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PubMed1985

Measurements of carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide in British homes using unflued heating or cooking appliances.

Measurements of Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) were made in three kitchens, two with gas cookers and one all electric, and two living rooms, one heated by a portable butane heater and the other by a paraffin stove. The measurements were taken whilst the homes were in normal use and the occupants kept a diary of when specific appliances were used. Measurements of NO2 were made simultaneously by chemiluminescence and by diffusion tubes. The accuracy of the diffusion tube measurements relative to the chemiluminescent standard was estimated as +/- 10% and the precision less than or equal to 300 ppb. hr. Results from diffusion tubes were used to indicate the distribution of NO2 throughout other rooms in the house. At the all electric house the CO and NO2 concentrations were very similar to the expected outdoor levels. In all the other houses NO2 levels exceeded typical outdoor concentrations measured in Central London and in the paraffin heated house and one gas cooking house median CO concentrations exceeded these measured at the curbside of a very busy road in Central London. The living room concentrations of NO2 where the paraffin heater was in use were elevated for long periods. Analysis of the decay of pollutant concentration in one kitchen yielded an effective deposition velocity for NO2 of 3 X 10(-5) m s-1. The magnitude of the CO and NO2 concentrations measured in this survey confirms that indoor air pollution should be taken into account when assessing overall public exposure to air pollution.

Carbon Monoxide↗
PubMed1985

Preliminary human pharmacokinetics of triletide.

Six healthy volunteers were administered a single 1 g dose of triletide, orally, and blood concentrations of the parent drug determined by high pressure liquid chromatography over a 10-hour period. Analysis of both individual and pooled data indicated that triletide was well absorbed after oral administration, with a lag time of 0.3 hours and the blood peak was reached after about 1.1 to 1.3 hours. Metabolization to desmethyl, desacetyl, desmethyl-desacetyl and hydroxylated derivatives plays a major role in the biotransformation of the drug and thus in its disappearance from blood, the distribution half-life being about 1 hour. Elimination half-life ranged about 5 hours, thus suggesting a dosage schedule of 3-times daily for loading, while for maintenance a twice-daily schedule appears also suitable. The existence of deep compartments and, therefore, risks of accumulation appear to be excluded.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Present versus preferred public relations practices of athletic departments in Canadian universities.

Public relations (PR) practices in athletic departments (AD's) of C.I.A.U. - member institutions were surveyed with a mailed questionnaire. The instrument which included fifty-seven items of a two-part nature, measured eight "present" and "preferred" public relations characteristics. A 74.5% (N = R35) response rate was achieved over a six-week period. Analysis of results indicated that: (1) Present concepts of the purposes of PR programs in AD's are much less clear than they could be; (2) While most AD's maintain an identifiable unit responsible for PR, the majority of personnel practising these roles are not qualified by experience and/or training in this area; (3) Even though relationships and internal communications within AD's, regarding PR issues, seem fairly adequate, additional means of providing internal feedback on PR activities are needed; (4) Even though local media have been well identified and are contacted regularly, the present flow of external communications appears to be one-way. i.e. from the AD's to the press, and more exphasis on information needs and requests originating from the media is required; (5) Provisions for performance evaluation and long-range planning of the PR programs appear very poor; (6) AD's in the Ontario and Great Plains athletic conferences generally offer far greater provisions for a sound PR program.

Canada↗
PubMed1977

Diurnal rhythms of visual accommodation and blink responses: implication for flight-deck visual standards.

The major purpose of this study was to determine whether 24-h variations in accommodation responses occur and, if they do, whether they should be considered in setting visual standards for flight-deck tasks. A recently developed servo-controlled optometer and focus stimulator were used to obtain monocular accommodation response data on four college-age subjects. No 24-h rhythm in accommodation was shown. Heart rate and blink rate also were measured and periodicity analysis showed a mean 24-h rhythm for both; however, blink rate periodograms were significant (p less than or equal to 0.003) for only two of the four subjects. Thus, with the qualifications that college students were tested instead of pilots and that they performed monocular laboratory tasks imstead of binocular flight-deck task, it is concluded that 24-h rhythms in accommodation responses need not be considered in setting visual standards for flight-deck task.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1983

Determination of pharmacodynamics of the new neuroleptic zetidoline by neuroendocrinologic, pharmaco-EEG, and psychometric studies--Part I.

