Ability of short-term tests to predict carcinogenesis in rodents.
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Animals↗
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The significance of the furosemide test for predicting ascites control by diuretics in cirrhotics: a comparison with volume expansion and octreotide infusion.
To verify prospectively the usefulness of the furosemide-induced natriuresis test in predicting ascites control by medical treatment, 15 stable cirrhotics (9 male) with ascites were studied. Sodium excretion was measured after this test and after volume expansion with saline associated with intravenous infusion of octreotide; 6 months later, response to medical treatment was rated as good (N=9) or poor (N=6). Patients with poor ascites control had lower sodium excretion with the furosemide-induced natriuresis test (median, 88 vs 201 mmol; P < 0.01). Poor control was observed in four of four patients with sodium excretion < or =125 mmol, and good control in six of six patients with sodium excretion >175 mmol (P < 0.002). Volume expansion was followed by limited natriuresis (median, 20 mmol), in inverse relationship with plasma active renin concentration (P < 0.001). In conclusion, long-term ascites control is well predicted by the furosemide-induced natriuresis test.
Aged↗
Using a web-based survey to assess correlates of intention towards HIV testing among never-been-tested but sexually experienced college students.
The purpose of this study is to identify influential psychosocial factors predicting testing intention among college students who have never been tested but are sexually experienced. A web-based survey was conducted during the spring semester in 2003 in a major Southeastern university (N = 440). Results showed only 7.7% of the students expressed intention despite having been sexually experienced. Multiple logistic regression models showed that the combined five psychosocial factors examined (perceived pros, cons, risk, self-efficacy and availability/accessibility related to testing) significantly predicted testing intention (p < 0.001). Two factors, perceived pros (OR = 1.641) and perceived risk (OR = 1.357), showed significant coefficients. The reduced model with only these two predictors showed increased correct classification of students in terms of their testing intention (from 91.8 to 93.4%). Results suggested that educational and prevention programmes aimed at encouraging testing should address these important testing-related psychosocial constructs to maximize programme impacts. Future studies need to further investigate the role of other factors in affecting testing intention or related behaviours among other sub-groups of students.
AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
Predictive genetic testing for childhood cancer: taking the road less traveled by.
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Child↗
Accuracy of pulmonary function tests in predicting exercise tolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
The ability of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) to predict exercise capacity was investigated by using linear regression analysis to quantify the relationships between: (1) maximum oxygen consumption during treadmill exercise and PFT parameters; and (2) total external work performed during treadmill exercise and PFT parameters. In a group containing 11 healthy subjects, nine with mild/moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and ten with severe COPD, both maximum oxygen consumption (measured directly) and total external work (calculated indirectly from the sum of its horizontal and vertical components) correlated most strongly with indices of expiratory airflow (FEV1, FEF25-75%), less strongly with indices of ventilatory output (MVV) and resting levels of oxygen (PO2, SaO2), and weakly with indices of hyperinflation (FRC) and carbon dioxide retention (PCO2). Thus, FEV1, accounting for 56 percent and 60 percent of the observed variation in oxygen consumption and external work, respectively, can predict exercise tolerance from PFT measurements with some accuracy. If a more accurate evaluation is required, exercise testing should be prescribed.
Adolescent↗
Does the platelet-activated clotting test (HemoSTATUS) predict blood loss and platelet dysfunction associated with cardiopulmonary bypass?
