phobic group and a nonanxious control group performed an impromptu speech and were told that their performance would be evaluated. Participants appraised their performance immediately after the speech and 1 week later, and the frequency of post-event rumination during the week following the speech was assessed. The socially phobic group maintained the negative appraisals of their speech over the week, whereas the nonclinical group showed increased positivity about their performance The socially phobic group also engaged in more negative rumination than controls. Treatment improved perceptions of performance and reduced negative rumination. These results are discussed in the light of cognitive models of social phobia.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Reduced autobiographical memory specificity and rumination in predicting the course of depression.

Reduced autobiographical memory (AM) specificity is a known vulnerability factor for depression. AM specificity was investigated as a predictor of depression with the Autobiographical Memory Test (J. M. G. Williams & K. Broadbent, 1986). When baseline depression scores were partialed, reduced AM specificity to negative cue words predicted higher levels of depression at 7-month follow-up. Once rumination was taken into account by means of the Rumination on Sadness Scale (M. Conway, P. A. R. Csank, S. L. Holm, & C. K. Blake, 2000), AM specificity no longer predicted depression, suggesting that the predictive value of AM specificity observed in previous studies might be--at least partly--explained as an effect of rumination. Further mediation analyses indeed revealed support for rumination as a mediator of the relation between reduced AM specificity and poor outcome of depression.

Adult↗