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PubMed1983

[Presentation of a new dichotic hearing test for the measurement of functional hemispheric asymmetries].

A newly developed dichotic test was tried on a clinical population of 197 primary school children. The results show a right ear advantage; that is better achievements in reproduction of verbal material presented to the right ear. This effect can only be reliably proved by double presentation of the material, once in inverse form. Changes in the test performance while doing the test; as well as the importance of the intervening variable, dominance of one word over the other within a pair simultaneously presented are discussed - first of all a statistical analysis was made to isolate the words that dominate most clearly in their setting. As a result of the recorded item-total (subtest) correlation as well as the estimation of reliability, there is a possibility to develop a more reliable test instrument in a second step. With cluster analysis the diagnostic value of the dichotic examination was shown in a group of 60 subjects, especially with a view to the formal pathogenesis of achievement disorders in early primary school age.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reproductive technologies and court-ordered obstetrical interventions: the need for a feminist voice in nursing.

As the developments in and increasing use of reproductive technologies continue and as court-ordered obstetrical interventions occur, questions regarding nurses' roles in these developments become increasingly important. In this article, I identify a number of issues surrounding these developments in reproductive health care and examine how nurses have dealt with these issues. I also attempt to encourage nurses to examine and discuss these developments from a critical, woman-centered perspective. A review of articles from the nursing literature (1985-1990) grouped together on the basis of the concerns identified, approach used, or subjects studied is presented. The majority of researchers view reproductive technologies as either acceptable or as requiring legislation and control. Few researchers in nursing have identified concerns about reproductive technologies or court-ordered obstetrical interventions from a feminist perspective. It is crucial that questions be raised about the underlying assumptions of these measures and about their implications for women as patients and for nurses as practitioners, women, and promoters of health. Otherwise, nurses may be supporting technologies and other measures that harm women and nursing itself.

Female↗
PubMed1992

The "gag rule" revisited: physicians as abortion gatekeepers.

In this article, I explore this failure [of the therapeutic exception as a compromise device in federal abortion counseling regulations] with an eye toward its broader lessons about the social uses of medical discretion and the difficulty of achieving an abortion compromise in America. I begin by examining the legal underpinning beneath the widespread belief that the "gag rule" imposed a near-absolute ban on discussion of the abortion option. This conventional wisdom, I conclude, collapses on careful inspection. It fails utterly to account for the strong support to be found in the Title X regulations and their larger legal context for a therapeutic exception unconstrained by administrative or judicial definition. Next, I observe that this legal unboundedness would have empowered Title X clinic physicians (and perhaps others who do counseling) to exercise broad discretion over abortion access, under the rubric of medical indication.... By so doing, however, physicians would have become abortion gatekeepers. This would have raised difficult ethical and clinical questions about the extent to which medical judgment should be allowed to incorporate (and shield) socially-disputed moral choices. I briefly consider some of these questions, along with the countervailing appeal of preserving a measure of intimate freedom under medical cover. I then conclude by positing some connections between the moral infirmities of medical gatekeeping and the political failure of the therapeutic exception. I suggest, in essence, that this failure was ensured by a strong resonance between the exception's moral infirmities and the fears of the medical leaders, pro-choice activists, and abortion opponents who framed the public debate over the "gag rule." The potential breadth of the therapeutic exception went unrecognized and unexplored because professional and popular understanding of the abortion counseling regulations was molded by the activists who framed the debate...

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2002

Regulation, consultation and divergent community views: the case of access to ART by lesbian and single women.

In the many countries which have some form of regulation of ART, a public consultation of some sort is a frequent feature of either the process leading up to regulation or of the regulatory mechanism itself. Not surprisingly, widely divergent views on the moral and political acceptability of ART are expressed during such consultations. And while such diversity of opinion is to be expected, and some even argue welcomed, in pluralist liberal democratic societies, it is often unclear how these divergent community views are and ought to be fed into the opinion-forming and decision-making processes of governments or the bodies that advise them. This article discusses first why regulation of ART may be justified, even when there is radical moral disagreement in the community, and why public consultations should play a central role in the work that advisory bodies undertake in making regulatory recommendations to government. Then, it both proposes and justifies a method for dealing with the contradictory moral views expressed by interested parties during the consultation process. To illustrate this method, the example of the attempt by single and lesbian women to access donor insemination services and ART is used.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1993

Oxygen tension in the oviduct and uterus of rhesus monkeys, hamsters and rabbits.