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, neuroendocrinologic, encephalotropic, and psychotropic effects of a new antidopaminergic compound zetidoline (DL 308) were investigated in ten healthy volunteers. In randomized sequences at weekly intervals they received single oral doses of placebo; 10, 20, and 40 mg zetidoline; and 2 mg haloperidol as positive control according to a Latin square design. Plasma sampling for prolactin levels, EEG recording, evaluation of blood pressure, pulse and side effects were carried out at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. Psychometric tests were done at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. The prolactin response to zetidoline proved to be dose-dependent and peaked within the first 2 h, whereas after 2 mg haloperidol, prolactin levels increased only as late as in the 6th and 8th h. This time course was similar to the neurophysiologic and psychometric ones. Computer period analysis of the EEG demonstrated after 10, 20, and 40 mg zetidoline slight, marked, and moderate central nervous system (CNS) changes as compared with placebo, which were characterized by an increase of theta and also beta activity, decrease of alpha activity and average frequency (primary wave), and attenuation of the amplitude, indicating CNS-inhibitory effects. These inhibitory effects were more pronounced after the intermediate dosage. In the 6th and 8th h after the 10-mg dosage but also after the 40-mg dose some activating properties were observed, as indicated by the decrease in slow waves and increase in slow beta activity and average frequency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Classification and determination of the pharmacodynamics of a new tetracyclic antidepressive agent, pirlindol, using pharmaco-EEG and psychometry].

In a double-blind placebo-controlled study the encephalotropic and psychotropic properties of a new tetracyclic pyrazino-indole derivative were studied in 10 normal volunteers. They received, randomized at weekly intervals, single oral doses of placebo, 75 mg, 150 mg and 225 mg pirlindol, as well as 75 mg imipramine, 20 mg tranylcypromine and 150 mg nomifensine as reference drugs. Pharmaco-EEG, psychometric and physiological data were obtained at the hours 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 after oral administration. Digital computer period analysis of the EEG demonstrated moderate CNS effects with pirlindol as compared with placebo. Its pharmaco-EEG profile, especially after higher dosage (150 and 225 mg), was characterized by a decrease in delta and theta activity, an increase in alpha activity and a delta and theta activity, an increase in alpha activity and a decrease in beta activity, as well as by an attenuation of the average frequency and frequency deviation and a trend towards an augmentation of the amplitude and amplitude variability. This profile is typical for antidepressants of the desipramine type and was also observed in our present study after 150 mg nomifensine and (although less markedly) and 20 mg tranylcypromine. 75 mg pirlindol induced, however, changes characterized by a concomitant increase in slow and superimposed fast activities and by a decrease in alpha activity. These alterations were described previously as typical for antidepressants of the imipramine type, and were also noted after 75 mg imipramine in the present study. Time-efficacy calculations showed the maximal pharmacodynamic effect of pirlindol in the 4th to 6th hour, of 75 mg imipramine in the 2nd hour, of 20 mg tranylcypromine in the 4th hour and of 150 mg nomifensine in the 6th hour. Dose/treatment-efficacy calculations identified in the 1st and 2nd hour post drug 75 mg imipramine as the most CNS-effective drug, in the 4th and 6th hour 150 mg pirlindol and in the 8th hour 225 mg pirlindol. Psychometric investigations showed only slight changes after pirlindol, reaching only rarely the level of statistical significance (improvement in attention after 225 mg pirlindol, decrease in tapping after 75 and 150 mg pirlindol, as well as attenuation of the complex reaction after all 3 doses of pirlindol). Concentration, attention-variability, psychomotor activity, CFF, after effect (Archimedean spiral), reaction time, mood and affectivity were not significantly altered as compared with placebo. Pulse, systolic and diastolic blood pressure did not show any clinical relevant changes either.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of Intralipid 10% and Intralipid 20% as a source of energy and essential fatty acids--a multicenter study.

A multicenter clinical study was done which directly compared efficacy and safety of Intralipid 10% and Intralipid 20%. Twenty-nine patients received the 10% concentration, 30 patients received the 20% concentration. Both groups of patients received equivalent amounts of calories, amino acids, dextrose and fat for seven day study periods. Analysis of nitrogen balance data showed that the two preparations were equally effective in maintaining nitrogen balance. Both concentrations of fat emulsion were effective in reversing or correcting the changes of essential fatty acid deficiency. Analysis of clinical laboratory data indicated that both preparations were equally well tolerated by the patients. No adverse effects attributed to the fat emulsions were observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Clinical correlations of leukemic clonogenic cell chemosensitivity assessed by in vitro continuous exposure to drugs.

