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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Lasers in endodontics: a review.

Since the development of the ruby laser by Maiman in 1960 and the application of the laser for endodontics by Weichman in 1971, a variety of papers on potential applications for lasers in endodontics have been published. The purpose of this paper is to summarize laser applications in endodontics, including their use in pulp diagnosis, dentinal hypersensitivity, pulp capping and pulpotomy, sterilization of root canals, root canal shaping and obturation and apicectomy. The effects of laser on root canal walls and periodontal tissues are also reviewed. The essential question is whether a laser can provide equal or improved treatment over conventional care. Secondary issues include treatment duration and cost/benefit ratio. This article reviews the role of lasers in endodontics since the early 1970s, summarizes many research reports from the last decade, and surmises what the future may hold for lasers in endodontics. With the potential availability of many new laser wavelengths and modes, much interest is developing in this promising field.

Dental Pulp↗
PubMed1999

Early coding of reaching: frontal and parietal association connections of parieto-occipital cortex.

The ipsilateral association connections of the cortex of the dorsal part of the rostral bank of the parieto-occipital sulcus and of the adjoining posterior part of the superior parietal lobule were studied by using different retrograde fluorescent tracers. Fluoro-Ruby, Fast blue and Diamidino yellow were injected into visual area V6A, and dorso-caudal (PMdc, F2) and dorso-rostral (PMdr, F7) premotor cortex, respectively. The parietal area of injection had been previously characterized physiologically in behaving monkeys, through a variety of oculomotor and visuomanual tasks. Area V6A is mainly linked by reciprocal projections to parietal areas 7m, MIP (medial intraparietal) and PEa, and, to a lesser extent, to frontal areas PMdr (rostral dorsal premotor cortex, F7) and PMdc (F2). All these areas project to that part of the dorsocaudal premotor cortex that has a direct access to primary motor cortex. V6A is also connected to area F5 and, to a lesser extent, to 7a, ventral (VIP) and lateral (LIP) intraparietal areas. This pattern of association connections may explain the presence of visually-related and eye-position signals in premotor cortex, as well as the influence of information concerning arm position and movement direction on V6A neural activity. Area V6A emerges as a potential 'early' node of the distributed network underlying visually-guided reaching. In this network, reciprocal association connections probably impose, through re-entrant signalling, a recursive property to the operations leading to the composition of eye and hand motor commands.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Precise matching of olivo-cortical divergence and cortico-nuclear convergence between somatotopically corresponding areas in the medial C1 and medial C3 zones of the paravermal cerebellum.

The paravermal cerebellar cortex contains three spatially separate zones (the C1, C3 and Y zones) which form a functionally coupled system involved in the control of voluntary limb movements. A series of 'modules' has been postulated, each defined by a set of olivary neurons with similar receptive fields, the cortical microzones innervated by these neurons and the group of deep cerebellar nuclear neurons upon which the microzones converge. A key feature of this modular organization is a correspondence between cortical input and output, irrespective of the zonal identity of the microzone. This was tested directly using a combined electrophysiological and bi-directional tracer technique in barbiturate-anaesthetized cats. During an initial operation, small injections of a mix of retrograde and anterograde tracer material (red beads combined with Fluoro-Ruby or green beads combined with biotinylated dextran amine or Fluoro-Emerald) were made into areas of the medial C1 and medial C3 zones in cerebellar lobule V characterized by olivo-cerebellar input from the ventral forelimb. The inferior olive and the deep cerebellar nuclei were then scrutinized for retrogradely labelled cells and anterogradely labelled axon terminals, respectively. For individual experiments, the degree of C1-C3 zone terminal field overlap in the nucleus interpositus anterior was plotted as a function of either the regional overlap of single-labelled cells or the proportion of double-labelled cells in the dorsal accessory olive. The results were highly positively correlated, indicating that cortico-nuclear convergence between parts of the two zones is in close proportion to the corresponding olivo-cerebellar divergence, entirely consistent with the modular hypothesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Genetic diversity of rhizobia isolated from Caragana intermedia in Maowusu sandland, north of China.