Platelet dysfunction is a major cause of bleeding after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). No timely, simple, point-of-care determinant of platelet function is available for clinical use. Adding platelet-activating factor to conventional activated clotting time methods (platelet-activated clotting test [PACT]) (HemoSTATUS; Medtronic, Inc., Parker, CO) produces rapid results (<3 min) and may yield a measure of platelet responsiveness and whole blood procoagulant activity. Blood samples were drawn for PACT, platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and thromboelastogram (TEG) from 200 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The PACT significantly decreased from the baseline to postprotamine time interval (P < 0.001). The PACT correlated with 4-h mediastinal blood loss (r = -0.30, P = 0.014). The TEG maximum amplitude also correlated with 4-h mediastinal blood loss (r = -0.32, P = 0.003). The PACT had a sensitivity and specificity comparable to routine laboratory coagulation tests in predicting blood loss. The TEG maximum amplitude, however, was more predictive than both the PACT and routine coagulation tests in this respect. The PACT may be a useful indicator of platelet responsiveness or whole blood procoagulant activity, but we did not find it superior to other tests of coagulation function for predicting excessive blood loss after CPB.
Adult↗
Treadmill validation of an over-ground walking test to predict peak oxygen consumption.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether a test developed to predict maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) during over-ground walking, was similarly valid as a predictor of peak oxygen consumption (VO2) when administered during a 1-mile (1.61 km) treadmill walk. Treadmill walk time, mean heart rate over the last 2 full min of the walk test, age, and body mass were entered into both generalized (GEN Eq.) and gender-specific (GSP Eq.) prediction equations. Overall results indicated a highly significant linear relationship between observed peak VO2 and GEN Eq. predicted values (r = 0.91), a total error (TE) of 5.26 ml.kg-1.min-1 and no significant difference between observed and predicted peak VO2 mean values. The peak VO2 for women (n = 75) was predicted accurately by GSP Eq. (r = 0.85; TE = 4.5 ml.kg-1.min-1), but was slightly overpredicted by GEN Eq. (overall mean difference = 1.4 ml.kg-1.min-1; r = 0.86; TE = 4.56 ml.kg-1.min-1). No significant differences between observed peak VO2 and either GEN Eq. (r = 0.85; TE = 4.3 ml.kg-1.min-1) or GSP Eq. (r = 0.85; TE = 4.8 ml.kg-1.min-1) predicted values were noted for men (n = 48) with peak VO2 values less than or equal to 55 ml.kg-1.min-1. However, both equations significantly underpredicted peak VO2 for the remaining high peak VO2 men (n = 22). In conclusion, the over-ground walking test, when administered on a treadmill, is a valid method of predicting peak VO2 but underpredicts peak VO2 of subjects with observed high peak VO2 values.
Adult↗
Use of cefotaxime or ceftazidime susceptibility tests for predicting susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
To determine if susceptibility to aztreonam could be predicted from cefotaxime or ceftazidime disc diffusion testing, 919 Enterobacteriaceae and 187 Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical strains were studied. The correlation coefficient between the diameters of inhibition zones was 0.9 for cefotaxime versus aztreonam and ceftazidime versus aztreonam comparisons in Enterobacteriaceae and 0.75 for ceftazidime versus aztreonam comparison in P. aeruginosa. For 99% of the Enterobacteriaceae, there was no risk in predicting susceptibility to aztreonam on the basis of cefotaxime or ceftazidime susceptibility tests. To minimize the risk of the remaining 1% of the strains being erroneously classified as susceptible to aztreonam, ceftoaxime should be tested in preference to ceftazidime, and the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases should be tested for using the cefotaxime-clavulanate disc synergy test. For P. aeruginosa strains, susceptibility to aztreonam could be accurately predicted from ceftazidime susceptibility tests for ticarcillin susceptible strains, but for ticarcillin resistant strains, susceptibility to aztreonam should be tested.
Aztreonam↗
The value of routine preoperative laboratory testing in predicting postoperative complications: a multivariate analysis.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of preoperative laboratory testing to predict postoperative complications. Five hundred twenty patients undergoing elective surgery had their American Society of Anesthesiologists' classification, ponderal index, electrolyte values, glucose levels, blood urea nitrogen/creatinine values, complete blood counts, coagulation studies, total protein/albumin/lymphocyte count, electrocardiogram, chest radiograph, urinalysis, pulmonary function tests, type of anesthesia, and type of operation recorded preoperatively. Patients were followed prospectively after surgery for the development of complications. The data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate methods. Postoperative complications were strongly associated with American Society of Anesthesiologists' classification, type of anesthesia, and type of operation. However, only a few laboratory tests, such as electrocardiogram, chest radiograph, and nutritional status, were associated with postoperative complications. Therefore, in general, preoperative laboratory testing should only be undertaken for specific indications. Recommendations for routine tests are made depending on the age of the patient.
