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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Misleading results of ethanol analysis in urine specimens from rape victims suffering from diabetes.

We report appreciably high concentrations of ethanol (82 and 102 mg/dL) in specimens of urine collected from two victims of date rape. Both girls (aged 15 and 18 years) suffered from diabetes mellitus, but adamantly denied drinking any alcohol before or after the incident. The presence of glycosuria and high risk of fungal infections in female diabetics suggests that ethanol was produced in vitro by fermentation after voiding. Making a routine test for sugar in the urine and ensuring that the sampling tubes contain sufficient sodium or potassium fluoride to inhibit glycolysis are recommended practices. A specific marker for post-sampling synthesis of ethanol might also be used such as the 5HTOL/5HIAA ratio.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Large scale identification and quantitative profiling of phosphoproteins expressed during seed filling in oilseed rape.

Seed filling is a dynamic, temporally regulated phase of seed development that determines the composition of storage reserves in mature seeds. Although the metabolic pathways responsible for storage reserve synthesis such as carbohydrates, oils, and proteins are known, little is known about their regulation. Protein phosphorylation is a ubiquitous form of regulation that influences many aspects of dynamic cellular behavior in plant biology. Here a systematic study has been conducted on five sequential stages (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks after flowering) of seed development in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. Reston) to survey the presence and dynamics of phosphoproteins. High resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in combination with a phosphoprotein-specific Pro-Q Diamond phosphoprotein fluorescence stain revealed approximately 300 phosphoprotein spots. Of these, quantitative expression profiles for 234 high quality spots were established, and hierarchical cluster analyses revealed the occurrence of six principal expression trends during seed filling. The identity of 103 spots was determined using LC-MS/MS. The identified spots represented 70 non-redundant phosphoproteins belonging to 10 major functional categories including energy, metabolism, protein destination, and signal transduction. Furthermore phosphorylation within 16 non-redundant phosphoproteins was verified by mapping the phosphorylation sites by LC-MS/MS. Although one of these sites was postulated previously, the remaining sites have not yet been reported in plants. Phosphoprotein data were assembled into a web database. Together this study provides evidence for the presence of a large number of functionally diverse phosphoproteins, including global regulatory factors like 14-3-3 proteins, within developing B. napus seed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

The separation of two hymenopteran parasitoids, Tersilochus obscurator and Tersilochus microgaster (Ichneumonidae), of stem-mining pests of winter oilseed rape using DNA, morphometric and ecological data.

Tersilochus obscurator Aubert and Tersilochus microgaster (Szépligeti) are larval endoparasitoids of economically-important stem-mining pests of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in Europe. They are difficult to separate morphologically. Their hosts are Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus (Marsham) and Psylliodes chrysocephala Linnaeus, respectively. The parasitoids' taxonomic status, identification, host range and phenology were studied using genetic, morphometric and ecological data. The study used 527 female parasitoids from the UK and Germany, either field-collected in emergence traps or reared from field-collected host larvae. Two morphometric characters, the ovipositor sheath to first metasomal tergite ratio and the percentage of the mesopleuron spanned by the sternaulus, were measured. A 440 bp section of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was sequenced from 35 parasitoids reared from C. pallidactylus, 20 reared from P. chrysocephala and individuals from two outgroups, Tersilochus heterocerus Thomson and Phradis interstitialis Thomson. Distinct and invariable COI sequences corresponded exclusively to each parasitoid group, confirming that T. obscurator and T. microgaster are discrete species. Measurements of host-reared and COI-sequenced specimens indicated that the ranges of both morphometric characters overlapped between species. Using these ranges as criteria, all but 3.6% of UK specimens and 2% of German specimens were identifiable to species without reference to host or phenology. There were differences in emergence phenology in the UK, adult T. microgaster emerging from winter diapause by 29 March 2000, T. obscurator emerging between 12 April and 24 May 2000. The value of molecular techniques in the identification of closely-related parasitoid species is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Rape-seed meal toxicity in gnotobiotic rats: influence of a whole human faecal flora or single human strains of Escherichia coli and Bacteroides vulgatus.

