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PubMedDate not supplied

Inhibition of platelet retention on artificial microvascular grafts with monoclonal antibodies and a high-affinity peptide directed against platelet membrane glycoproteins.

Rapid occlusion of artificial microvascular grafts (AMGs; less than or equal to 2-mm diameter) by platelet-rich thrombi prevents the clinical use of AMGs in cardiac, vascular, and plastic surgery. Since present antiplatelet agents are unable to assure AMG patency, we have studied the role of specific platelet membrane-glycoprotein blockade on platelet retention by AMGs. In a customized in vitro perfusion chamber, retention on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) AMGs (1.0-mm i.d.) of indium-111-labeled platelets in human whole blood was measured in the presence and absence of inhibitors. Specific blockade of platelet membrane glycoprotein (Gp) IIb/IIIa was achieved using monoclonal antibody 10E5 (10 micrograms/ml) and the peptide GRGDS (Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser, 0.75 mM). These inhibited 98% and 35%, respectively, of platelet retention under circumstances in which aspirin (7 mM) and dextran (4 mg/ml) inhibited 19% and 18%, respectively, of platelet retention. Nonspecific immunoglobulin G F(ab')2 (10 micrograms/ml) and nonspecific peptide (GGDA; Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala, 0.75 mM), used as control reagents, were ineffective in this setting. Monoclonal antibody 6D1 (10 micrograms/ml), which blocks platelet membrane GpIb, prevented 82% of platelet retention on PTFE. These doses of 10E5 and GRGDS completely inhibited platelet aggregation in response to 20 microM ADP, and the dose of 6D1 completely inhibited ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination. The aspirin dose prevented the second phase of ADP-induced aggregation. These data indicate that not only does initial platelet adhesion to PTFE require GpIIb/IIIa but also that GpIb plays a significant role in the early stages of platelet retention on PTFE AMGs.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1991

Mechanical properties of HL60 cells: role of stimulation and differentiation in retention in capillary-sized pores.

Neutrophil sequestration in pulmonary capillaries occurs prior to the development of lung injury, but the mechanisms by which neutrophils are retained are unclear. We hypothesized that decreases in cell deformability, in the absence of an increase in cell surface adhesive properties, would be sufficient to cause cell retention in a filtration apparatus modeling the pulmonary microvasculature. The myelomonocytic cell line (HL60 cell line) was used to test the hypothesis since these cells were unable to increase adherence in response to n-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (FMLP) in either the undifferentiated state or when differentiated towards granulocytes. With differentiation, HL60 cell volume decreased, and f-actin organization changed from a thick cortical rim with focal areas of f-actin in undifferentiated cells to a thin rim in differentiated cells. Differentiated cells responded to FMLP by reorganizing f-actin and increasing stiffness. Undifferentiated cells did not exhibit changes in f-actin with stimulation, were stiffer than differentiated cells, and did not increase stiffness in response to FMLP. Cytochalasin D (CD), which disrupted the cytoarchitecture as assessed by confocal microscopy but did not affect cell volume or adherence, decreased the stiffness of undifferentiated and FMLP-stimulated differentiated cells, thus suggesting the importance of microfilament organization in the stiffness of these cells. Filtration of cells through 8-microns pores showed that undifferentiated cells were markedly retained and did not exhibit any further retention with FMLP. Differentiated cells exposed to FMLP exhibited a concentration-dependent increase in retention in 8-microns pores that was abolished by CD. In addition, CD reduced retention of undifferentiated cells, indicating that microfilament organization is an important factor in determining a cell's rheologic properties. In conclusion, FMLP-stimulated microfilament reorganization, which increased cell stiffness, was sufficient in the absence of adherence factors to cause cell retention in a filtration system. This lends support to the hypothesis that decreases in cell deformability contribute to neutrophil retention in the pulmonary microvasculature.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗
PubMed1976

Retention and degradation of 125I-insulin by perfused livers from diabetic rats.

