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PubMed1981

Recognition memory in treated epileptic patients.

In this study there was no qualitative difference in the performance of a heterogeneous group of epileptic patients and normal subjects on a recognition task for visually presented verbal material. There was, however, a significant overall difference in the number of words recognised. After a statistical correction for V.I.Q. was made this difference disappeared. The small sample size and statistical corrections made on the data make it difficult to draw firm conclusions. The data is part of a pilot study investigating the parameters of the test procedure itself. This test will be used in a carefully controlled, prospective study of the cognitive effects of anticonvulsant drugs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Levels of processing effects on recognition memory in patients with schizophrenia.

This study sought to characterize the performance of patients with schizophrenia, as compared with healthy participants, on a memory task that required encoding of items to different depths. Participants included 21 individuals with schizophrenia and 26 healthy controls. During the encoding phase of the study, participants processed successively presented words in two ways: perceptually (by making a decision as to whether the letter "a" was present in the word) or semantically (by making a living/nonliving decision for each word). During the recognition phase of the study, participants were presented with a list of words containing items that had been presented during the encoding phase (during either the letter decision task or the semantic decision task), as well as items that had not been seen before (foils). Though patients with schizophrenia performed more poorly overall on the recognition task, recognition was facilitated by semantic encoding to an equivalent degree in both groups. In other words, while significant main effects were present for group and encoding, no groupxencoding condition was present. This result is consistent with previous findings of a lack of qualitative differences in performance on learning and memory tasks between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. It also suggests that strategies that place constraints on the encoding processes used by patients may help improve the efficiency with which they learn and remember information.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The word frequency effect for recognition memory and the elevated-attention hypothesis.

Empirical tests were conducted on the elevated-attention hypothesis that low-frequency (LF) words are better recognized than high-frequency (HF) words because LF words attract more attention than do HF words (e.g., Glanzer & Adams, 1990). The elevated-attention hypothesis predicts that the hit rate advantage for LF words should be reduced by increases in attentional strain at study. We first tested this prediction in two experiments by varying the amount of experimenter-controlled study time (on the basis of the assumption that a decrease in study time would reduce the amount of resources available for studying a word). The elevated-attention hypothesis was confirmed, but only when words were studied for relatively short durations. This finding led us to formulate an early-phase elevated-attention hypothesis that proposes that more attentional resources are allocated to LF words than to HF words only during the early phase of encoding (which produces the LF hit rate advantage in subsequent recognition) and that the allocation of attentional resources during the late phase of encoding is not greater for LF words than for HF words. An additional empirical test of this revised hypothesis was conducted: Experimenter-controlled study time and the composition of the to-be-remembered pairs of words were varied orthogonally. The results confirmed the early-phase elevated-attention hypothesis.

Attention↗
PubMed2002

List composition and the word-frequency effect for recognition memory.

The attention/likelihood theory (ALT; M. Glanzer & J. K. Adams, 1990) and the retrieving effectively from memory (REM) theory (R. M. Shiffrin & M. Steyvers, 1997) make different predictions concerning the effect of list composition on word recognition. The predictions were empirically tested for two-alternative forced-choice, yes-no, and ratings recognition tasks. In the current article, the authors found that discrimination of low-frequency words increased as the proportion of high-frequency words studied increased. The results disconfirm the ALT prediction that recognition is insensitive to list composition, and they disconfirm the predictions of the REM model described by R. M. Shiffrin and M. Steyvers (1997). The current authors discuss a slightly modified version of REM that can better predict our findings, and we discuss the challenges the present findings pose for ALT and REM.

Attention↗
PubMed1980

Autonomic responsivity during recognition memory processing in three age groups.

Thirty male volunteers in the age groups of young (18-34 years), middle-aged (35-54 years), and old (55-72 years) performed a recurrent recognition task of eight emotional and eight neutral words embedded in balanced 50-word lists while their electrodermal (EDR), heart rate (HR), and recognition responses were recorded. During testing, two hours and again one week following presentation of the 16 words, no marked differences among age groups were observed in EDR, but HR responses were lower in the old than in the young group. The old adopted high signal detection decision criteria for emotional words, which accounted for their lower recognition of emotional words in one measure. The old were as proficient as the young in recognition of neutral words. More emotional words were correctly recognized when a person's responsivity in HR and EDR was high, but this correlation was dissociated in the old. Heart rate changes but not EDR reflected a reduced responsivity in the old. The results place in question the use of peripheral autonomic measures as an index to memory processing.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Recognition memory for components of pictures in children and adults.

