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PubMed2006

Anaphylactic reaction to patent blue V after sentinel lymph node biopsy.

BACKGROUND: We report a documented grade III IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction associated with the use of 2.5% patent blue V dye for sentinel lymph node biopsy during breast cancer surgery. METHODS: Immediately after the reaction, when hemodynamic stability was obtained, plasma histamine was measured whereas serum tryptase was not. Six weeks later, with the patient's consent, cutaneous tests to patent blue V dye, methylene blue dye, latex and all drugs used during surgery were performed according to standardized procedures. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Clinical symptoms, biological assessment results and cutaneous tests positivity confirmed the onset of an anaphylactic reaction due to patent blue V. Of interest, the positivity of the cutaneous tests observed with patent blue V was not found with methylene blue which might be proposed for further investigations in our patient. This case report confirms the need for systematic allergological investigation of all drugs and substances administered during the peri-operative period in case of an immediate hypersensitivity reaction occurring during anesthesia.

Anaphylaxis↗

PubMed2004

Failure in the detection of the sentinel lymph node with a combined technique of radioactive tracer and blue dye in a patient with cancer of the vulva and a single positive lymph node.

BACKGROUND: In early stage vulvar cancer, the sentinel lymph node procedure with a radioactive tracer appears to be a promising new diagnostic tool to predict lymph node status. No detection failures have been published so far in vulvar cancer. We recently experienced failure in the detection of the sentinel lymph node in a patient with a positive lymph node. CASE: A 75-year-old patient with a clinical T2N0M0 squamous cell carcinoma replacing the clitoris underwent a sentinel node procedure. A sentinel node was detected only at one groin. An exploration of the other groin showed a positive lymph node totally replaced by tumor. CONCLUSION: In the case we present, stasis of the lymph flow might be the leading cause of the failure of the sentinel lymph node procedure.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

A confirmatory analysis of malachite green residues in rainbow trout with liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.

A quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the determination of malachite green (MG) and its metabolite leucomalachite green (LMG) in fish. Residues were extracted with an acetonitrile-acetate buffer and purified using the automated solid-phase extraction (ASPEC). Residues were analyzed with a reversed-phase LC-MS/MS using a positive-ion electrospray ionisation (ESI). Isotope-labelled leucomalachite green (LMG-D5) was used as an internal standard for the quantification of LMG residues. The related dye, brilliant green (BG) was used as an instrumental standard. Identification and quantification of analytes were based on the ion transitions monitored by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The decision limit (CCalpha) for MG and LMG was 0.13 and 0.16 microgkg(-1). The respective detection capabilities (CCbeta) were 0.22 and 0.27 microgkg(-1). The absolute recovery (repeatability SD(r)) was in the range of 58-65% (7.8-11.2%) for MG and 59-68% (9.7-16.9%) for LMG. LMG was quantified also based on the internal standard, giving a recovery (repeatability SD(r)) of 103-110% (4.8-9.3%). The method was further evaluated by analyzing a total of 34 fish residue monitoring samples, of which eight samples were found to be non-compliant containing low residues of LMG.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Photocatalytic performance of Sn-doped TiO2 nanostructured mono and double layer thin films for Malachite Green dye degradation under UV and vis-lights.

Nanostructure Sn(4+)-doped TiO(2) based mono and double layer thin films, contain 50% solid ratio of TiO(2) in coating have been prepared on glass surfaces by spin-coating technique. Their photocatalytic performances were tested for degradation of Malachite Green dye in solution under UV and vis irradiation. Sn(4+)-doped nano-TiO(2) particle a doping ratio of about 5[Sn(4+)/Ti(OBu(n))(4); mol/mol%] has been synthesized by hydrotermal process at 225 degrees C. The structure, surface and optical properties of the thin films and/or the particles have been investigated by XRD, BET and UV/vis/NIR techniques. The results showed that the double layer coated glass surfaces have a very high photocatalytic performance than the other one under UV and vis lights. The results also proved that the hydrothermally synthesized nano-TiO(2) particles are fully anatase crystalline form and are easily dispersed in water. The results also reveal that the coated surfaces have hydrophilic property.