The retention of degradation of insulin by isolated perfused liver have been examined. Noncyclically perfused livers from streptozotocin-diabetic rats retained 25% and degraded 10% of 125I-insulin administered as a 1-min pulse. On gel filtration (Sephadex G50F), the degradation products released into the vascular effluent eluted in the salt peak. During the 45-min interval after the end of the 125I-insulin infusion, 0.19% of the total dose was excreted in the bile. 60-90% of this material consisted of iodinated, low-molecular-weight degradation products. Inclusion of native insulin with the 125I-insulin in the pulse depressed both the retention and degradation of iodinated material; however, this reflected increased retention and degradation of the total insulin dose (125I-insulin plus native hormone). The log of the total amounts of insulin retained and degraded were linearly related to the log of the total amount of insulin infused at concentrations between 12.7 nM and 2.84 muM. Increasing the amount of native insulin in the infused pulse also depressed the total amount of iodinated material found in the bile and led to the appearance in the bile of intermediate-sized degradation products that did not simultaneously appear in the vascular effluent. Addition of high concentrations of glucagon to the infused 125I-insulin had no effect on the retention or degradation of the labeled hormone, or on the apparent size and amount of iodinated degradation products found in the vascular effluent or in the bile. Preinfusion of concanavalin A inhibited both 125I-insulin retention and degradation. A greater depression by concanavalin A of degradation than binding was also observed with isolated hepatocytes. In contrast to 125I-insulin, the retention and degradation of two iodinated insulin analogues of relative low biological potency, proinsulin and desalanyl-desasparaginyl insulin, were small. The amount of radioactivity appearing in the bile after infusion of these analogues was almost negligible. However, degradation products of these analogues that appeared in the bile and in the vascular effluent was qualitatively similar to those found after the infusion of 125I-insulin. Our findings suggest that the rapid initial uptake of 125I-insulin after its infusion into noncyclically perfused liver, as well as its subsequent degradation, behaves in a qualitatively similar fashion to the binding of 125I-insulin and its degradation by isolated rat hepatocytes. This uptake and the subsequent phase of degradation may be attributable to binding of insulin at specific recognition sites, preliminary to its transfer to a degradative site(s) presumed to be located inside the cell.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Lipoprotein lipase increases low density lipoprotein retention by subendothelial cell matrix.

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the rate-limiting enzyme for hydrolysis of plasma lipoprotein triglycerides, is a normal constituent of the arterial wall. We explored whether LPL affects (a) lipoprotein transport across bovine aortic endothelial cells or (b) lipoprotein binding to subendothelial cell matrix (retention). When bovine milk LPL was added to endothelial cell monolayers before addition of 125I-labeled LDL, LDL transport across the monolayers was unchanged; but, at all concentrations of LDL tested (1-100 micrograms), LDL retention by the monolayers increased more than fourfold. 125I-labeled LDL binding to extracellular matrix increased when LPL was added directly to the matrix or was added to the basolateral side of the endothelial cell monolayers. Increased LDL binding required the presence of LPL and was not associated with LDL aggregation. LPL also increased VLDL, but not HDL, retention. Monoclonal anti-LPL IgG decreased both VLDL and LDL retention in the presence of LPL. Lipoprotein transport across the monolayers increased during hydrolysis of VLDL triglyceride (TG). In the presence of LPL and VLDL, VLDL transport across the monolayers increased 18% and LDL transport increased 37%. High molar concentrations of oleic acid to bovine serum albumin (3:1) in the medium increased VLDL transport approximately 30%. LDL transport increased 42% when oleic acid was added to the media. Therefore, LPL primarily increased retention of LDL and VLDL. A less remarkable increase in lipoprotein transport was found during hydrolysis of TG-containing lipoproteins. We hypothesize that LPL-mediated VLDL and LDL retention within the arterial wall potentiates conversion of these lipoproteins to more atherogenic forms.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1989

Influence of nutritional factors on 239Np and 233Pa retention in weanling rats.

The estimated intestinal absorption after a single administration of 239Np-nitrate to fasted weanling rats (about 2% of the oral dose) was ten times higher than that of 233Pa administered as the chloride. Rats drinking tomato juice, apple juice or tea instead of water had a similar retention to the control group. However, when a small amount of tea was administered immediately before 239Np, the absorption and retention values were six times lower. When animals received only milk or glucose, the whole body retention of 239Np and 233Pa increased about 20 and 200-300 times, respectively, due mainly to a very high retention in the large intestine. When rats were fed milk plus rat chow, the whole body and gut retention of 233Pa was only two and three times higher, respectively; in the other organs less 233Pa was found than in control animals. This indicates that the extremely high retention of radionuclides in the gut contents of young rats fed only milk is temporary and disappears when solid food is available.