First graders and undergraduates were shown a study set of pictures depicting one animal (actor) performing some action on another animal (object). Prior to viewing the pictures for a 1-sec exposure, subjects heard a verbal description of the pictures. 2 groups heard interactive descriptions, formulated as either passive or active sentences. 2 groups heard conjunctive descriptions, formulated as either passive or active sentences. 2 groups heard conjunctive descriptions, with the actor first and object second or vice versa. A forced-choice recognition test was then given in which the actors and objects were presented separately and paired with distractor animals. Both children and adults recognized significantly more actors than objects. Adults' response latencies were also significantly shorter when the target was an actor than when it was an object, while the reverse was true for children. Contrary to expectation, verbal descriptions did not alter which components of pictures were encoded. Rather, actors were the most salient feature of the pictures and were most likely to be recognized for both children and adults.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Accounts of the confidence-accuracy relation in recognition memory.

Confidence and accuracy, while often considered to tap the same memory representation, are often found to be only weakly correlated (e.g., Bothwell, Deffenbacher, & Brigham, 1987; Deffenbacher, 1980). There are at least two possible (nonexclusive) reasons for this weak relation. First, it may be simply due to noise of one sort or another; that is, it may come about because of both within- and between-subjects statistical variations that are partially uncorrelated for confidence measures on the one hand and accuracy measures on the other. Second, confidence and accuracy may be uncorrelated because they are based, at least in part, on different memory representations that are affected in different ways by different independent variables. We propose a general theory that is designed to encompass both of these possibilities and, within the context of this theory, we evaluate effects of four variables--degree of rehearsal, study duration, study luminance, and test luminance--in three face recognition experiments. In conjunction with our theory, the results allow us to begin to identify the circumstances under which confidence and accuracy are based on the same versus different sources of information in memory. The results demonstrate the conditions under which subjects are quite poor at monitoring their memory performance, and are used to extend cue utilization theories to the domain of face recognition.

Cognition↗
PubMed2002

Recognition memory for tactile sequences.

In three experiments participants were required to compare the similarity in item order for two temporally separated sequences of tactile stimuli presented to the fingers of the hand. Between-sequence articulatory suppression but not tactile interference impaired recognition accuracy (Experiment 1), and the null effect of tactile interference was not due to the second tactile sequence overwriting the sensory record of the first sequence (Experiment 2). Experiment 3 showed that compared to a condition where the second sequence was presented in the tactile modality only, recognition was enhanced when the second sequence was seen presented either to the hand or on a diagrammatic representation of a hand. A final experiment showed that the effects of Experiment 1 were replicated when the underside of the forearm was used for stimulus presentation, suggesting that the data are not idiosyncratic to the first method of presentation. The pattern of results suggests memory for a sequence of tactile stimuli involves the deployment of strategies utilising a combination of verbal rehearsal and visuo-spatial recoding rather than relying solely on the retention of sensory traces. This is taken to reflect limitations in both the capacity and duration of tactile sensory memory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Children's recognition memory for their drawings.

One hundred preschool boys and girls (2 1/2 and 5 1/2 year old) were asked to recognize four drawings they had made a week earlier. The child's drawing was presented with three foils which varied along the following dimensions: detail, size, and perspective. Chance performance was .25 correct; the group's performance of .34 correct was significantly different from chance (p < .0001); the oldest children's performance was .39 correct (p < .0001). These performances are impressive because of the slight variation between the target and foil drawings. The amount of differentiation in the children's drawings may be a factor in the ease of recognition.

Art↗
PubMed2006

Recollection and familiarity in recognition memory: adult age differences and neuropsychological test correlates.

Dual process theories account for age-related changes in memory by proposing that old age is associated with deficits in recollection together with invariance in familiarity. The authors evaluated this proposal in recognition by examining recollection and familiarity estimates in young and older adults across 3 process estimation methods: inclusion/exclusion, remember/know, and receiver operating characteristics (ROC). Consistent with a previous literature review (Light, Prull, LaVoie, & Healy, 2000), the authors found age invariance in familiarity when process estimates were derived from the inclusion/exclusion method, but the authors found age differences favoring the young when familiarity estimates were derived from the remember/know and ROC methods. Recollection estimates were lower for older adults in all 3 methods. Recollection and familiarity had variable relationships with frontal- and temporal-lobe measures of neuropsychological functioning in older adults, depending on which method was used to generate process estimates. These data suggest that although recollection deficits appear to be the rule in aging, not all estimates of familiarity show age invariance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Recognition memory as a function of encoding strategy and stimulus codability.

The primary purpose of this research was to determine how imaginal and verbal encoding strategies intereact with various stimulus characteristics to either enhance or retard recognition; the secondary purpose of these studies was to test the conceptual coding hypothesis of Ellis, 1972. A between-groups multivariate factorial analysis of covariance experiment and a within-subjects multivariate factorial analysis of variance experiment were conducted. In Experiment 1 it was found that low-codability shapes were better recognized under the verbal encoding set rather than the imaginal encoding verbal encoding sets; and high-codability shapes were not better recognized than low-codability shapes. However, in Experiment 2, where instructional set was a within-subjects factor, it was found that low-codability shapes were not better recognized under the verbal encoding set than the imaginal encoding set.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Recognition memory for emotional pictures in Alzheimer's patients.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to examine whether Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients can benefit from the emotional content of visual stimuli in a picture recognition test. METHODS: Sixteen patients with AD and 19 normal controls matched for age and years of education, were studied. Sixteen pictures (with varying emotional contents) were presented to each participant. Thirty minutes later, a recognition test was applied with the target-pictures mixed among 34 others of similar content. The subjects were instructed to rate them as pleasant, unpleasant or indifferent. RESULTS: The total of pictures correctly recognized by the AD patients (75.4% of the target-pictures) was smaller than that of the controls (96.4%). Controls recognized more emotional pictures than indifferent pictures. CONCLUSION: Emotional content enhanced recognition of pictures in normal subjects, whereas for the Alzheimer's subjects the emotional significance attached to the pictures was of no benefit to enhance recognition.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Fluctuations in spatial recognition memory across the menstrual cycle in female rhesus monkeys.