Catalysis↗

PubMed1986

Relationship of critical micelle concentrations of bacterial lipoteichoic acids to biological activities.

The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was investigated with two dyes, rhodamine 6G and Coomassie brilliant blue R-250. Both dyes gave similar values for the CMC of LTA. The CMC of LTA from several species of bacteria ranged from 28 to 60 micrograms/ml in phosphate-buffered saline. The CMC values for the LTAs are in the range expected for an amphiphile containing a single, 16-carbon fatty acid residue. Formation of micelles was not detected with deacylated LTA. Salt decreased the CMC of LTA from 380 micrograms/ml in distilled water to 37 micrograms/ml in 0.5 M NaCl. At concentrations greater than the CMC, LTA induced the lysis of sheep erythrocytes and was cytotoxic for Girardi heart cells. The data suggest that LTA in the micellar state may cause disruption of the erythrocyte membrane and may be cytotoxic for cells in culture.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Retrospective analysis of sentinel node localization in multifocal, multicentric, palpable, or nonpalpable breast cancer.

UNLABELLED: Multicentric or multifocal breast cancer is considered as one of the limitations for sentinel lymph node (SLN) localization. We did a retrospective analysis to evaluate the success rate, sensitivity, accuracy, and negative predictive values of SLN localization in multicentric or multifocal breast lesions. METHODS: Fifty-nine patients with multifocal or multicentric breast lesions proven by either fine-needle aspiration (19/59), core biopsy (39/59), or lumpectomy (8/59) underwent SLN localization. Of these patients, 46 had SLN localization by both radiocolloid and blue dye, and 13 had SLN localization by radiocolloid alone. Approximately 10 MBq (99m)Tc-labeled unfiltered sulfur colloid in 0.3-0.4 mL were injected intradermally over the 1 or 2 breast tumor locations 2-4 h before surgery. During surgery, vital blue dye was injected intraparenchymally in 4-6 places around the tumor. All lymph nodes with counts of >10 times that of the background counts, whether or not blue dye positive, and all blue dye-positive lymph nodes, whether or not radiocolloid positive, were excised and labeled accordingly. All lymph nodes underwent frozen sectioning and were examined by hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistologic (cytokeratin) staining. RESULTS: Of the 59 patients, 48 had axillary lymph node dissection irrespective of the results of pathologic examination of the SLN. The success rate, sensitivity, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 93%, 100%, 100%, and 100% using the radiocolloid probe, 87%, 100%, 100%, and 100% using blue dye, and 93.5%, 100%, 100%, and 100% using combined methods, respectively. Concordance between blue dye and radiocolloid was 91% (the incidence of the number of sentinel nodes detected was 37.5%, 30.3%, 10.7%, and 21.4% for 1, 2, 3, and 4 or more lymph nodes, respectively). Metastatic lymph node involvement was found in 39.5% of patients. CONCLUSION: The sentinel node localization approach showed a high negative predictive value in breast cancer patients with multifocal or multicentric lesions, contrary to the common belief of significant false-negative results in these patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Adsorption of ethyl violet dye in aqueous solution by regenerated spent bleaching earth.

The adsorption of basic dye (i.e., ethyl violet or basic violet 4) from aqueous solution onto the regenerated spent bleaching earth (RSBE) was carried out by varying the process parameters such as initial concentration, pH, and temperature. As analytical comparisons, activated bleaching earth (ABE) was also used as adsorbent for the adsorption of the basic dye at various initial concentrations. The experimental results showed that the adsorption process can be well described with the pseudo-second-order reaction model and less fitted by the intra-particle diffusion model. The kinetic parameters of both models obtained in the present work are in line with pore properties of the two adsorbents. According to the equilibrium adsorption capacity from the fitting of pseudo-second-order reaction model, it was further found that the both models of Langmuir and Freundlich appeared to fit well the isotherm data. In addition, the thermodynamic parameters were evaluated based on the pseudo-second-order rate constants, showing that the adsorption of ethyl violet onto the RSBE is endothermic in nature.