Americium↗
PubMed1999

Increased Intramural Retention After Local Delivery of Molecules with Increased Binding Properties: Implications for Regional Delivery of Pharmacologic Agents.

BACKGROUND: Catheter-based local vascular delivery results in concentrated qualtities of pharmaceutical agents or genes into focal areas of the arterial wall. However, intramural retention is short and has reduced the potential efficacy of this approach. It was postulated that agents that possess increased intramural binding would show increased intramural retention. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were models of agents with increased cellular and extracellular matrix binding properties. METHODS AND RESULTS: The delivery efficiency and intramural retention of 2 mL of saline containing I(125) labeled PDGF (n = 35 arteries) and bFGF (n = 24) were compared with albumin (n = 21) after local delivery into porcine coronary arteries. Animals were sacrificed at three or more prespecified timepoints: immediately after delivery, 1 day, or 3 days after delivery and if necessary at 5 or 7 days to document prolonged retention. Autoradiograms of the arterial sections were evaluated for the extent of delivery. Delivery efficiency, defined as the amount leaving the catheter and retrieved from the arterial wall, was 0.60% +/- 0.42% for albumin, 1.98% +/- 0.88% for PDGF (P =.001), and 0.31% +/- 0.11% for bFGF. The calculated intramural half-life of albumin was 7.4 hours, 56.2 hours for PDGF, and 14.9 hours for bFGF (P =.0001 for PDGF). Infusate covering >50% of the medial area was observed in 85% of arteries immediately after delivery. Although myocardial delivery was similar for albumin, PDGF, and bFGF, myocardial retention was significantlylonger for bFGF (P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Molecules that exhibit preferential intramural binding show a longer intramural residence duration than solutes without such binding properties. In addition, delivery and subsequent prolonged retention in the myocardium can be obtained by local delivery via the arterial lumen of solutions with preferential binding properties.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Endostatin binds biglycan and LDL and interferes with LDL retention to the subendothelial matrix during atherosclerosis.

Retention of lipoproteins to proteoglycans in the subendothelial matrix (SEM) is an early event in atherosclerosis. We recently reported that collagen XVIII and its proteolytically released fragment endostatin (ES) are differentially depleted in blood vessels affected by atherosclerosis. Loss of collagen XVIII/ES in atherosclerosis-prone mice enhanced plaque neovascularization and increased the vascular permeability to lipids by distinct mechanisms. Impaired endothelial barrier function increased the influx of lipoproteins across the endothelium; however, we hypothesized that enhanced retention might be a second mechanism leading to the increased lipid content in atheromas lacking collagen XVIII. We now demonstrate a novel property of ES that binds both the matrix proteoglycan biglycan and LDL and interferes with LDL retention to biglycan and to SEM. A peptide encompassing the alpha coil in the ES crystal structure mediates the major blocking effect of ES on LDL retention. ES inhibits the macrophage uptake of biglycan-associated LDL indirectly by interfering with LDL retention to biglycan, but it has no direct effect on the macrophage uptake of native or modified lipoproteins. Thus, loss of ES in advanced atheromas enhances lipoprotein retention in SEM. Our data reveal a third protective role of this vascular basement membrane component during atherosclerosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The role of postpartum weight retention in obesity among women: a review of the evidence.

Young, adult women appear to be at increased risk for substantial weight gain. Pregnancy has frequently been cited as a contributor to overweight in women. This article reviews the literature examining the role of pregnancy in the development of overweight. Average postpartum weight retention ranges from 0.5 to 3 kg; however, postpartum weight retention appears to be highly variable among women, with some women retaining as much as 17.7 kg. Excessive postpartum weight retention seems to be especially prevalent among minority women. Factors such as prepregnancy weight and excessive gestational weight gain have the strongest support as risk factors for postpartum weight retention and could guide targeted intervention efforts. However, there are few controlled studies of behavioral interventions to prevent substantial pregnancy-related weight gain or postpartum weight retention. Weight loss methods successful in promoting weight control in other populations would likely also be effective with pregnant or postpartum women, although modifications for the needs of mothers may be required. Particular attention to the needs of minority mothers is warranted given the likelihood of greater weight retention in this group.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Quality control in protein biogenesis: thiol-mediated retention monitors the redox state of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.