AIMS: Thirty-three rhizobial strains isolated from nodules of Caragana intermedia in Maowusu sandland were examined for their genetic diversity and putative phylogenetic position. METHODS AND RESULTS: Isolates from Caragana intermedia were classified into 12 genotypes by 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), which showed no distinct relationships with those of the reference strains. The genotypes of rhizobia were not related to geographical location. Thr 16S rDNA sequence of representative strain GH2001 from dominant genotype 2 shared high homologuey with some Rhizobium species: Rh. giardinii (96.4%), Rh. huautlense (95.3%), Rh. galegae (95.7%), Rh. yanglingense (95.2%), Rh. mongolense (95.6%), Rh. radiobacter (99%) and Rh. rubi (98.3%). CONCLUSIONS: A high degree of genetic diversity existed among rhizobia nodulating Caragana intermedia in Maowusu sandland. Most of the new isolates might belong to Rhizobium. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results suggest that the rich diversity of rhizobia might have contributed to the adaptation of the arid region. These strains could be valuable at the economic and ecosystem level.

Caragana↗
PubMed1999

Recalcitrant scarring follicular disorders treated by laser-assisted hair removal: a preliminary report.

BACKGROUND: Recalcitrant scarring follicular disorders have been treated previously by removing hair follicles both surgically by scalp resection with skin grafting and with X-ray epilation. Laser-assisted hair removal may provide an alternate method of hair removal with less associated morbidity. OBJECTIVE: The goal is to determine whether laser-assisted hair removal can be used to treat follicular inflammatory disorders by destroying hair follicles. METHODS: Three patients with various scarring follicular disorders (dissecting cellulitis of the scalp, keratosis pilaris spinulosa decalvans, and pseudofolliculitis barbae) were treated with the long-pulse non-Q-switched ruby laser and followed clinically. RESULTS: The patients tolerated the treatments well without significant side effects and noted improvement of their condition along with decreased hair growth in the treated area. CONCLUSION: Laser-assisted hair removal may provide a safe, effective means of treating recalcitrant follicular disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Solar-induced postinflammatory hyperpigmentation after laser hair removal.

BACKGROUND: Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIHP) is a frequently encountered problem in many cosmetic procedures. The treatment of PIHP is difficult and remains a challenge. OBJECTIVE: To treat a patient who developed multiple hyperpigmented macules on her thighs due to sun exposure after treatment of unwanted hair using a normal-mode ruby pulse laser. METHODS: The patient was treated daily with tretinoin (Retin A) 0.1% cream, triamcinolone 0.1% cream, and hydroquinone 4% cream with sunscreen (Solaquin forte), and was to avoid sun exposure. Several sites received monthly treatment of 40% trichloroacetic acid (TCA). The degree of clinical improvement of the hyperpigmentation was assessed by both the physician and the patient. RESULTS: Cosmetic results were fair. The amount of hair in her thighs was reduced but the PIHP responded only slightly to therapy. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge this is the first case of solar-induced PIHP following laser hair removal. The treatment of PIHP is difficult because there are few therapeutic options that are consistently successful. Avoidance of exposure to ultraviolet light should be emphasized to all patients prior to laser therapy. We demonstrated that serial TCA peels provided an additional benefit compared to medical treatment.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2003

Treatment of phacomatosis pigmentovascularis: a combined multiple laser approach.

BACKGROUND: Phacomatosis pigmentovascularis (PPV) consists of a capillary malformation with a variety of melanocytic lesions, which involve various regions of the body and are difficult to treat with conventional therapeutic tools. OBJECTIVE: We described two cases with PPV (type IIa and IIb) that were successfully treated with different lasers. METHODS: The areas involved by both melanocytic lesions and port-wine stains were treated using the Q-switched ruby laser, the Q-switched Alexandrite laser, and the flashlamp pumped pulsed-dye laser. RESULTS: Removal of a good portion of cutaneous and vascular lesions using combined multiple laser approach was achieved after 6 sessions in the first case under general anesthesia and after 31 sessions under local anesthesia in the second case. CONCLUSION: PPV type II can be treated successfully by laser treatment. We prefer to start combined multiple laser treatment of PPV in childhood period under general anesthesia because it will reduce the number of treatment, improve the patient's quality of life, and increase the cost-effectiveness of the treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Hair removal by lasers and intense pulsed light sources.

