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PubMed1986

Prevalence of chronic disease and health practices in a retirement community.

The prevalence of chronic disease based on a mailed questionnaire was estimated as part of a continuing epidemiological study of a retirement community. The prevalence of eight chronic diseases (high blood pressure, angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, glaucoma, and cancer) was determined across all age and sex groups. The relationships between these diseases and several health related life-style practices were assessed. A health index summarizing five practices (smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, sleep and obesity) was clearly related to the prevalence of disease.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1990

A prospective study of risk factors for traumatic deaths in a retirement community.

We examined possible predictors of traumatic deaths by means of a case-control study nested within a large ongoing cohort study of residents of a Southern California retirement community. Baseline information was collected by means of a detailed mailed health survey completed by 11,888 residents in 1981-1982. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, being widowed or divorced (RR = 6.4, P = 0.009), sleeping 9 or more hours per night (RR = 4.6, P = 0.02), and drinking more than three alcoholic beverages a day (RR = 3.5, P = 0.04) were significant predictors of suicide risk. However, the strongest predictor of suicide was a mental outlook assessment summary score calculated from responses to seven questions derived from the Zung self-rating depression scale. Individuals in the poorest summary score category were 23 times more likely to commit suicide than individuals in the best summary score category (P = 0.004). Women who regularly practiced breast self-examination were also at very low risk for suicide (RR = 0.1, P = 0.0005). The mental outlook assessment summary score was also a predictor of accidental deaths, although the relative risk estimates were lower than those for suicide and the individual questions best predicting risk were different. A history of a serious chronic disease (RR = 2.6, P = 0.01) and moderate alcohol intake of less than two drinks per day (RR = 0.3, P = 0.01) were also predictors of accidental deaths. Estrogen use in women did not predict risk of traumatic deaths.

Accidents↗
PubMed1992

How to prevent the retiring brain from degenerating.

In organs other than the brain, cell activation seems to increase "wear and tear", e.g. by increased free-radical formation, and so to cause an increased rate of aging. However, activation of nerve cells within the physiological range seems to lead to maintenance of neurons during aging, possibly by preferentially stimulating the action of protective mechanisms such as DNA repair. This "use it or lose it" principle might explain why in aging and neurodegenerative diseases certain neurons degenerate while others do not, and why recovery of various neuronal systems during aging has been obtained by restoration of the missing stimulus. Consequently, neuronal activation might provide a means of prolonging its optimal function for the full length of our natural life span, also following retirement.

Aging↗
PubMed2025

Discrimination and dendritic cell abundance among older adults in the health and retirement study.

We investigated whether peripheral blood dendritic cell (DC) abundance varies as a function of discrimination exposure in a national sample of older US adults (aged 50 + years) from the 2016 Venous Blood Study, a US Health and Retirement Study biomarker project. Density of myeloid DCs (mDC) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDC) were measured using multiparameter flow cytometry. Discrimination was assessed using the validated Everyday Discrimination Scale. Weighted linear regression models quantified associations between discrimination and natural-log transformed DC abundance, controlling for sociodemographic factors, chronic health conditions, and health behaviors. We tested whether these associations varied by race/ethnicity. For mDC, we found no significant overall association with discrimination. However, race/ethnicity significantly modified this relationship: among non-Hispanic White participants, a 1-SD increase in discrimination was associated with a non-significant 1.4 % increase in mDC count (p = 0.20), while non-Hispanic Black participants showed a significant 4.6 % decrease (interaction p = 0.021). For pDC, a 1-SD change in discrimination was significantly associated with a 2.4 % increase in abundance across all participants (95 % CI: 0.6 %, 4.3 %, p = 0.010), with no significant effect modification by race/ethnicity. In this nationally representative study of older Americans, discrimination exposure was associated with altered dendritic cell abundance, with distinct patterns by cell type and race/ethnicity. Increased pDC counts across all racial/ethnic groups suggest a common immunological response to discrimination, while divergent mDC responses between non-Hispanic Black and White participants indicate race-specific immune modulation. These findings reveal complex cellular pathways through which discrimination may differentially influence immune function and contribute to health inequities.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Self-reported skin cancer protection strategies and location of skin cancer in retired cricketers: a case study from membership of the Emu Cricket Club.