There is accumulating evidence that proteins can be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum by a mechanism that is believed to monitor the oxidation status of one or more cysteines in their sequences. For example, a single cysteine residue critical for retention of secretory IgM assembly intermediates has been mapped to the C-terminal cysteine, Cys575, of the secretory mu chain. Little is known concerning the mechanism responsible for this system of quality control, which has been termed thiolmediated retention. In particular, it is not known if the mechanism monitors the redox state of the important cysteine residue in the secretory mu protein itself or within the context of higher-order IgM complexes. To address this question, we evaluated the fidelity of retention of secretory IgM and determined the redox status of cysteines in secretory mu proteins in polymers and polymer intermediates at various stages of maturation. We demonstrate that all secreting B cells and B cell lines secrete assembly intermediates in addition to completed, covalent pentameric and hexameric IgM polymers. A fraction of assembly intermediates exit the endoplasmic reticulum as individual components, mature through the Golgi without undergoing further assembly, and most, if not all, are secreted. While the majority of IgM assembly intermediates have exposed thiols and are contained within the endoplasmic reticulum where they can be utilized for oligomerization, maturing assembly intermediates found in the Golgi and extracellular space are completely oxidized. Thus, while the retention of unpolymerized IgM is highly efficient, the retention system lacks the ability to distinguish fully oxidized assembly intermediates from fully oxidized completed polymers. The molecular mechanisms that may contribute to this aspect of IgM biogenesis and their implications for the concept of thiolmediated retention are discussed.

Alkylation↗
PubMed2002

Surgical experience with right atrial-aortic fistula and penetration of the superior vena cava by a protruding Accufix atrial J-shaped retention wire.

A 57-year-old woman who had a dual chamber pacemaker implanted in June 1990 for sick sinus syndrome had developed heart failure since 1993. Although fluoroscopy revealed that the proximal J-shaped retention wire of the lead had fractured and had protruded through the outer insulation in 1994, and also that the distal J-shaped retention wire of the lead had protruded through the outer insulation in 1997, a transthoracic echocardiographic examination diagnosed tricuspid valve regurgitation, suggesting that the right atrial-aortic fistula might have been overlooked. In an attempt to avoid migration of the J-shaped retention wire from the lead and to repair the tricuspid regurgitation, it was decided that an operation be performed; however, intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed a right atrial-aortic fistula. Intraoperative inspection also revealed that the right atrial-aortic fistula and penetration of the superior vena cava had been caused by the Accufix atrial J-shaped retention wire. Under total cardiopulmonary bypass and induced cardiac arrest, a right atriotomy was performed and the atrial and ventricular leads were removed from the tips. The atrial orifice of the fistula and the aortic orifice were closed. Finally, a new dual-chamber pacing system with bipolar epicardial pacing leads was implanted. Postoperative inspection revealed that the proximal retention wire had fractured, the tip of the retention wire had protruded through the outer insulation, and the distal J-shaped outer insulation was damaged.

Aorta↗
PubMed2005

[Evaluation of the assembling and retention forces of constraint liners for total hip replacement].

Dislocation is a severe complication after total hip replacement which may cause revision surgery in some cases. The use of constraint inserts that are coupled to the femoral head by a snapping mechanism provides an opportunity for treatment of recurrent dislocations. This study was aimed to investigate the assembling and retention forces of a specific constraint liner. Using a universal testing machine the assembling forces were determined for head sizes of 28 and 32 mm and the clinically mostly used as well as the maximum cup size. Subsequently, under variation of load direction and pull-out velocity the retention forces were investigated. For primary assembly of the head the required compressive forces were in a range from 197 N and 283 N depending on head and cup size (each size n = 3). Repeated assembly led to a decrease of these forces up to 29%. The retention forces always were slightly below the assembling forces, i. e. forces to remove the heads from the inserts were between 183 N and 230 N (each size n = 3). Repeated disconnection caused a decrease of the retention forces up to 16%. An increase of load velocity as well as an oblique load direction resulted in an enhancement of the retention forces. For all investigated implant sizes the retention force for the femoral head was approximately ten-times less than the interface strength between the insert and the metal-back. In case of correct implant handling the risk of disconnection between the tested constraint insert and the corresponding metal-back has not to be considered in clinical practice.