Adult↗
Clinical value of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test in predicting mild hypothyroid state in chronic thyroiditis.
In order to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the TRH stimulation test in predicting premyxedematous state in chronic thyroiditis, serum TSH response to the i. v. injection of TRH was determined in 58 patients with chronic thyroiditis proven by needle or open biopsy. TSH radioimmunoassay was done by a double antibody technique, and the degree and pattern of TSH response were assessed based on our criteria established by the results obtained from 9 normal controls. According to Woolner's classification, 35 cases were diagnosed as diffuse type. 19 cases as focal type and 4 cases as hyperplastic. The basal levels of TSH were above the normal range in 71.4% of diffuse thyroiditis, whereas 36.8% of the patients with focal thyroiditis had an abnormally high basal TSH level. Responses of serum TSH to TRH was exaggerated in 67.1% of all patients; 80.0% in diffuse type and 47.4% in focal type. Concerning TSH response curve, 15 patients were judged as "prolonged", and 8 patients as "delayed" response. No weak responder in the TRH test was found in patients with high basal TSH level, 91% of whom had an exaggerated response. Serum levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine inversely correlated with basal, maximal TSH levels (p less than 0.01) and increment of TSH (delta TSH) after TRH injection (p less than 0.01). Thyroidal uptake of I131 also inversely correlated with basal TSH level (p less than 0.05) but not with maximal TSH and delta TSH. From the fact that an elevation of basal TSH level and its hyperresponsiveness to TRH administration develop in a much more exaggerated fashion compared to the changes in other parameters of thyroid function, it was concluded that TRH test provides a useful rationale for the early diagnosis of premyxedema in chronic thyroiditis.
Adult↗
Changes in neurologic function tests may predict neurotoxicity caused by ixabepilone.
PURPOSE: To investigate baseline factors and neurologic function tests (NFTs) that may predict the development of grade 2 or higher peripheral neuropathy (PN) after treatment with ixabepilone, an epothilone microtubule-stabilizing agent with antitumor activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Advanced breast cancer patients were treated with ixabepilone (6 mg/m2) for 5 consecutive days every 3 weeks in a phase II clinical trial. Physical examinations, questionnaires, nerve conduction studies, and NFTs, including the Jebsen Test of Hand Function (JTH) and the Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT), were performed at baseline and during subsequent cycles. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients assessable for PN received a median of five cycles of therapy (range, one to 22 cycles). Nine of these patients developed grade 2 PN, and two developed grade 3 PN, with a median time to onset of 144 days (range, 6 to 189 days). Among these 11 patients, PN resolved in eight patients, with a median of 15 days (range, 6 to 346 days) after onset, but PN did not resolve in three patients during follow-ups at 76, 361, and 746 days after onset. GPT and changes of JTH scores at onset of PN were significantly different between patients with and without PN at comparable follow-up times (P = .006 and P = .002, respectively). Changes in GPT and JTH scores over the first two cycles were often associated with the development of PN by exploratory actuarial analysis. CONCLUSION: Serious ixabepilone-induced neuropathy was relatively rare on the treatment schedule used. NFTs, such as JTH and GPT, may have utility for predicting PN, but further testing is needed.
Adult↗
Height-adjusted, rate-specific, single-stage step test for predicting maximal oxygen consumption.