Unwanted pigmented hair is a common problem for many patients. Traditional methods of hair removal have included shaving, bleaching, plucking, waxing, use of chemical depilatories, and electrolysis. These techniques have been limited by their pain, inconvenience, and poor long-term efficacy. Only electrolysis has offered the potential for permanent hair removal. However, the technique is tedious, highly operator-dependent, and impractical for the treatment of large numbers of hairs. Recently, a number of lasers and other light sources have been developed specifically to target hair follicles. These include ruby, alexandrite, diode, and Nd:YAG lasers and an intense pulsed light source. These devices offer the potential for rapid treatment of large areas and long-lasting hair removal. This article explains the mechanisms of using light to remove hair, examines the attributes of specific laser systems, and explains the importance of patient selection and treatment protocol for the various systems in order to provide a safe and effective treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

History of lasers in medicine.

While the history of laser begins in 1951, the first medical application is reported by Goldman in 1962. In cardiovascular surgery McGuff first used a Ruby-Laser in 1963 for the experimental ablation of atherosclerotic plaques. After a long time of investigations and new developments in laser technology first clinical applications were performed by Choy and Ginsburg in 1983. Since that time the effectiveness of laser angioplasty in coronary and peripheral vessel is investigated in several clinical trials and first results are encouraging, so that laser is about to find its place in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases too.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of experimental data for the nucleation rate of water droplets.

A formula for the stationary nucleation rate J is proposed and used for analysis of experimental data for the dependence of J on the supersaturation ratio S in isothermal homogeneous nucleation of water droplets in vapors. It is found that the experimental data are described quite successfully by the proposed formula which is based on (i) the Gibbs presentation of the nucleation work in terms of overpressure, (ii) the Girshick-Chiu [J. Chem. Phys. 93, 1273 (1990); 94, 826 (1991)] self-consistency correction to the equilibrium cluster size distribution, and (iii) the Reguera-Rubi [J. Chem. Phys. 115, 7100 (2001)] kinetic accounting of the nucleus translational-rotational motion. The formula, like that of Wolk and Strey [J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 11683 (2001)], could be used as a semiempirical relation describing the J(S) dependence for nucleation in vapors of single-component droplets or crystals of substances with insufficiently well known equations of state.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Laser debonding of ceramic brackets: a comprehensive review.

Since the invention of the ruby laser in the early 1960s, tremendous advances have been made in optic laser technology. Orthodontists have found various uses for lasers, including the debonding of ceramic brackets. Laser energy degrades the adhesive resin used to bond brackets. Consequently, lower forces can be used than when mechanical debonding is performed, reducing the risk of enamel damage. However, the heat produced by some lasers can damage the tooth pulp. Selecting the appropriate laser, resin, and bracket combination can minimize risks and make debonding more efficient. The purpose of this article is to give the clinician an up-to-date, comprehensive literature review about the clinical characteristics of debonding ceramic brackets with lasers.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2004

Lightoid and Claret: a rab GTPase and its putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor in biogenesis of Drosophila eye pigment granules.

To elucidate the biogenetic pathways for the generation of lysosome-related organelles, we have chosen to study the Drosophila eye pigment granules because they are lysosome-related and the fruit fly provides the advantages of a genetic system in which many mutations affect eye color. Here, we report the molecular identification of two classic Drosophila eye-color genes required for pigment granule biogenesis, claret and lightoid; the former encodes a protein containing seven repeats with sequence similarity to those that characterize regulator of chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the small GTPase, Ran), and the latter encodes a rab GTPase, Rab-RP1. We demonstrate in transfected cells that Claret, through its RCC1-like domain, interacts preferentially with the nucleotide-free form of Rab-RP1, and this interaction involves Claret's first three RCC1-like repeats that are also critical for Claret's function in pigment granule biogenesis in transgenic rescue experiments. In addition, double-mutant analyses suggest that the gene products of claret and lightoid function in the same pathway, which is different from that of garnet and ruby (which encode the delta- and beta-subunit of the tetrameric adaptor protein 3 complex, respectively). Taken together, our results suggest that Claret functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Lightoid/Rab-RP1 in an adaptor protein 3-independent vesicular trafficking pathway of pigment granule biogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Elasticity of MgO and a primary pressure scale to 55 GPa.