Adsorption↗

PubMed1996

The technique of sentinel node biopsy.

Fifty-five consecutive patients with localized melanoma and clinically definable regional nodal basin who had undergone sentinel node biopsy were reviewed. The technique described by Morton et al was applied with the following modifications: (1) injection of a larger amount of isosulfan blue dye initially, i.e. 3 ml, on the side of the primary lesion facing the nodal group; (2) elevation of the primary site, for 5 min; (3) incision over the regional nodal group and exposure of the nodes with sharp dissection; (4) identification of either the blue-stained node(s) or adjacent colored lymphatics first and demonstration of their continuity. The sentinel node was identified in 51/55 (93%); specifically 33/36 (92%) in the axilla, 17/18 (93%) in the groin, and 1/1 in the supraclavicular area. It was positive in 12/51 (24%). Morton's technique of sentinel node biopsy is reproducible and can provide correct identification of the sentinel node in over 90% of the patients without the aid of radiolabelled materials.

Axilla↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Sentinel lymph node detection in colorectal cancer: importance, techniques and results].

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Considering that lymph node status is a key factor in colorectal cancer staging, and the main determinant for adjuvant therapy of colorectal cancer being this therapy, responsible for a significant increase in colorectal cancer patients survival, the staging methods should be the most accurate possible in order to offer this individuals the opportunity to be adequate treated in order to achieve the best survival possible. Sentinel lymph node study is progressively being popularized as a method that increases sensibility in detect positive nodes to reveal a more accurate stage and prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty one colorectal cancer patients were prospectively studied and sentinel lymph node was identified in 100% of the cases utilizing either patent blue alone, or in association with radiotracer based on technetium 99m colloid solution in a randomized fashion. RESULTS: The mean number of sentinel nodes per patient was 1.96 ranging from 1 to 3 nodes. With the addition of transoperative lympho-scintigraphy five extra sentinel nodes, not identified by the blue dye alone, were identified and considered for histopathology study. In four cases (12.9%) the sentinel lymph node was the only site of metastasis, all of them being detected by association of hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical examination. CONCLUSION: Sentinel lymph node detection and analysis is feasible, technique is relatively simple and is able to produce upstage in colorectal cancer. Blue staining and radio guided techniques are both safe and their superposition has shown good results in terms of increase accuracy in our experience. There was no aberrant lymph drainage that would alter resection margins in patients studied. Upstaging rate, identifying potential candidates for adjuvant therapy was 12.9% (4/31). To this individuals chemotherapy could be a chance to increase their global survival.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2003

[Sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer and primary tumor dimension].

INTRODUCTION: Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy, primary used as an alternative to elective lymph node dissection in melanoma, is being applied successfully in management of patients with breast cancer. The aim of this method in breast cancer is to determine the presence of axillary node involvement while clinically normal axilla. The validity of the sentinel node concept in breast cancer is demonstrated in various studies. The results of identification rates, sensitivity, overall accuracy and false negative rate are so encouraging in most publications, as to implement this concept to every-day surgical practice. There is lack, however, of many fundamental answers pertaining relationship between tumor-size and the results of SLN Biopsy or related surgical standards. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 36 females at the age 33-66, with breast cancer underwent primary surgical treatment with SLN Biopsy in Department of Gynaecology and Oncology Jagiellonian University between 2001-2002. The study inclusion criteria were tumour size-T1, T2. The day before surgery the static scanning was performed after injection of Tc radiolabelled nannocolloid. SLN(s) were identified intraoperatively using a handheld gamma detection probe (Navigator GPS) and intraoperative lymphatic mapping with blue dye (Patent Blau V). After localization and excision of SLN(s), axillary's lymph node dissection (ALND) was performed. RESULTS: In 34 patients SLN Biopsy revealed accumulation of the tracer in axilla, which was classified as SLN. Detection rate was 94.4% (34/36). Overall sensitivity of the procedure was 81%, whereas negative predictive value 92%. False negative rate was 2.2%. Detection rate for T1 tumors was 100% (15/15 cases), and for T2 tumors was 90.4% (19/21 cases). Sensitivity for tumor classified as T1 was 100% (3/3 cases), whereas for tumor T2 was 75% (6/8 cases). CONCLUSION: SLN Biopsy seems to be very interesting alternative to ALND in patients with small tumor's dimension.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Value of sentinel node biopsy in the management of breast cancer.