Gnotobiotic growing rats harbouring either a whole human faecal flora or single human strains of Escherichia coli (EM0) or Bacteroides vulgatus (BV8H1) were fed for 7 weeks on semi-synthetic diets in which the protein source was either soya-bean meal (SM) or rape-seed meal (RM). For each bacterial status the RM-diet group was compared with the control group fed on the SM diet. The association of human faecal flora with the RM diet was responsible for reduced feed intake and reduced weight gain, an enlargement of the liver and thyroid and a decrease in both thyroxine and triiodothyronine plasma levels. The association of the B. vulgatus BV8H1 strain with the RM diet reproduced all these effects, except that triiodothyronine plasma levels were not significantly modified. Rats inoculated with the E. coli EM0 strain and fed on the RM diet exhibited a goitre and lowered thyroxine and triiodothyronine plasma levels. These results show that the human intestinal microflora may be involved in glucosinolate metabolism when cruciferous vegetables are consumed by man. The specificity of the symptoms observed according to the rat bacterial status supports the hypothesis that bacteria yield specific toxic glucosinolate derivatives according to their enzymic potential.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of dehulling of rapeseed on feed value and nutrient digestibility of rape products in pigs.

In the presented study the influence of dehulling rapeseed on the composition of rapeseed meal (RM) and rapeseed cake (RC) and on its feed value for piglets and growing-finishing pigs was investigated. Before withdrawal of oil, rapeseed (variety Express) was dehulled applying a procedure developed by SKET GmbH Magdeburg and the Section Food-Technology of the University Essen. The steps of the dehulling procedure were described. For RM the oil was removed by the prepress-solvent procedure till a crude fat content of 2.1% in DM. RC was produced by pressing only resulting approximately 13% crude fat in DM. The RM and RC from not dehulled (ND) and dehulled (D) rapeseed were examined analytically. Crude nutrients, sugar and fibre substances, amino acids, some minerals and trace elements, fatty acids, glucosinolates and sinapine, and phytate were determined. By dehulling the seed the crude fibre content was decreased in RM and RC by approximately 40%. The ADF content declined by 35 and 39%, and the NDF content by 28% and 40% in RM and RC, respectively. The decrease in ADL content amounted to 50% and 65% for RM and RC, respectively. On the other hand, the CP content of RM and RC was increased by 7% and 13%, respectively, by dehulling the seed while the amino acid content of rape protein increased only slightly. The contents of glucosinolates and sinapine were also increased by dehulling, while the contents of phytate and phytate P were decreased. In digestibility and balance experiments with piglets and intact hybrid breeds of growing-finishing pigs, the digestibility of organic matter and of crude nutrients and the contents of digestible energy and metabolizable energy were estimated. Furthermore, the precaecal digestibility of crude nutrients and amino acids was determined with fistulated mini-pigs. By dehulling the seeds the digestibility of organic matter from RM and RC was improved in piglets and adult pigs by approximately 10%, and the ME contents increased by 13-15%. The precaecal digestibility of the sum of amino acids was increased by approximately 3 and 6 units in RM and RC, respectively. The precaecal digestibility of lysine in RM and RC reached that of soybean oil meal from not dehulled beans.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2004

Antioxidants from rape (Brassica campestris vir. Japonica Hara) oil cake.

A simple but novel compound, S-1-methoxy-1-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane, was isolated as a moderately antioxidative compound from rape (Brassica campestris L. subsp. napus) oil cake together with 5 known compounds. Three of these compounds, indolacetonitrile, 4-hydroxyindolacetonitrile, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile, showed strong antioxidative activity evaluated by the ferric thiocyanate method.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2002

Cold-deacclimation of oilseed rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera) in response to fluctuating temperatures and photoperiod.

The aim of this work was to establish the role of factors that may trigger elongation growth in the dehardening response, namely temperature during daylight, photoperiod and vernalization. Fully cold-acclimated seedlings of winter (with incomplete vernalization) and spring oilseed rape were subjected to deacclimation under temperatures of 2/12, 12/2, 12/12, 12/20, 20/12 and 20/20 degrees C (day/night) and a 12 h photoperiod. Plants were also deacclimated under photoperiods of 8 and 16 h at constant temperatures of 12 and 20 degrees C. After deacclimation, plants were subjected to reacclimation. Results suggest that the level of growth activity induced during deacclimation affects both the deacclimation rate and the capacity for reacclimation. Deacclimation is fully reversible if it is not accompanied by induction of elongation growth. In such cases the rate of the decrease in freezing tolerance depends on the mean temperature of deacclimation. Deacclimation becomes partially or completely irreversible when it is connected with promotion of elongation growth. The stimuli triggering elongation growth during deacclimation may be the growth-promoting temperature (20 degrees C) during the day and the lack of vernalization blockage of elongation growth. When elongation growth was stimulated by other factors such as long-day treatments, rehardening was also disturbed.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2005