A suitable ergometer that is generally favored for estimating maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) under field conditions or in environments where testing equipment is limited is the step test. Recently a mathematical model was reported to standardize the height of stepping for individuals of various heights. We designed a study to validate this model using a three-minute single-stage step test for predicting VO2 max in women. Seventeen women aged 19 to 33 performed each of three rate-specific step tests and a Bruce treadmill test. Direct measurements of VO2 max obtained from the treadmill test were correlated with the 15 second recovery heart rates after three different step tests done at stepping frequencies of 22, 26, and 30 step-ups per minute. The correlation coefficients of prediction of VO2 max from 15 second recovery pulse counts and directly measured oxygen consumption were 0.74 at 22 step-ups/min, 0.77 at 30 step-ups/min, and 0.8 at 26 step-ups/min. Each relationship was significant at the P less than .01 level. It can be concluded that the single-stage step test described in this study provides an effective predictor of VO2 max in young women and can be used when more complex methods of laboratory testing are unavailable or not feasible.
Adult↗
Evaluation of aspartate transaminase activity and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration in blood as tests for prediction of left displaced abomasum in dairy cows.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate aspartate transaminase (AST) activity and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration in blood obtained during the first or second postpartum (PP) week as tests for prediction of subsequent left displaced abomasum (LDA) diagnosis in dairy cows. ANIMALS: 36 cows with LDA tested at a mean 3 PP days, which was 7 to 22 days prior to LDA diagnosis (25, 75% quantiles), and 28 cows with LDA tested at 10 PP days, which was 5 to 18 days prior to LDA diagnosis, were matched to 3 controls per case by herd and calving date. Data were available from a large field study. PROCEDURE: Odds ratio, sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio were determined for various AST and BHB cutoff values. RESULTS: AST, using cutoff values between 100 and 180 U/L, and BHB, using cutoff values between 1,000 and 1,600 mumol/L, were significantly associated with subsequent LDA diagnosis. When cutoff values were increased, odds ratio and likelihood ratio increased; however, sensitivity decreased and specificity increased. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: AST activity and BHB concentration in blood obtained during the first or second PP week might be useful as predictors of subsequent LDA diagnosis.
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
Use of provenance tests to predict response to climate change: loblolly pine and Norway spruce.
Provenance tests are often used to determine genetic responses of seed sources to transfer to different climates. This study was undertaken to determine whether provenance tests can be used to predict tree response to rapid climate changes in situ. Data from provenance tests of loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) and other southern pines (subsect. AUSTRALES Loud.) were interpreted using regression models to relate growth to temperature variables. Results of different plantings were combined by expressing growth as a percent deviation from the "local" source, and expressing temperature at the source as a deviation from that of the planting site. The results of the loblolly pine and Norway spruce models predicted a loss of about 5 to 10% in height growth below that expected for a genetically adapted seed source, if the average yearly temperature increases by 4 degrees C.
Journal Article↗
Partners of mutation-carriers for Huntington's disease: forgotten persons?
This study focuses on psychological distress and coping strategies in partners of tested persons 5 years after predictive testing for Huntington's disease. A total of 16 carrier-couples and 17 noncarrier-couples participated in the study. Self-report questionnaires were used, assessing depression level, anxiety, intrusive and avoidance thoughts and coping strategies. Partners of carriers have as much distress as carriers, and for some distress variables even more (P<0.05-0.001). They clearly experience more psychological distress than noncarriers' partners, as expected (P<0.05-0.001). Regarding coping strategies, carriers' partners adopt more passive strategies (passive-regressive and avoiding reactions; P<0.05) and less active strategies (social support seeking and problem solving; P<0.05-0.001), compared to carriers. For both carriers and partners, the adoption of more passive strategies for coping was associated with more distress and the use of more active strategies with less distress (for carriers: P<0.05-0.001; for carriers' partners: P<0.05). The presence of children before predictive testing was an additional result-specific distress factor in carriers and their partners. In conclusion, carriers' partners have at least as much psychological distress as carriers, but partners have the tendency to draw back. The results suggest that the grief of carriers' partners may be 'disenfranchised', or not socially recognised, as if they have no right to mourn. We moreover interpreted the results referring to concepts such as anticipatory grief, psychological defences, dissonance processes and imbalanced partner relationship. Finally, we formulated some implications for genetic counselling.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Predicting performance on text: delayed versus immediate predictions and tests.