Acetabulum↗
PubMed2005

[Determinants of postpartum weight retention according to skin color among women in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate factors associated with postpartum weight retention according to skin color in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as part of the effort to help control overweight and obesity. METHODS: We carried out a cohort study with data collection at four points after delivery: 15 days, 2 months, 6 months, and 9 months. The 450 participants (15 to 45 years of age) were recruited from a maternity center and a city health center in Rio de Janeiro. Postpartum weight retention was defined as the dependent variable. The following covariates were investigated: maternal age, marital status, ability to read a letter, smoking, monthly family income, number of children, age at first delivery, a score for physical activity at work, and a score for physical activity during leisure time. The data were analyzed using multivariate linear mixed-effects models for longitudinal data. RESULTS: The factors that remained associated with postpartum weight retention for white women were time after delivery (beta = -0.0061, P = 0.0002), marital status (married/single beta = -0.9279, P = 0.0457), and age at first delivery (beta = -0.1553, P = 0.0364). The factors for brown women were time after delivery (beta = -0.0062, P < 0.0001), marital status (married/single beta = -0.6000, P = 0.0145), and work physical activity score (beta = -0.1068, P = 0.0003). The factors for black women were smoking (beta = -1.4635, P = 0.0535) and score for physical activity during leisure time (beta = -0.2422, P = 0.0145). CONCLUSIONS: The factors associated with postpartum weight retention were different for the three skin-color categories. Nevertheless, the data do not indicate the need for different interventions for the three skin-color groups. That is particularly true because the physical activity scores were among the variables associated with weight retention, and any initiative to control obesity should take physical activity into consideration. On the other hand, given the socioeconomic differences among the three skin-color categories, new studies should be developed to investigate in more detail the pattern of postpartum weight retention according to skin color.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Photo-responsive retention behavior of azobenzene-modified cyclodextrin stationary phase in micro-HPLC.

An azobenzene-modified gamma-cyclodextrin stationary phase (Az gamma-CDSP) was prepared and its photo- and temperature-responses for the retention of perylene and pentacene were investigated using a mixture of methanol and water as the mobile phase in micro-HPLC. The retention of perylene slightly increased, whereas that of pentacene significantly decreased by UV light irradiation to Az gamma-CDSP. These retentions recovered upon irradiation with visible light. Both retentions decreased upon an increase in the column temperature. It was presumed that the trans-azobenzene moiety acts as a preventive cap for perylene and a spacing for pentacene in filling the CD cavity. An azobenzene-modified stationary phase changed its retention behavior with the column temperature and the light irradiation. An improvement in the micro-HPLC system and the optimization of the molecular structure of the photo-responsive stationary phase would provide selective retention control by the irradiation of light in micro-separation systems.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed2006

Effect of the net surface charge density of heptakis-6-bromo-6-deoxy-beta-cyclodextrin bonded silica gels on the retention behaviors of neutral cresol isomers in HPLC.

The effect of the surface charge density of heptakis-6-bromo-6-deoxy-beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD-BR) bonded silica gels, which was used as the stationary phase of a packed capillary column for HPLC, was investigated concerning the retention behaviors of neutral cresol isomers. On the whole, the retention factors of the cresol isomers increased with an increase in the pH values of the mobile phase, although they were slightly smaller at pH 6.1 than at pH 4.7. An investigation on the retention variation using a van't Hoff plot revealed that the increase in the retention factor (k) at a higher pH region could be mainly attributed to the increase in DeltaS, while a partial decrease in k around pH 5 - 6 was caused by a decrease in the -DeltaH/T value. On the other hand, a measurement of the electroosmotic flow velocity under various pH of the mobile phase solutions revealed that the retention variations of the neutral cresol isomers were strongly correlated with the surface charge on the packing materials. The positive charge of secondary ammonium functional groups to bind beta-CD-BR inhibit the insertion of the cresol isomers into the cavity of beta-CD-BR while reducing the retention factor, whereas the negative charge of silanol group enhanced it through a local change in the mobile phase composition.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2006

Occurrence and relative abundance of mosquitoes in stormwater retention facilities in North Carolina, U.S.A.

Throughout the 2004 mosquito season, 52 stormwater retention facilities were sampled to characterize the seasonal occurrence and relative abundance of mosquito species in relation to the structural complexity and biological diversity of the facilities. The three different types of facilities included standard wet ponds (n=20), innovative ponds (n=14), and wetland ponds (n=18). All retention structures were sampled at the beginning, middle and end of the mosquito season so that seasonal changes in mosquito production could be characterized. Overall samplings, mosquitoes were collected from 34% of the retention structures. Fourteen species representing 7 genera were collected, but only 5 species were commonly collected in all three types of stormwater management facilities. In general, the seasonal prevalence and relative abundance of mosquito species did not vary among three types of retention structures. A significant association (P < 0.01) between the presence of mosquito larvae or pupae and the absence of mosquitofish was found for innovative and wetland stormwater retention facilities but not for standard retention facilities (P > 0.05).