AIMS: To determine the rate of detection of the sentinel node using both blue dye and radioisotope, and the accuracy with which the sentinel node histology reflects the nodal status of the axilla in a series of patients with clinically node-negative breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During a 32-month period from May 1998 to December 2000, 73 patients with clinically node-negative breast cancer underwent sentinel node biopsy immediately followed by formal axillary lymphadenectomy. The sentinel node(s) was identified using a combination of lymphoscintigraphy, blue dye and an intraoperative hand-held gamma probe. RESULTS: The mean age of the 73 patients was 58 years (range 32-83 years). Twenty-six per cent (19/73) had previous surgical/excisional biopsy. Pre-operative lymphoscintigraphy was positive in 74% (54/73) of patients. Combination of blue dye and radioisotope was better than either method in isolation for identifying the sentinel node, yielding a success rate of 96% (70/73). A total of 32 cases proved to have positive nodal disease on histological examination. In 44% (14/32) of patients, the sentinel node was the only positive node. Forty-seven per cent (15/32) of patients in whom the sentinel node was positive also had positive nodes in the axillary nodal basin. There were 3/32 false negative cases, giving a false negative rate of 9.4%. CONCLUSION: Sentinel node biopsy will have a role in the management of breast cancer. However, widespread adaptation of this technique awaits the results of prospective, randomised trials.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

A colorimetric assay for measuring the lysis of a plasma clot.

The present study describes a simple, quantitative assay for measuring the lysis of a plasma clot. The principle of the assay is based on the release of Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 dye from the clot. Thirty microliters of freshly prepared Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 (1 mg/ml) was added to 200 microliters of diluted human plasma (1:5). After mixing, 100 microliters of thrombin (2.5 NIH units/ml) were added to mediate a plasma clot. One milliliter of streptokinase (0.1 mg/ml) was used as a plasminogen activator to initiate clot lysis. During the course of lysis, 100 microliters of soluble material were transferred to microtiter wells and the absorbance at 540 nm was determined as a measure of clot lysis. This assay was used to measure clot lysis in 18 human plasma samples. The colorimetric method (X) developed in this report correlated well with that determined using a conventional 125I-fibrinogen method (Y): Y = 0.83X + 7.98 (r = 0.91).

Blood Coagulation↗

PubMed2005

Retinal tolerance to dyes.

BACKGROUND: Dye solutions for intraoperative staining of epiretinal membranes and the internal limiting membrane improve the visualisation of these thin structures and facilitate their removal. In the present study the authors investigated the effects of indocyanine green 0.05%, trypan blue 0.15%, and patent blue 0.48% on bovine retinal function. METHODS: Bovine retina preparations were perfused with a standard solution and the electroretinogram (ERG) was recorded repeatedly. After recording of stable ERG amplitudes the nutrient solution was substituted by one of the dye solutions. The duration of retinal exposure to a dye solution was varied between 10 seconds and 2 minutes. Thereupon, the preparation was reperfused with standard solution for at least 115 minutes. The percentage of b-wave reduction after exposition was calculated. RESULTS: Reductions of the b-wave amplitude were found for each dye solution tested. The effects after application of patent blue and indocyanine green were completely reversible within the recovery time for an exposure period of 60 and 30 seconds, respectively. The application of trypan blue lead to a loss of the b-wave when the retina was exposed for 15 seconds or longer. This effect was only partly reversible within the recovery time. CONCLUSION: The ERG showed toxic effects of trypan blue after a short period of retinal exposure. The intraocular application of trypan blue should be limited to selected cases. However, intraocular application of indocyanine green and patent blue in a sufficient concentration and taking account of a short period of retinal exposure seems possible.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