Oxygen tension was measured using flexible polarographic microelectrodes within the oviductal and uterine lumen in rhesus monkeys (n = 9), golden hamsters (n = 21) and rabbits (n = 6), during the reproductive cycle (monkey), during oestrus and pseudopregnancy (hamsters, rabbits) and during pregnancy (hamsters). In general, oxygen tensions in each species were much less than half of atmospheric O2, ranging from high values of about 60 mm Hg (8.7% O2) in the rabbit oviduct, rabbit and hamster uterus, to as low as 11 mm Hg (1.5% O2) in the monkey uterus. Oxygen tensions did not vary significantly between left and right sides of the reproductive tracts (all species), nor between pregnant and pseudopregnant states nor between oviduct and uterus (hamsters). Differences owing to reproductive stage were found in the monkey oviduct, hamster oviduct and uterus, and rabbit uterus. Oxygen tensions were consistently very low (11-14 mm Hg) in the monkey uterus throughout the menstrual cycle. In hamsters and rabbits, intrauterine O2 decreased significantly at about the normal time of blastocyst formation and implantation, to 37 mm Hg (5.3% O2) and 24 mm Hg (3.5% O2), respectively. This study indicates that embryos develop in vivo under low oxygen concentrations, especially during the peri-implantation period. The data have implications for investigations of embryo metabolism and for improving embryo development in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

PVO / NGO initiatives, Africa. Women Fighting AIDS in Kenya (WOFAK).

Women Fighting AIDS in Kenya (WOFAK) was founded in order to improve the effectiveness of existing AIDS services delivered to women in Kenya. Founded by both seropositive and seronegative women, WOFAK is unique in that it is the only AIDS support organization (ASO) in Kenya run by and for women. WOFAK contributes to the empowerment of HIV positive women and girls by assisting them in gaining control over their own health and serostatus, to live positively with the infection, and to protect their families and communities from becoming infected. WOFAK founders feel that existing ASOs address women's issues as only a small part of their programs and that most existing programs aimed at women focus on commercial sex workers. Whenever possible, WOFAK provides psychological and material support for women affected by HIV/AIDS. They conduct training in home-based care techniques and visit hospitalized members to offer counseling and support. WOFAK conducts HIV/AIDS education and outreach in schools, churches, commercial centers, and rural areas. All activities center around a network of positive women from all parts of society responding to the community and advocating for stronger responses by the government and other agencies providing HIV/AIDS prevention and care services. They stress the basic human rights of HIV positive women such as their right to marriage and reproduction, proper medical care, housing, and jobs. For more information, please contact Dorothy Odhiambo, WOFAK, PO Box 58428, Nairobi, Kenya; tel: +1 254 2 217039; fax: +1 254 2 243164.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

The substantia nigra pars compacta and temporal processing.

The basal ganglia and cerebellum are considered to play a role in timing, although their differential roles in timing remain unclear. It has been proposed that the timing of short milliseconds-range intervals involves the cerebellum, whereas longer seconds-range intervals engage the basal ganglia (Ivry, 1996). We tested this hypothesis using positron emission tomography to measure regional cerebral blood flow in eight right-handed males during estimation and reproduction of long and short intervals. Subjects performed three tasks: (1) reproduction of a short 500 ms interval, (2) reproduction of a long 2 s interval, and (3) a control simple reaction time (RT) task. We compared the two time reproduction tasks with the control RT task to investigate activity associated with temporal processing once additional cognitive, motor, or sensory processing was controlled. We found foci in the left substantia nigra and the left lateral premotor cortex to be significantly more activated in the time reproduction tasks than the control RT task. The left caudate nucleus and right cerebellum were more active in the short relative to the long interval, whereas greater activation of the right putamen and right cerebellum occurred in the long rather than the short interval. These results suggest that the basal ganglia and the cerebellum are engaged by reproduction of both long and short intervals but play different roles. The fundamental role of the substantia nigra in temporal processing is discussed in relation to previous animal lesion studies and evidence for the modulating influence of dopamine on temporal processing.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1989

Commentary on women-centered reproductive health services.

From women's perspectives, the primary principles of a reproductive health framework in the developing world are as follows: Family planning is a basic human right to which all human beings are entitled. Provision of family planning services must be comprehensive, including safe and low cost methods, freedom of choice about both contraception and pregnancy termination, timely and honest information, privacy and confidentiality, individual needs assessment, and counseling of women, men or the couple. Wide contraceptive choice requires more research on methods that are less invasive of women's anatomy and physiology and more supportive of women's control of their own bodies. These parameters of quality care in family planning must be centered on women's needs, desires and expectations. The concept of conscious contraception implies an attitude of conscious sexuality. When a woman accepts that sexual gratification independent of reproduction is a legitimate right, she is better prepared to engage in the pursuit of her own health and happiness. If family planning programs do not include sexuality as a key issue to discuss with clients, all long-term strategies will fall short in modifying people's attitudes, especially women's reluctance to contracept. Sexual and reproductive health includes emotional health. As Dr. Sai points out, the effects of underdevelopment and poverty strike women in dramatic ways, and quite often all the pressures to which they are exposed lead to precarious emotional health. They become victims of violence and repeat the cycle of violence with their children. We, as advocates of sexual and reproductive rights, must also consider the psychological and emotional implications of sexuality and reproduction, and learn to deal with them in our clinics and services.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abortion, Illegal↗