Dynamics of nitrogen uptake and mobilization in field-grown winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) from stem extension to harvest: I. Global N flows between vegetative and reproductive tissues in relation to leaf fall and their residual N.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite its high capacity to take up nitrate from the soil, winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is characterized by a very low N recovery in the reproductive tissues under field conditions. A significant part of the N taken up is lost to the soil in dead leaves during the growth cycle. An accurate description of N dynamics at the whole plant level in each compartment under field conditions should lead to a better understanding of N allocation in B. napus and improvements in the nitrogen harvest index. METHODS: An experiment was conducted in field conditions using sequential weekly 15N labelling to follow N uptake, partitioning and mobilization. Nitrogen labelling (2.5 kg N ha(-1); 10 % excess) was analysed weekly (from stem extension to harvest) to distinguish between uptake of new N (labelled) and mobilized N (unlabelled) in the different plant components. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: N requirements for seed filling were satisfied mainly by N mobilized from vegetative parts (about 73 % of the total N in pods). Determination of the endogenous N flow showed that there was net transfer of N to the pods by leaves (36 %), stem (34 %), inflorescences (22 %) and taproot (8 %). Precise study of N flow from leaves at different nodes revealed the existence of two main groups of leaves in terms of their apparent capacity to mobilize N; 30-60 % and 70-80 % of peak N content occurring during flowering and pod filling, respectively. Moreover, the latter group was found to be the main source of endogenous N from leaves. The mobilization of endogenous N from these leaves was prolonged and concomitant with N accumulation in the pods. A complex pattern of N mobilization from the leaves, to vegetative or reproductive tissues, was revealed. These results will be used to model N partitioning during the growth cycle.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1997

Effect of conditioning on discrimination of oilseed rape volatiles by the honeybee: use of a combined gas chromatography-proboscis extension behavioural assay.

The coupled gas chromatography-proboscis extension assay technique was used on restrained worker bees to study responses to components of an extract of oilseed rape floral volatiles. Bees were stimulated with the effluent from the gas chromatograph after either paired or unpaired conditioning to the extract, or after a control treatment. Proboscis extension activity was elicited in six areas of the chromatogram. However, the number of bees responding in two of these areas were too low to be considered in the present study. One significant area of activity was associated with the major component, (E,E)-alpha-farnesene, whilst the others were associated with several minor components. Although all three groups of bees, irrespective of the treatments applied, showed some responses to the components eluting from the GC column, only bees subjected to paired conditioning consistently responded when re-tested to the mixture. In addition, paired conditioning increased the responsiveness of individuals in terms of the number of bees responding at least once to the effluent from the gas chromatograph. This work confirmed the occurrence of key compounds in floral volatile mixtures. Possible synergistic/inhibitory effects between components, relating to olfactory experience, are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

PrBn, a major gene controlling homeologous pairing in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) haploids.

Precise control of chromosome pairing is vital for conferring meiotic, and hence reproductive, stability in sexually reproducing polyploids. Apart from the Ph1 locus of wheat that suppresses homeologous pairing, little is known about the activity of genes that contribute to the cytological diploidization of allopolyploids. In oilseed rape (Brassica napus) haploids, the amount of chromosome pairing at metaphase I (MI) of meiosis varies depending on the varieties the haploids originate from. In this study, we combined a segregation analysis with a maximum-likelihood approach to demonstrate that this variation is genetically based and controlled mainly by a gene with a major effect. A total of 244 haploids were produced from F(1) hybrids between a high- and a low-pairing variety (at the haploid stage) and their meiotic behavior at MI was characterized. Likelihood-ratio statistics were used to demonstrate that the distribution of the number of univalents among these haploids was consistent with the segregation of a diallelic major gene, presumably in a background of polygenic variation. Our observations suggest that this gene, named PrBn, is different from Ph1 and could thus provide complementary information on the meiotic stabilization of chromosome pairing in allopolyploid species.

Alleles↗
PubMed2000

Temperature-dependent germination traits in oilseed rape associated with 5'-anchored simple sequence repeat PCR polymorphisms.