This study was performed to assess the value of prolonged, as opposed to short-pulse, in vitro exposure of leukemic cells to chemotherapeutic drugs in leukemic clonogenic assay for prediction of clinical response. In 21 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia treated with intensive combination chemotherapy based on an anthracycline and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine infusion, chemotherapy sensitivity of leukemic clonogenic cells was assessed in comparison with that of normal myeloid clonogenic cells by the in vitro continuous exposure to drugs throughout the entire culture period. Analysis of these in vitro data in terms of prediction of achieving clinical complete remission was carried out in comparison with data on 22 cases in which in vitro sensitivity was assessed by the pulse 1-hr exposure. The in vitro sensitivity index, expressed as a log odds ratio, was positive (greater than 0) in 8 of 11 patients achieving complete remission and negative (less than 0) in 7 of 10 patients failing to achieve complete remission, with an overall correlation of 71%. This is at least as good as the pulse exposure method, which has a correlation of 68%. If sensitivity indexes of marginal magnitudes (--1.0 approximately +1.0) are excluded, the correlation increases to 92% (12 of 13 patients). The correlation appears to improve especially for 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine by the continuous exposure method (71%) as compared with the pulse method (57%). This study establishes the feasibility of an in vitro chemotherapy sensitivity testing of leukemic clonogenic cells by continuous in vitro drug exposure and suggests that the continuous exposure method may be better than the pulse method for antimetabolites such as 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. The data also suggest that simulation of the in vivo drug schedule may be important in this in vitro test.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

A sensitive method to evaluate effects of analgesics in man.

In recent papers (8, 12, 13) it has been shown that the analysis of event related brain potentials has become a powerful tool in attempts to quantify pain experience in man. However, the following conditions have to be fulfilled when cerebral potentials are used to measure experimentally induced pain, as well as pain relief under pharmacological treatments: 1) randomization of stimulus intensities to minimize effects of habituation within and between sessions (3), 2) randomization of interstimulus intervals with a minimum distance of about 15 seconds to avoid overlapping effects, and 3) control of the power spectral density of brain activity immediately before the stimulus is applied. In searching for pain related cerebral potentials a principal component analysis was utilized. The grand mean of all evoked potentials (analysis period 500 ms) was built, and the brain potentials were decomposed into basic waveforms for the different experimental conditions (painful-nonpainful; different kinds of skin stimuli). Two components were found as correlates of the painfulness in a sample of 8 healthy untreated subjects (4). In order to demonstrate the usefulness and sensitivity of the here described methods to quantify analgesic effects in man, the opioide tilidine and the opiate antagonist naloxone were orally administered in different combinations. In detail, the 5 treatments: tilidine (100 mg), naloxone (32 mg), tilidine (100 mg) + naloxone (8 mg), tilidine (100 mg) + naloxone (32 mg), and placebo, were given double blind (3 replications of 5 X 5 Latin squares) in 15 healthy subjects, each participating in 5 sessions with exactly 3 days intervals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analgesics↗
PubMed1983

[Functional interrelation of the brain structures of the cat during the generation of rhythmic activity. I. The frequency characteristics of the electroencephalogram].

The similarity of frequency parameters of electroencephalograms (EEG) recorded from visual, associative and sensorimotor cortical area, caudate nucleus and several thalamic nuclei have been analysed using the period analysis of EEG and cluster analysis of data obtained to clarify the functional interrelationships between these parts of the brain during generation of rhythmic activity of different types. Functional interrelationships between brain structures in freely moving cats during the states of drowsiness and slow-wave sleep have been shown to differ from "classical" thalamo-cortical pacemaker relations.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Structures of the O-linked oligosaccharides of the major cell surface sialoglycoprotein of MAT-B1 and MAT-C1 ascites sublines of the 13762 rat mammary adenocarcinoma.

Structures of the principal O-glycosides from the major cell surface sialoglycoprotein (ASGP-1) of the MAT-B1 and MAT-C1 ascites sublines of the 13762 rat mammary adenocarcinoma have been determined. Oligosaccharitols were released by alkaline borohydride treatments of ASGP-1 and purified by gel filtration, DEAE-Sephadex ion exchange chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. On the basis of carbohydrate composition, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and exoglycosidase digestion, the five major oligosaccharides released by mild alkaline borohydride were assigned the following structures: Component II-3: (NeuAc alpha 2----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----6)Ga 1 NAcOH(3----1 betaGa 1 3----2 alpha NeuAc) III-2a: (Ga 1 beta 1----4G1cNAc beta 1----6)Ga 1 NAcOH(3----1 beta Ga 1 3----2 alpha NeuAc) III-2c: (Ga 1 alpha 1----3Ga 1 beta 1----4G1cNAc beta 1----6) Ga 1 NAcOH(3----1 beta Ga 1 3----2 alpha NeuAc) IV-1a: (Ga 1 beta 1----4G 1 cNAc beta 1----6)Ga 1 NAcOH(3----1 beta Ga 1) IV-1c: (Ga 1 alpha 1----3Ga 1 beta 1----4G 1 cNAc beta 1----6) Ga 1 NAcOH(3----1 beta Ga 1) Fucosylated derivatives of III-2a, IV-1a, and IV-1c were found in smaller amounts with the fucose tentatively assigned to the 2-position of the lactosamine galactose. Components II-3, III-2a, and the fucosylated derivative of III-2A were found in both MAT-B1 and MAT-C1 sublines. The alpha-galactosides were found in detectable quantities only in subline MAT-B1. Oligosaccharides from MAT-C1 cells were enriched in sialic acid when compared to those from MAT-B1 cells. These results suggest that the 13762 ascites sublines, which bear different oligosaccharides, will provide models useful for the investigation of mechanisms regulating the expression of structures of the larger O-linked oligosaccharides.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The preoperative consultation. Response to internists' recommendations.