Cricket is one of Australia's most popular sports with approximately 470,000 registered participants. Played as a summer sport, participants can spend long periods in the sun with potential skin damage a possible contributor to skin cancer. Three hundred and sixty-eight retired regional representative players received and were invited to complete a comprehensive survey that included questions relating to their individual playing history, injury rate, sun protection strategies and reported location of skin cancer. A total of 164 players (mean age 45.2+/-12.1 years) responded to the survey representing a response rate of 44.6%. Of these, 61.6% reported no diagnosis of skin cancer. However, 38.4% had been diagnosed with at least one skin cancer with the most common site being the face followed by the arms. Of those respondents reporting the diagnosis of a skin cancer, 7.9% had skin cancer on 4 or more separate locations. Proportionally, the 45-55 years group had the highest incidence, with 55.8% of this group indicating they had a skin cancer in at least one anatomical location. By comparison those in the under 35 years age group reported an incidence rate of 16.7%. The incidence of skin cancer among respondents (n=63) reporting either, occasionally, very rarely or never wearing sunscreen, a hat or long sleeved shirt was (n=27) 42.9, (n=14) 22.2 and (n=39) 61.9%, respectively. The results suggest that skin protection strategies, such as wearing a wide brimmed hat, long sleeved shirt and the use of sunscreen, may help to reduce the risk of skin cancer in cricketers.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

A healthy retirement.

As members of the nursing profession age, they must begin planning for their retirement years. Social gerontological theory advocates a high level of activity during senior years. Additionally, individuals must continue lifelong activities as they age and remain engaged socially and professionally. High activity of a continuous nature has been correlated with positive life satisfaction in older adults.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of waste composition in a continuing-care retirement community.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the composition of wastes generated in a continuing-care retirement community (CCRC) and to analyze the effects of source-reduction activities and meal delivery system change on the amount of waste generated in the facility. DESIGN: A waste stream analysis was conducted at the same CCRC during spring 1994 (period 1: baseline), spring 1995 (period 2: source reduction intervention), and fall 1995 (period 3: service delivery intervention). Weight, volume, and collapsed volume were determined for food and packaging wastes. SETTING: Tray service and wait staff service are provided to 70 residents in a health care unit, and family-style service is an optional service available to 130 residents in the independent-living units. A mean of 229 meals are served per day. INTERVENTION: Intervention included the implementation of source-reduction activities and a change in a service-delivery system in periods 2 and 3, respectively. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED: Descriptive statistics were used to determine the composition of waste. Analysis of variance and a multiple comparison method (least significant difference) were used to compare mean weight and volume of waste generated in period 1 with data collected during periods 2 and 3. RESULTS: Mean waste generated per meal by weight and volume ranged from 0.93 to 1.00 lb and 1.44 to 1.65 gal, respectively. Significantly less production waste by weight (0.18 lb/meal) and volume (0.12 gal/meal) was generated in period 2 than in period 1 (0.32 lb/meal and 0.16 gal/meal, respectively). Significantly less service waste by weight (0.31 lb/meal) and volume (0.05 gal/meal) was discarded in period 3 than in period 1 (0.37 lb/meal and 0.15 gal/meal, respectively). Significantly less total waste and plastic by weight was disposed of after the interventions. The study conclusions indicated that implementing source-reduction practices and changing the meal-delivery system affected the composition of waste generated. APPLICATIONS: Knowledge of waste stream composition can help other foodservice professionals and consulting dietitians identify waste-reduction activities and recycling opportunities. The quantity and type of waste generated should be considered when operational decisions are made relative to market form of food, menu choices, service-delivery systems, and production forecast and controls.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1997

Tray service generates more food waste in dining areas of a continuing-care retirement community.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the type of service system affects the amount of service food waste (SFW) generated in dining areas of a continuing-care retirement community. RESEARCH DESIGN: A waste stream analysis was conducted for 7 days to determine quantity of SFW generated in three service systems: health care tray service, health care dining room with wait-staff service, and ambulatory dining room with family-style service. Weight and volume were determined. SETTING: Health care tray service and wait-staff service were provided to 70 residents in a health care unit. Family-style service was provided as an optional service for 130 residents in independent-living units. An average of 229 meals were served per day. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED: Analysis of variance and a multiple comparison method were used to compare mean weight and volume of SFW on a per meal, per day, and per week basis. RESULTS: During the 7-day period, 482.8 lb, or 83 gal, of SFW was disposed of Health care tray service generated more SFW by weight for all three meals than either family-style service or wait-staff service, and it generated the greatest total volume of service waste. Residents eating in the dining room with family-style service disposed of significantly less SFW by weight at lunch and dinner than those receiving the other two service styles. APPLICATIONS: Changing the style of service can affect not only quantity of solid waste generated and associated disposal costs but also food and supply costs, meal acceptability, and quantity of natural resources required. The systems approach should be used to assess the feasibility of changing service system so that all costs are considered.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Recurrent athletic head injury: risks and when to retire.