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that phenotypes differing in germination rate and the presence or absence of secondary dormancy at low temperature were not genetically different. Seed of oilseed rape was germinated at 4, 10 and 19 degrees C, where selections were made in the percentile ranges 1-10 (early), 45-55 (intermediate) and 91-100 (late). Secondary dormancy occurred only in the late selections at the two lower temperatures. Thermal weighting of curves of cumulative germination on time gave circumstantial evidence that early percentiles were similar at all three temperatures and that seeds with secondary dormancy came largely from later percentiles above the 50th. To test for genetic differentiation between phenotypes, 5'-anchored simple sequence repeat primers were used to generate DNA marker profiles of seedlings raised from seed from each category. Principal coordinate analysis, and more detailed comparisons using the most discriminating markers, confirmed that the early germinators at the three temperatures were not associated with different banding profiles, but seeds entering secondary dormancy, particularly at 10 degrees C, were genetically distinct from germinators at the same temperature. Secondary dormant seeds at low temperature appear to originate mainly from the late germinating seed at higher temperature. Effects of temperature history and the requirement for alternating temperatures to break secondary dormancy were quantified. The results confirm the existence of genetically discrete sub-populations differing in ecologically significant traits.

Brassica↗
PubMed2004

The import of phosphoenolpyruvate by plastids from developing embryos of oilseed rape, Brassica napus (L.), and its potential as a substrate for fatty acid synthesis.

The plastidial phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)/phosphate translocator (PPT) is expressed in the developing embryos of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). PEP can be imported by plastids isolated from embryos and used for fatty acid synthesis at rates that are sufficient to account for one-third of the rate of fatty acid synthesis in vivo. This provides the first experimental evidence for uptake of PEP and incorporation of carbon from it into fatty acids by plastids. PEP metabolism in isolated plastids is able to provide some of the ATP required for fatty acid synthesis. Expression of the PPT and related glucose 6-phosphate (Glc-6-P) translocator (GPT) is high in early embryo and leaf development and then declines. The marked decline in the abundance of PPT and GPT transcripts between the pre- and mid-oil accumulating stages of embryo development in B. napus does not correlate with the corresponding translocator activities, which both increase over the same period. This means that transcript abundance cannot be used to infer the activity of the translocators.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1975

Cysteine synthase from rape leaves.

Cysteine synthase [O-Acetyl-L-serine acetate-lyase (adding hydrogen-sulfide) EC 4.2.99.8] has been highly purified from the extract of rape, Brassica chinensis var. Komatsuna. The purified preparation appeared to be homogeneous on Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, showing a molecular weight of about 62,000. The latter method also suggested that this enzyme was composed of two identical subunits. The enzyme contained 2 moles of pyridoxal phosphate per mole of enzyme.

Chromatography, Gel↗
PubMed2003

Molecular evidence that the extracellular cutinase Pbc1 is required for pathogenicity of Pyrenopeziza brassicae on oilseed rape.

Recent evidence has suggested that cutinase is required for cuticular penetration and, therefore, is essential for pathogenicity of Pyrenopeziza brassicae, the causal organism of light leaf spot disease of oilseed rape and other brassicas. In order to acquire molecular evidence for the role of cutinase in pathogenesis, the single-copy P. brassicae cutinase gene Pbc1 was disrupted by a transformation-mediated approach. Southern hybridization analysis revealed that in one mutant, NH10-1224, the disruption was due to a tandem insertion of two copies of the disruption vector into the 5' coding region of Pbc1. In contrast to the wild type, no expression of Pbc1 was detected during in planta growth or in cutin-induced mycelium of NH10-1224 and no cutinase activity was detected in culture supernatants from NH10-1224 using p-nitrophenyl butyrate as substrate. Scanning electron microscopy of Brassica napus cotyledons infected with wild-type P. brassicae confirmed that entry into the host is by direct penetration of the cuticle. In contrast, the cutinase-deficient mutant NH10-1224 failed to penetrate the cuticular layer and was unable to develop disease symptoms. This evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that Pbc1 is required for P. brassicae to penetrate the plant cuticle. Demonstration that complementation of NH10-1224 with the Pbc1 wild-type gene restores both cutinase activity and pathogenicity will be required to definitively establish that cutinase is required for successful pathogenesis of brassicas by P. brassicae.

Brassica rapa↗
PubMed2004

A model of pollen-mediated gene flow for oilseed rape.