Delayed judgments of learning for word pairs are more accurate than immediate judgments of learning when the memory test is delayed. In the present experiment, I investigated a similar paradigm with text. Participants predicted performance on texts either immediately after reading the texts or after a delay following the reading of other texts, and tests were given either immediately or after a delay. Immediate ratings with an immediate test produced the most accurate predictions, and immediate ratings with a delayed test produced less accurate predictions. Delaying both the ratings and the test did not produce more accurate predictions than immediate predictions and a delayed test. The results for delayed judgments of learning with text were different from those with word pairs.
Analysis of Variance↗
A chemiluminescence test for predicting the outcome of transfusing incompatible blood.
A chemiluminescent test (CLT) which measures the metabolic response of human monocytes to sensitized red cells was developed to distinguish antibodies capable of causing the increased destruction of transfused incompatible red cells from antibodies which are clinically benign. Thirty sera containing IgG antibodies to high-frequency antigens were tested; 27 of these sera were also tested using the monocyte monolayer assay (MMA). The clinical significance of antibodies in 14 of the sera was known: three (anti-Ata (two), -JMH) caused accelerated clearance of 51Cr-labelled cells, five (anti-'MiIII', -Yta, three unidentified) caused haemolytic transfusion reactions and six (anti-Yta, -Ge, -JMH, -Xga, -Kna (two)) did not appear to affect red cell survival. Overall, results from the MMA and CLT showed good agreement; seven sera were negative in both assays, 18 sera were positive in both assays and two sera were positive in the MMA but negative in the CLT. There was no clear relationship between the activity of different antibodies and the level of sensitization as determined by flow cytometry. Antibody activity could be either increased or decreased by incubation of sensitized red cells with fresh serum. MMA results were in concordance with the clinical significance of antibodies where known in eight of 10 cases. CLT results were in concordance with clinical significance in 12 of 14 cases. Both assays gave false-positive results with serum from a patient with anti-Kna who had received red cell transfusions without adverse effect. This appeared to be due to the ability of anti-Kna to cross-link complement receptor 1 (CR1) on red cells to CR1 on monocytes; negative results were obtained using autologous monocytes.
Blood Group Antigens↗
Evaluation of a counselling protocol for predictive genetic testing for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of a reduced counselling programme for predictive genetic testing for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) in terms of counsellees' opinions on the extent and significance of genetic counselling and need for psychological support at different phases of the testing procedure. DESIGN: Prospective follow up study with pre-test questionnaire assessment of background sociodemographic variables. The protocol comprised a pre-test counselling session, a period for reflection, and a test disclosure session. The outcome variables were studied by post-test questionnaires at one month and one year follow up. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and seventy one high risk members of 36 families with HNPCC who attended both counselling sessions and completed the questionnaires. RESULTS: The pre-test counselling was considered fairly or very useful by 89% of respondents and one post-test session was considered sufficient by over 80% of respondents at follow up. Fifty three percent would have used extra psychological support had it been offered with the counselling. On enquiry one year after receiving the test result, only 2% stated that the need for support was at its greatest at that time, while the majority (46%) reported that the need for support had been greatest at the moment of test disclosure. CONCLUSIONS: A protocol that includes one comprehensive pre-test counselling session and a test disclosure session, supplemented with the option of professional psychological support, seems to be sufficient for both the educational and supportive needs of counsellees. Only a minority expressed a need for post-test follow up sessions, which suggests that, in this disorder, resources can be directed to the beneficial surveillance programmes rather than to extensive psychological support.
Adult↗