The effects of soft-start vs continuous-light polymerization on microleakage in Class II resin composite restorations.

PURPOSE: Despite the different light sources and polymerization techniques developed to eliminate it, microleakage of resin composite still remains a problem. This in vitro study was designed to compare the effects of exponential mode soft-start polymerization with those of standard and high-intensity continuous light polymerization on microleakage in Class II resin composite restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standardized Class II cavities (4 mm wide, 4 mm long, 5 to 6 mm high, 2 mm deep) were prepared in 50 extracted human molars. Specimens were divided into 5 groups (n = 10) and restored using the same hybrid resin composite (Z250), but separately polymerized by one of five different methods: group 1: continuous halogen light polymerization for 40 s; group 2: continuous high-intensity halogen light polymerization for 10 s; group 3: exponential mode soft-start halogen light polymerization for a total of 40 s; group 4: continuous LED light polymerization for 40 s; Group 5: exponential mode soft-start LED light polymerization for a total of 40 s. All specimens were thermocycled for 1000 cycles at 5 degrees C to 55 degrees C and then placed in 0.5% basic fuchsin dye for 24 h. Specimens were then rinsed, embedded in resin and sectioned longitudinally. Dye penetration at occlusal and cervical margins was rated using a scale of 0 to 4. Data was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests. RESULTS: Significantly lower marginal leakage was recorded with exponential mode soft-start polymerization when compared to continuous light polymerization. No significant differences in microleakage were observed between LED and halogen light polymerization. CONCLUSION: Within the limits of this in vitro study, the use of the soft-start exponential mode of LED and/or halogen light units in the polymerization of hybrid composite was found to produce significantly lower microleakage at both occlusal and cervical margins when compared to continuous light polymerization methods.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed2006

Resonance Rayleigh scattering study of interaction of hyaluronic acid with ethyl violet dye and its analytical application.

In near weak acid to neutral medium, ethyl violet (EV) can react rapidly with hyaluronic acid (HA) to form a complex, which results in a significant enhancement of resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) and an appearance of a new spectrum, and the scattering wavelengths appear at 231, 274, 326, 498 and 640 nm. The maximum scattering wavelength appears at 326 nm. The RRS intensity is directly proportional to the concentration of HA in the range of 0.4-48.0 microg mL(-1). A new method for the determination of trace amounts of HA based on the RRS method has been developed. The method exhibits high sensitivity, and the detection limit for HA is 9.6 x 10(-2) microg mL(-1). This method was applied for determining HA in eyedrops and in sodium hyaluronate injection samples with satisfactory results. Furthermore, the enhancement reasons of RRS and the relationship between RRS spectral characteristics of the HA-EV complex and its absorption spectrum have been discussed.