The development of genetically modified (GM) crops has precipitated the need for risk assessment and regulation of pollen-mediated gene flow. In response to this need we present a mathematical model to predict the spatial distribution of outcrossing between progenitor populations of oilseed rape. The model combines the processes of pollen dispersal and pollination, resulting from wind and insect activity. It includes the effects of post-pollination reproductive processes by relating the number of progeny to both pollen deposition and competition at the stigma. Predictions compare well with a range of experimental results for different-sized GM source crops (i.e. 0.0064-0.8 ha) and non-GM target crops with different fertilities (i.e. self-fertile to 80% male-sterile). For these comparisons, we represent the variation caused by wind and insect exposure as a constrained set of random functions and limit the range of insect transport to typical plant-scale distances. In addition, the model is used to examine the relative sensitivity to the factors that determine gene flow. Target-crop fertility and source-crop size are shown to be more important than other factors, including background pollen and the natural range of insect activity. The concept of isolation distance to regulate gene flow is most effective for self-fertile target crops, but is ineffective for male-sterile target crops with low background pollen.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effects on weed and invertebrate abundance and diversity of herbicide management in genetically modified herbicide-tolerant winter-sown oilseed rape.

We evaluated the effects of the herbicide management associated with genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) winter oilseed rape (WOSR) on weed and invertebrate abundance and diversity by testing the null hypotheses that there is no difference between the effects of herbicide management of GMHT WOSR and that of comparable conventional varieties. For total weeds, there were few treatment differences between GMHT and conventional cropping, but large and opposite treatment effects were observed for dicots and monocots. In the GMHT treatment, there were fewer dicots and monocots than in conventional crops. At harvest, dicot biomass and seed rain in the GMHT treatment were one-third of that in the conventional, while monocot biomass was threefold greater and monocot seed rain almost fivefold greater in the GMHT treatment than in the conventional. These differential effects persisted into the following two years of the rotation. Bees and Butterflies that forage and select for dicot weeds were less abundant in GMHT WORS management in July. Year totals for Collembola were greater under GMHT management. There were few other treatment effects on invertebrates, despite the marked effects of herbicide management on the weeds.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2003

Metabolism of sugars in the endosperm of developing seeds of oilseed rape.

The sugars in the endosperm of a developing seed have many potential roles, including the supply of carbon to the developing embryo and controlling gene expression in it. Our understanding of their metabolism is, however, fragmentary and is confined to a very few species (especially Vicia spp.). To develop a quantitative understanding of the regulation of sugars in seeds of oilseed rape (Brassica napus), we measured relevant enzyme activities, the sizes of the pools of sugars in the liquid endosperm, and the flux of sugars from the endosperm into the embryo. The concentrations of hexose sugars in the liquid endosperm decreased, and sucrose (Suc) increased through development. The overall osmotic potential also fell. The timing of the changes was not precise enough to determine whether they signaled the onset of rapid accumulation of storage products. Changes in endosperm invertase activity were complex and quantitatively do not explain the changes in sugars. The embryo can metabolize hexose sugars in addition to Suc, and possibly at higher rates. Therefore, in addition to invertase, the growing embryo itself has a potential to influence the balance of sugars in the endosperm. The activity of Suc synthase in the embryo was greater than that of invertase during development. This observation and a higher activity of fructokinase than glucokinase in the embryo are both consistent with the embryo using Suc as a carbon source.

Brassica napus↗
PubMed1993

Aldoxime-Forming Microsomal Enzyme Systems Involved in the Biosynthesis of Glucosinolates in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) Leaves.

Glucosinolates and cyanogenic glucosides are synthesized from amino acids via similar intermediates, N-hydroxyamino acids and aldoximes. Microsomal preparations from young green leaves of oilseed rape catalyze the NADPH-dependent metabolism of homo-phenylalanine and dihomomethionine to the respective aldoximes, precursors of 2-phenylethyl and 3-butenyl glucosinolates. Cytochrome P-450-type enzymes are not involved (in contrast to cyanogenic glucoside biosynthesis), because neither activity was affected by carbon monoxide or other cytochrome P-450 inhibitors. Copper ions and diethyl pyrocarbonate were potent inhibitors of the enzymes, and treatment of microsomes with detergents abolished the overall activity. Two distinct enzyme systems with similar properties appear to be involved, each specific for a particular substrate. One utilizes dihomomethionine and is not active with homophenylalanine or any other amino acid tested, and the other is specific for homophenylalanine. From the characteristics of these enzymes, it seems that these early steps in glucosinolate biosynthesis may be catalyzed by flavin-containing monooxygenases comparable to those found in mammalian tissues and elsewhere. The pathways for the biosynthesis of glucosinolates and cyanogenic glucosides have apparently evolved independently, despite the similar chemical conversions involved.

Journal Article↗