Findings are inconsistent regarding whether women's cognitive performance fluctuates across phases of the menstrual cycle, but differences in methodology and the use of reported cycle phase rather than precise hormonal measures may underlie these disparities. Studies in monkeys may help resolve these discrepant findings, since hormonal status can be reliably determined. We tested four young (5-7 years old) female rhesus monkeys daily during one entire menstrual cycle on three cognitive tasks displayed on a computerized touch-screen system: a Matching to Sample task with a 30 s delay (MTS-30s), a Matching to Sample task without delay (MTS-no delay) and the spatial condition of the Delayed Recognition Span Test (spatial-DRST). Blood samples were collected at specific time intervals throughout the cycle and assayed for estradiol and progesterone in order to identify hormonal status. There was a nonsignificant trend for the MTS-30s scores to be better during the follicular and luteal phases, when estradiol levels were low, than during the peri-ovulatory phase, when estradiol levels were at their highest. MTS-no delay performance did not vary as a function of hormonal status. Spatial-DRST scores were significantly better during the follicular and luteal phases than during the peri-ovulatory phase of the cycle. These data in the female rhesus monkey support the hypothesis that spatial memory performance is sensitive to estradiol variations across the menstrual cycle, with better performance associated with low estradiol levels.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recall and recognition memory for spider information.

Two experiments were devised to examine the effect of anxiety on memory for threatening information in those with spider phobia. Those with spider phobia, control participants, and those with other phobias were shown video clips of spiders. In the recognition task, participants were asked to state whether they remembered having seen specific video clips of spiders that had been presented to them previously. In the recall task, they were asked to remember and note as much detail as possible about each of a second series of video clips of spiders. Those with spider phobia were no different from the other two groups in their ability to recognize spider stimuli or in the amount of detail they were able to recall.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Enhancement of place and object recognition memory in young adult and old rats by RS 67333, a partial agonist of 5-HT4 receptors.

There is recent evidence that activation of central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)4 receptors enhances cognitive processes such as learning and memory. In the present study, we assessed the effects of a selective 5-HT4 receptors agonist, RS 67333 [1(4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-3-(1-n-butyl-4-piperidinyl)-1-propanone], in a two-trial recognition task designed to test place or object recognition memory.RS 67333 was injected in young adult (0.0001, 0.01, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) and old (0.0001, 0.01, 1, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) rats before the acquisition phase, immediately after it, or before the retrieval phase, to determine the stage of information processing affected by the compound. When injected before the acquisition phase, RS 67333 (1 mg/kg) enhanced place and object recognition in young adult rats. In old rats, RS 67333 (10 mg/kg) improved place recognition when injected before the acquisition phase, and object recognition when injected before the acquisition or in the consolidation phase of information processing. The beneficial effects of RS 67333 were abolished by prior treatment with a selective 5-HT4 receptors antagonist, GR 125487 [(1-[2-[methyl sulphonyl)-amino]ethyl]-4-piperidinyl-methyl 5-fluoro-2-methoxy-1H-indole-3-carboxylate); 10 mg/kg, i.p.]. These results support the view that selective 5-HT4 receptors agonists may be of value in the treatment of cognitive disorders related to normal aging or neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.

Aging↗
PubMed1990

The relationship between prior knowledge and face recognition memory in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease.

Normal older adults (M = 66.1 years) and mildly demented patients with a presumptive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (M = 68.0 years) studied a series of dated and contemporary famous faces for purposes of later recognition. In conjunction with the recognition test, subjects were asked to indicate whether they perceived the faces as familiar on the basis of pre-experimental knowledge, and to select the correct name for each face in a four-alternative multiple-choice test. Results showed that both groups of subjects (a) perceived more dated than contemporary faces as familiar, and (b) performed better for dated than for contemporary faces in the name recognition task. This pattern of results indicates an advantage of dated over contemporary information as general knowledge for both groups of subjects. In the episodic face recognition task, normal older adults performed better for dated than for contemporary faces, whereas demented patients performed equally well for both types of faces. The overall pattern of outcome suggests that Alzheimer's disease is associated with a deficit in the ability to utilize task-relevant prior knowledge to enhance episodic remembering.

Aged↗