This article focuses on the issues related to recurrent athletic head injuries; specifically, when cumulative exponential injury or the second impact syndrome may be anticipated. Case histories and research studies are used to illustrate the salient points. A signs-and-symptoms checklist for use in concussion evaluation and management is included. Finally, the topic of when to retire after repeated athletic head injuries is discussed and illustrated with a case study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Smoking, quitting, and mortality in a Chinese cohort of retired men.

PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between smoking, quitting, and mortality in older Chinese men. DESIGN AND METHODS: A cohort analytic study was carried out in Xi'an, China. A total of 1268 retired male military cadres aged 60 or older were examined in 1987 and followed for 12 years. RESULTS: At baseline, 388 men were never-smokers, 461 were former smokers, and 419 were current smokers. Through May 1999, a total of 299 had died. The relative risks [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for ever-smoking, after adjusting for age, blood pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, alcohol drinking, exercise and existing diseases, for deaths resulting from all causes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and coronary heart disease (CHD) were, respectively, 1.34 (1.02-1.76), 3.23 (0.95-10.91), 2.31 (0.95-5.61), and 1.60 (0.81-3.19). The risks increased significantly with increasing amount and duration of smoking. Compared with current smokers, former smokers had lower risks of total mortality (excess risk reduction of 56%) and from CHD death, but had higher risks for COPD death. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is a major cause of death in older Chinese and quitting can save lives. Early recognition of the significance of COPD symptoms followed by prompt quitting should be emphasized in the control of the growing tobacco epidemic.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

2002 Refshauge Lecture. When to retire after concussion?

The management of an athlete with recurrent concussions, whether persistently symptomatic or not, remains anecdotal. There are no evidence-based guidelines upon which a team physician can advise the athlete. All doctors involved in athlete care need to be aware of the potential for medicolegal problems if athletes are inappropriately returned to sport prematurely or in the case of professional athletes held out of sport or retired on the basis of non-scientific recommendations.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Psychiatric expert opinion in case of early retirement--how reliable?].

The study provides first data on reliability of expert psychiatric opinion under regulations of the German state run pension scheme. 22 experienced psychiatrists judged very heterogeneously on a hypothetical case suffering from recurrent depression of moderate severity. Diagnosis according to ICD-10 led to six different diagnoses. 32 % produced the most probable ICD-10 diagnosis, 86 % a second diagnosis and 32 % a third. In their final socio-medical verdict eight experts found an early retirement on medical grounds to be unjustified, four experts thought the insured member incapable of working at all and ten believed she was able to work 4-6 hours a day. Contrary to wide held believes concerning "lax" psychiatric experts our sample revealed the experts to be "tough". This high variability of expert opinions is, however, unacceptable for members of the German state-run pensions schemes.

Major Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed1975

Reserpine and breast cancer in a retirement community.

In an attempt to confirm three reports suggesting a causal link between rauwolfia antihypertensive drugs and female breast carcinoma, all cases of such cancer appearing among the residents of an affluent retirement community were compared with controls chosen from a roster of all women in the same community. Most residents use a single care facility, and patterns of hypertension diagnosis, rauwolfia and other drug use, and medical-care-system patronage were abstracted from medical records. The prevalence of recorded rauwolfia use among the controls were 20 per cent, and that of other drug use was correspondingly high. The risk ratio for rauwolfia use was estimated to be 1.2 (95 per cent confidence interval, 0.7 to 2.2). Risk ratios between 1.0 and 2.0 were also found for other drug use and for measures of care-system patronage. These results do not support the hypothesis that reserpine causes breast cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Estrogens and endometrial cancer in a retirement community.

