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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Stability of the tranquilizer drug propionylpromazine hydrochloride in formulated products.

An analytical method to evaluate propionylpromazine hydrochloride (PPZHCl) in tranquilizer formulations was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). During analysis of aged quality-control samples, a previously unreported chromatographic response was observed at a shorter retention time than PPZHCl. Further investigation of formulations stored in trap tap devices at temperatures ranging from 5 to 40 degrees C during field trials at four different locations confirmed the degradation of the active ingredient. Further investigation using HPLC/tandem mass spectrometry revealed two to five degradates, with the major degradates being oxidation products of the active ingredient, PPZHCl. As PPZHCl formulations must be stable when stored at 5 to 40 degrees C for 6 to 12 months, reformulation with the anti-oxidant ascorbic acid was utilized to achieve the required PPZHCl stability.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Alfentanil/promazine versus meperidine/promazine as a sedative regimens during local analgesia for cataract operation.

The influence of two intravenous (IV) sedative regimens on intra-ocular pressure (IOP) was investigated in conjunction with retrobulbar local analgesia. Forty patients of either sex, and similar age with body weight within 40-90 kg were allocated equally and randomly to two groups: Group A (alfentanil/promazine) and group M (meperidine/promazine). Measurement of IOP, systolic pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, PaCO2, PaO2 and O2 saturation were made before operation, after premedication, after IV sedation and post-operatively. In the Alfentanil group there was significantly stronger decrease of IOP (p < 0.001). In group A the IOP dropped from 18.1 +/- 3.2 mm Hg to 10.3 +/- 2.7 mm Hg, i.e. 43%, while in group M the reduction IOP was from 17.6 +/- 3.5 mm Hg to 12.6 +/- 1.9 mm Hg, i.e. 28.4%. Meperidine caused a significant increase in PaCO2 (4.2 +/- 0.3 mm Hg), however this increase was not sufficient to cause the IOP alterations. The oxygen saturation was lower in group M (decreased by 1.5 +/- 1% in group M versus decrease by 1.0 +/- 1.2% in group A). Cardiovascular parameters were more stable in group A. In conclusion the alfentanil regimen produced a better reduction of the IOP with excellent sedation, operative condition and least anaesthetic side effects.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Haemodynamic changes during sedation in ponies.

The cardiovascular changes induced by several sedatives were investigated in five ponies with a subcutaneously transposed carotid artery by means of cardiac output determinations (thermodilution technique), systemic and pulmonary artery pressure measurements (direct intravascular method) and arterial blood analysis (blood gases and packed cell volume). The cardiovascular depression (decrease in systemic blood pressure and cardiac output) was long lasting (greater than 90 min) after administration of propionylpromazine (0.08 mg/kg intravenous (i.v.)) together with promethazine (0.08 mg/kg i.v.). The phenothiazine-induced sedation was not optimal. alpha 2-Agonists (xylazine (0.60 mg/kg i.v.) and detomidine (20 micrograms/kg i.v.)) induced initial but transient cardiovascular effects with an increase in systemic blood pressure and a decrease in cardiac output for about 15 min. Second degree atrioventricular blocks and bradycardia were seen during this period. The cardiovascular depression was more pronounced during detomidine sedation. Atropine (0.01 mg/kg i.v.) induced a tachycardia with a decrease in stroke volume but did not alter the cardiac output or other cardiovascular parameters. It prevented the occurrence of the bradycardia and heart blocks normally induced by xylazine or detomidine. Atropine potentiated the initial hypertension induced by the alpha 2-agonistic sedatives (especially detomidine). The decrease in cardiac output induced by xylazine, and to a lesser extent by detomidine, was partially counteracted when atropine was given in advance. The atropine-xylazine combination seemed the best premedication protocol before general anaesthesia as it only resulted in minor and transient cardiovascular changes.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Two types of bias in psychophysical detection and recognition procedures: nonparametric indices and effects of drugs.

In many conditional discrimination procedures, subjects are required to emit one of two responses in the presence of one stimulus and the other response in its absence. The two responses that occur may be formally differentiated, for example by their positions in the experimental space, and functionally differentiated, by the discriminative stimuli that control their occurrence. For example, the stimuli displayed on two response keys, such as color, may be discriminative stimuli for the particular key on which responses are reinforced. The behavior that occurs under these procedures can be analyzed according to signal detection methods for the control by the stimuli, or sensitivity, and the tendency to make one of the two responses, or bias. The present report describes a procedure that allows the independent assessment of position bias and bias towards the stimulus displayed on the response key and presents nonparametric formulae for their computation. Finally, some representative drug effects are shown indicating that certain drugs may selectively affect the two types of bias.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Enhancement of noradrenaline release from rat cerebral cortex by neuroleptic drugs.

The effect of different neuroleptic drugs (levomepromazine, haloperidol, thioridazine, clozapine and sulpiride) on (-)-3H-noradrenaline uptake and release by parieto-occipital slices of the rat cerebral cortex was investigated. 1. All neuroleptic drugs tested increased the 3H-efflux from electrically stimulated cortical slices preincubated in (-)-3H-noradrenaline already at 1 microM, clozapine was the most potent compound followed by haloperidol, thioridazine, levomepromazine and sulpiride. The enhanced 3H-efflux due to field stimulation was found at concentrations, which did not increase the basal 3H-efflux. Only haloperidol raised the basal 3H-efflux at 1 microM. 2. All neuroleptic drugs failed to inhibit (-)-3H-noradrenaline (10(-7) M) accumulation by cortical slices at 1 microM. Sulpiride was inactive in concentrations up to 100 microM. Clozapine again proved to be most potent at 10-100 microM. 3. Clozapine was able to enhance the stimulated transmitter overflow when noradrenaline uptake was already blocked by cocaine thus indicating a different mode of action. 4. Clozapine and levomepromazine antagonized the presynaptic alpha-adrenergic effect of clonidine. 5. The antidepressant drug amitriptyline increased the transmitter efflux at the same concentrations and to a similar extent as neuroleptic agents. It is concluded that neuroleptics enhance the stimulation induced noradrenaline release mainly by acting on presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors. The effect of clozapine, however, includes a noradrenaline uptake inhibition. These findings may explain the increased noradrenaline turnover produced by neuroleptic drugs and the weak antidepressant action of low potent neuroleptics as well.

Amitriptyline↗