We have studied the elasticity and pressure-density equation of state of MgO in diamond cells to 55 GPa and have doubled the previous pressure limit of accurate elasticity determinations for crystals. Integrating single-crystal velocity data from Brillouin scattering measurements and density data from polycrystalline x-ray diffraction, we obtained the three principal elastic tensor elements (C(11), C(12), and C(44)) and various secondary elasticity parameters, including single-crystal elastic anisotropy, Cauchy relation, aggregate sound velocities, and Poisson's ratio, as functions of pressure. The present study also provides a direct determination of pressure without recourse to any prior pressure standard, thus creating a primary pressure scale. The commonly used ruby fluorescence pressure scale has thus been improved to 1% accuracy by the new MgO scale.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1980

A new approach to time-resolved studies of ATP-requiring biological systems; laser flash photolysis of caged ATP.

2-Nitrobenzyl derivatives have been used for several years as photolabile protecting groups in synthetic organic chemistry. Recently, P3-1-(2-nitro phenylethyladenosine 5'-triphosphate "caged ATP" was synthesized and its photolysis was shown to generate ATP in situ. This and related reactions have great potential for structural and kinetic studies of both intact and soluble biological systems and it is thus important to define the kinetic characteristics of the photolytic reaction. Caged ATP (2.5 mM) was photolyzed at 347 nm by a single 30-nsec pulse from a frequency-doubled ruby laser of 25 mJ energy to generate 500 microM ATP. The kinetics of the overall reaction were determined by monitoring the kinetics of ATP-induced dissociation of actomyosin, a reaction of known kinetic characteristics. Release of 500 microM ATP was found to be controlled by a process having a rate constant of 2.2 X 10(9) [H+] sec-1 at 22 degrees C at pH 5.8-9.5, which corresponds to 220 sec-1 at pH 7. This process is believed to be the breakdown of an aci-nitro compound, which was identified on the basis of its spectral properties and the photochromicity of related 2-nitrobenzyl compounds.

Actomyosin↗
PubMed1988

Photolabile chelators for the rapid photorelease of divalent cations.

The properties of a recently synthesized photolabile chelator for divalent cations are described, the affinity of which for Ca2+ changes by some 5 orders of magnitude on illumination. The compound 1-(2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N,N,N',N'-tetrakis[(oxycarbonyl)me thyl]-1,2-ethanediamine (DM-nitrophen) binds Ca2+ (Kd approximately 5.0 x 10(-9) M) and Mg2+ (Kd approximately 2.5 x 10(-6) M) with relatively high affinities. On exposure of the DM-nitrophen-Ca2+ complex to UV light in the 350-nm range, the chelator is cleaved yielding iminodiacetic products with a much lower affinity for Ca (Kd approximately 3 x 10(-3) M) and the free [Ca2+] increases. The quantum yield for Ca2+ release is 0.18. In experiments with chemically skinned skeletal muscle fibers, a fully relaxed fiber equilibrated with DM-nitrophen-Ca2+ complex produced maximal contraction after a single flash from a frequency-doubled ruby laser (347 nm). Half-maximal tension was achieved in approximately 40 ms, some 5 times faster than that obtained after a rapid solution change from a Ca2+-free to a Ca2+-containing solution. In experiments with resealed human erythrocyte ghosts, irradiation of ghosts containing the DM-nitrophen-Ca2+ complex activates a Ca2+-dependent K+ efflux pathway, which is not observed in the absence of illumination. DM-nitrophen is sufficiently stable and photolabile to be used as a caged Ca (or caged Mg) for the rapid photoinitiation of divalent cation-dependent processes over a wide concentration range with a significant increase in temporal resolution over conventional mixing methods.

Acetates↗
PubMed1994

Nitrophenyl-EGTA, a photolabile chelator that selectively binds Ca2+ with high affinity and releases it rapidly upon photolysis.