All cases of endometrial cancer occurring among the residents of an affluent retirement community were compared with controls chosen from a roster of all women in the same community. Evidence of estrogen and other drug use and of selected medical conditions was obtained from three sources: medical records of the principal care facility, interviews, and the records of the local pharmacy. The risk ratio for any estrogen use was estimated from all available evidence to be 8.0 (95 per cent confidence interval, 3.5 to 18.1). and the for conjugated estrogen use to be 5.6 (95 per cent confidence interval, 2.8 to 11.1). Increased risk from estrogens was shown for invasive as well as noninvasive cancer, and a dose-response effect was demonstrated. For an estrogen user, the risk from endometrial cancer appeared to exceed by far the base-line risk from any other single cancer.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Ehrlichiosis in a golf-oriented retirement community.

BACKGROUND: Ehrlichiosis due to Ehrlichia chaffeensis usually occurs sporadically or in small clusters, with an annual incidence estimated at 3 to 5 cases per 100,000 population in areas of endemic disease. The putative principal vector is the Lone Star tick (Amblyomma americanum). We investigated an outbreak of ehrlichiosis that occurred in June 1993 among members of a golf-oriented retirement community (community A) in Tennessee. The community is densely wooded and borders a wildlife-management area where deer are numerous. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study, using medical-history reviews, serologic testing, and testing with the polymerase chain reaction for E. chaffeensis infection. We also surveyed a sample of 10 percent of the households in community A and in another golf-oriented community (community B) more than 20 miles (32 km) from the wildlife-management area. Survey participants completed a questionnaire and provided specimens for serologic testing. In both communities, searches for ticks were undertaken. RESULTS: Eleven cases of symptomatic ehrlichiosis were identified in the case-control study, 10 of which were in community A (attack rate, 330 per 100,000). Of 311 surveyed residents of community A, 12.5 percent had serologic evidence of past E. chaffeensis infection, as compared with 3.3 percent of 92 in community B (relative risk in community A as compared with community B, 3.9; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 12.2). The risk of infection was associated with tick bites, exposure to wildlife, golfing, and among golfers, retrieving lost golf balls from the rough. Persons who never used insect repellent were more likely to have had infection than persons who did. In community A, thousands of Lone Star ticks were found; in community B, only three ticks were found. CONCLUSIONS: The high rate of E. chaffeensis infection in community A resulted from its proximity to a wildlife reserve. When outdoor recreational activities are common and concentrations of ticks are high, outbreaks of arthropod-borne zoonoses can be anticipated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

High prevalence of hip arthrosis in former elite javelin throwers and high jumpers: 41 athletes examined more than 10 years after retirement from competitive sports.

We studied the occurrence of hip arthrosis in 19 former elite javelin throwers and 22 former elite high jumpers 10 years or more after their retirement from competitive sports. Any restriction in the activities of daily living was assessed with an ADL-questionnaire. We compared the radiographic findings with male, age- and body mass index-matched controls (non-athletes). 22 of 38 hips in the javelin throwers (7 of 38 hips in the controls) and 15 of 44 hips in the high jumpers (6 of 44 hips in the controls) were classified as stage II or worse (Kellgren); hip arthrosis was commoner in both groups than in the controls. Despite considerable radiographic degenerative changes, the reduction of function in activities of daily living (FFbH score 96% in javelin throwers and 99% in high jumpers) was slight, as compared to a corresponding normal population. Javelin throwing and high jumping as competitive sports entail a high risk of subsequent hip arthrosis.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1996

The physician in retirement: transition and opportunity.

Physicians have been known to procrastinate and deny problems about retirement and the inevitability of aging beyond employability. The transition from what they have devoted their life to practicing, coupled with anxiety about just getting old and older than most people is enough to precipitate sadness, if not sober bereavement.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of sample attrition and data analysis in the Retirement History Study.

Bias can be created through the attrition of respondents in panel studies of older people. After a review of previous studies, a change in the method of examining attrition is suggested. Tests comparing those eligible to respond and those actually continuing in the panel are reported for five waves of data from the Retirement History Study. Results indicate that this data set is relatively free of bias caused by respondent attrition. Although caution is urged, attrition is suggested to be less of a factor in this data set and in panel studies in general than earlier studies involving samples of older individuals might indicate.

Aged↗