Biosensing Techniques↗

PubMed1998

Comparative study of the marginal microleakage of six cements in fixed provisional crowns.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: In many situations, provisional restorations require a long-term permanence in the oral cavity. During this period, the abutments need the best possible biologic and mechanical protection. In this way, the vitality of the pulp and the integrity of mineralized tissues can be preserved. The luting cement used to fix interim restorations should have good mechanical properties, low solubility, and good adhesion to resist bacterial and molecular penetration. However, because of its provisional nature, the prosthesis should be easy to remove from the abutments. These contrasting requirements may lead to a compromise in cement behavior, particularly in its mechanical properties. PURPOSE: This in vitro study evaluated the marginal microleakage of 4 provisional cements, a cavity base compound and a zinc-phosphate luting cement in provisional acrylic resin crowns fixed on extracted human teeth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty acrylic resin crowns were made and fitted on intact human premolars with the 6 cements. All restorations were applied in a standardized manner by means of an axial load of 10 kg. Specimens were thermocycled then submerged in a 5% basic fuchsin solution, then sectioned and observed under a light stereomicroscope. A 5-level scale was used to score dye penetration in the tooth/cement interface. RESULTS: A high dye penetration in the tooth/cement interface was present in all 4 provisional cements. Microleakage existed in specimens where zinc-phosphate and cavity base compounds were used; however, it was lower than the other materials. A significant difference (P < .05) was found between zinc-phosphate and one eugenol-free cement and between cavity base and the same eugenol-free cement. CONCLUSIONS: All materials tested demonstrated different degrees of microleakage. Zinc-phosphate and cavity base compound cements had the best sealing properties. This latter, even if conceived as a cavity base, may be considered a good provisional cement as far as microleakage is concerned.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed2002

Effect of accelerated restorative techniques on the microleakage of Class II composites.

PURPOSE: To assess the marginal seal of Class II resin-based composite restorations cured by a high intensity halogen light or a plasma arc light. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Class II cavities were prepared in extracted molar teeth with cervical margins located apical to the cemento-enamel junction. Cavities were restored with a posterior resin-based composite (Tetric Ceram) using either a two-increment or a bulk placement and cure restorative technique after application of bonding agent (Excite). Test parameters included light unit type/curing mode, application of flowable composite and restorative technique. After thermocycling, the teeth were immersed in basic fuchsin dye. Sectioned restorations were examined under a stereomicroscope (x 25) and extent of microleakage (mm) was recorded using an image analysis system. Data was analyzed by non-parametric statistical tests. RESULTS: No leakage was observed at the occlusal enamel margin of a nyrestoration. Median gingival leakage values for the different test groups ranged from 0.02-2.51 mm. Light unit type had a highly significant effect on leakage (P=0.0002). The highest leakage scores were recorded with the plasma arc light used in standard curing mode and the lowest with the halogen light in turbo-boost mode.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed2001

The breast cancer patient with multiple sentinel nodes: when to stop?

BACKGROUND: During sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy for breast cancer, most authors report identifying a mean of 1 to 3 SLNs, but a range of 1 to 8 (or more) SLNs per patient. A significant minority of patients have 4 or more SLNs. Here we seek to determine the significance for the breast cancer patient of finding multiple SLNs, and whether there is an optimal threshold number of SLNs that should be removed. STUDY DESIGN: 1,561 patients who underwent successful SLN biopsy using blue dye and radioisotope in combination. Each SLN site was categorized prospectively by the operating surgeon as a dye success, an isotope success, or both. All SLNs containing counts at least four times greater than the postexcision axillary background were considered to be isotope successes. RESULTS: Fifteen percent of patients (241) had multiple (>3) SLNs. Ninety-eight percent of node-positive patients (440 of 449) were identified within the first three SLN sites examined. In 2% of all SLN positive patients (9 of 449) or 4% of patients with multiple SLN (9 of 241), a positive SLN was detected at site four or more. In eight patients the first positive SLN was found at sites four or more. Blue dye and isotope were equally effective in identifying metastases in patients with multiple SLNs. CONCLUSIONS: Fifteen percent of patients having SLN biopsy for breast cancer have multiple SLNs. Although 98% of positive SLNs were identified within the first three sites sampled, a small number of patients had their first positive SLN at sites 4 to 8. These data suggest that there is no absolute upper threshold for the number of SLNs that should be removed. Sampling a few additional SLNs probably adds little morbidity to the procedure, yet may significantly alter the treatment of some individuals. SLN biopsy should be continued until all blue and hot nodes are removed.

Breast Neoplasms↗