The synthesis and properties of a caged calcium are described. The compound is an ortho-nitrophenyl derivative of EGTA. It is synthesized in 10 steps and with 24% overall yield. The photosensitive chelator, nitrophenyl-EGTA, has a Kd value for Ca2+ of 80 nM and for Mg2+ of 9 mM. Upon exposure to UV radiation (approximately 350 nm), the chelator is cleaved, yielding iminodiacetic acid photoproducts with low Ca affinity (Kd = 1 mM). The quantum yield of photolysis of nitrophenyl-EGTA in the presence of Ca2+ is 0.23 and in the absence of Ca2+ is 0.20. In experiments with chemically skinned skeletal muscle fibers, a fully relaxed fiber equilibrated with nitrophenyl-EGTA-Ca2+ complex, in the presence of 1 mM free Mg2+, maximally contracted after a single flash from a frequency-doubled ruby laser (347 nm). Half-maximal tension was achieved in 18 ms at 15 degrees C. Nitrophenyl-EGTA provides a tool for the investigation of the mechanism of Ca(2+)-dependent physiological processes, since under conditions of normal intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations, only Ca2+ is bound by the photolabile chelator and on illumination released rapidly and in high photochemical yield.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Activation of insulin signal transduction pathway and anti-diabetic activity of small molecule insulin receptor activators.

We recently described the identification of a non-peptidyl fungal metabolite (l-783,281, compound 1), which induced activation of human insulin receptor (IR) tyrosine kinase and mediated insulin-like effects in cells, as well as decreased blood glucose levels in murine models of Type 2 diabetes (Zhang, B., Salituro, G., Szalkowski, D., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Royo, I., Vilella, D., Diez, M. T. , Pelaez, F., Ruby, C., Kendall, R. L., Mao, X., Griffin, P., Calaycay, J., Zierath, J. R., Heck, J. V., Smith, R. G. & Moller, D. E. (1999) Science 284, 974-977). Here we report the characterization of an active analog (compound 2) with enhanced IR kinase activation potency and selectivity over related receptors (insulin-like growth factor I receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor). The IR activators stimulated tyrosine kinase activity of partially purified native IR and recombinant IR tyrosine kinase domain. Administration of the IR activators to mice was associated with increased IR tyrosine kinase activity in liver. In vivo oral treatment with compound 2 resulted in significant glucose lowering in several rodent models of diabetes. In db/db mice, oral administration of compound 2 elicited significant correction of hyperglycemia. In a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model, compound 2 potentiated the glucose-lowering effect of insulin. In normal rats, compound 2 improved oral glucose tolerance with significant reduction in insulin release following glucose challenge. A structurally related inactive analog (compound 3) was not effective on insulin receptor activation or glucose lowering in db/db mice. Thus, small molecule IR activators exert insulin mimetic and sensitizing effects in cells and in animal models of diabetes. These results have implications for the future development of new therapies for diabetes mellitus.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Structural model of a malonyl-CoA-binding site of carnitine octanoyltransferase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I: mutational analysis of a malonyl-CoA affinity domain.

Carnitine octanoyltransferase (COT) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) I, which facilitate the transport of medium- and long-chain fatty acids through the peroxisomal and mitochondrial membranes, are physiologically inhibited by malonyl-CoA. Using an "in silico" macromolecular docking approach, we built a model in which malonyl-CoA could be attached near the catalytic core. This disrupts the positioning of the acyl-CoA substrate in the channel in the model reported for both proteins (Morillas, M., Gómez-Puertas, P., Roca, R., Serra, D., Asins, G., Valencia, A., and Hegardt, F. G. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 45001-45008). The putative malonyl-CoA domain contained His(340), implicated together with His(131) in COT malonyl-CoA sensitivity (Morillas, M., Clotet, J., Rubi, B., Serra, D., Asins, G., Ariño, J., and Hegardt F. G. (2000) FEBS Lett. 466, 183-186). When we mutated COT His(131) the IC(50) increased, and malonyl-CoA competed with the substrate decanoyl-CoA. Mutation of COT Ala(332), present in the domain 8 amino acids away from His(340), decreased the malonyl-CoA sensitivity of COT. The homologous histidine and alanine residues of L-CPT I, His(277), His(483), and Ala(478) were also mutated, which decreased malonyl-CoA sensitivity. Natural mutation of Pro(479), which is also located in the malonyl-CoA predicted site, to Leu in a patient with human L-CPT I hereditary deficiency, modified malonyl-CoA sensitivity. We conclude that this malonyl-CoA domain is present in both COT and L-CPT I proteins and might be the site at which malonyl-CoA interacts with the substrate acyl-CoA. Other malonyl-CoA non-inhibitable members of the family, CPT II and carnitine acetyltransferase, do not contain this domain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