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A randomized comparison of retention balloon and standard tip rectal catheters in preventing incontinence during double-contrast barium enema.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this comparison was to determine if retention balloon catheters are more effective than standard tip catheters in preventing barium incontinence during double-contrast barium enemas. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A prospective randomized study was conducted over a 1-year period after institutional review board approval. Two hundred twenty-three patients (102 men, 121 women; median age, 68 years; age range, 50-94 years) were randomized to retention balloon or standard tip catheter after giving informed consent. Barium incontinence was graded A (did not lead to examination failure) or B (led to examination failure). RESULTS: One hundred thirteen patients (51%) were examined with retention balloon catheters and 110 patients (49%) with standard tip catheters. In the retention balloon catheter group, 26 patients (23%) were incontinent (22 [19.5%] grade A, four [3.5%] grade B). In the standard tip catheter group, 31 patients (28%) were incontinent (24 [21.8%] grade A, seven [6.4%] grade B). No significant difference was seen in incontinence rates between the two catheter groups (p = 0.54, chi-square test). Sixteen patients (7.2%) gave a prior history of fecal incontinence. Of these, 15 (94%) developed incontinence, and in seven (44%), grade-B incontinence led to examination failure. CONCLUSION: Retention balloon catheters have no advantage over standard tip catheters at preventing barium incontinence. Given the possible higher rates of rectal trauma associated with retention balloon catheters, their use may not be justified. A prior history of fecal incontinence is a strong predictor of examination failure.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Videofluoroscopic assessment of patients with dysphagia: pharyngeal retention is a predictive factor for aspiration.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the clinical significance of pharyngeal retention to predict aspiration in patients with dysphagia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: At videofluoroscopy, pharyngeal retention was found in 108 (28%; 73 males, 35 females; mean age, 60 years) of 386 patients with a suspected deglutition disorder. Swallowing function was assessed videofluoroscopically. The amount of residual contrast material in the valleculae or piriform sinuses was graded as mild, moderate, or severe. The frequency, type, and grade of aspiration were assessed. RESULTS: Pharyngeal retention was caused by pharyngeal weakness or paresis in 103 (95%) of 108 patients. In 70 patients (65%) with pharyngeal retention, postdeglutitive overflow aspiration was found. Aspiration was more often found in patients who had additional functional abnormalities such as incomplete laryngeal closure or impaired epiglottic tilting (p < 0.05). Postdeglutitive aspiration was diagnosed in 25% patients with mild, in 29% with moderate, and in 89% with severe pharyngeal retention (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Postdeglutitive overflow aspiration is a frequent finding in patients with pharyngeal retention, and the risk of aspiration increases markedly with the amount of residue. Functional abnormalities other than pharyngeal weakness, such as impaired laryngeal closure, may contribute to aspiration.

Deglutition Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the retention of dental fissure cleft sealants three years after their application to 13-14 year old schoolchildren].

The application of dental cleft sealant in the infant population is an efficient measure in the prevention of occlusal caries and has been adopted by the Program of Infant Dental Attention (Programa de Atención Dental Infantil-PADI) in Navarra. It involves placing a polymerizable resin over the furrows and clefts of the recently emerged and healthy molars. The high levels of retention of the sealant make it possible to preserve the teeth from caries, contributing to a reduction in their incidence. The present descriptive study aims to gain knowledge of and evaluate the permanence of the sealants three years after their application. The work was carried out in 1996 in the Oral Health Service of Navarra on a sample of 160 boys and girls out of a total of 1,372 aged between 16 and 17 years in the Pamplona and Estella health area, who had been treated with cleft sealant at the age of 13-14 years. We found that after 3 years there was retention of the cleft sealant in 39% of those implanted (30% with partial retention and 9% total). In the rest of the sealants (61%) retention was nil. These results differ from those described in other studies in which the percentage of retention is higher. This leads us to affirm the need for revising and improving the technique of application and for carrying out prospective studies for subsequent checks to determine the causes of low retention.

English Abstract↗