Preoperative consultations are frequently performed; however, little is known about the way requesters respond to the recommendations offered. For this reason, 90 consecutive preoperative consultations, performed by a general medical unit, were reviewed and compared with 66 consecutive nonpreoperative consultations, performed by the same unit during the same period. Analysis disclosed that recommendations made during preoperative consultation were often not followed and were less likely to be followed than were those made during nonpreoperative consultation (53.9% v 68.9%). Controlling for the type of consultative advice offered and for the type of surgical service requesting the consultation did not alter this relationship. These results highlight the particular importance of consultant follow-up for recommendations made during preoperative consultations.

Consultants↗
PubMed1983

Altered circadian periodicities in oral temperature and mood in men on an 18-hour work/rest cycle during a nuclear submarine patrol.

A group of nuclear submariners was studied to examine whether an 18-h routine (6-h on, 12-h off watch) during a 10-week submerged patrol affected the 24-h circadian rhythm in oral temperature, Thayer's activation, Mood 'Activity' (MA) and Mood 'Happiness' (MH). They were observed during three phases of the patrol: Phase 1, the beginning 8-day period; Phase 2, the middle of the voyage; and Phase 3, the last 7-8 day period. The group-synchronized 24-h rhythm in oral temperature disappeared during Phase 3. The group-synchronized 24-h rhythms in Thayer's activation and in MA and MH disappeared during Phases 2 and 3. A group-synchronized 18-h rhythm was not produced in any of the variables in any phase, except MH during Phase 2. Periodicity analysis of the individuals' data showed that a loss of 24-h rhythmicity in oral temperature was due not only to reduced circadian amplitude but also to a dispersion of Time of Peak (TOPs). Loss of 24-h rhythm in 'Activation', 'Happiness', and 'Activity' was predominantly due to a wider dispersion of TOPs. The 18-h routine did appear to exert a small modulating effect on rhythmic activity in the variables examined in this study. Since the sleep/wakefulness cycle was well entrained by the 18-h routine, the submariners experienced a spontaneous internal desynchronization between the activity cycle and the cycles or oral temperature and psychological states. The performance and health consequences of this chronic dyschronism have yet to be explored. We suggest further research to determine the usefulness of an index of synchronization among the physiological and psychological variables, and the relationship of the desynchronizing effects to performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Renin and aldosterone during pregnancy (author's transl)].

Systematical determination of renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone concentration (PA) in blood of normal and hypertensive pregnant women was done. At the same time, reactive change of PRA and PA to NaCl loading was studied, and the authors gained the following conclusions: 1) In normal pregnant women a significant increase was observed respectively in PRA and PA in comparison with those observed in non-pregnant status (PRA: P less than 0.05, PA: P less than 0.02). A peak (11.85 ng/ml/hr) was formed in PRA at the 32nd week of pregnancy, while in PA an increase lasted until the start of labour, attaining a level of 563.3 pg/ml (mean value). 2) PRA and PA in toxemia of pregnancy were obviously lower in comparison with normal pregnancy in the corresponding period. Analysis by the two dimensional cordinate system in which PA value was represented by axis of abscissas and PRA value by axis of ordinate disclosed that hypertensive toxemia of pregnancy tended to be distributed among patients with low PRA while non-hypertensive toxemia of pregnancy was distributed among patients with low PA. 3) In non-pregnant women and those in the first trimester, no noticeable change was displayed by NaCl load either in PRA or in PA, but the reactivity became obvious along with advancement of pregnancy and a high reactivity was shown by pregnant women who were positive in the so-called roll-over test. Also when women whose blood pressure rose to 140/90 mmHg or above after NaCl loading were classified as those positive in NaCl loading test, all the normal pregnant women were negative, but among the patients with hypertensive pregnancy, a positive reaction was represented in half of them in spite of the treatment. The above signifies that the PRA and PA were different in their behaviors in the third trimester, and in the value of PA, participation of aldosterone deriving from fetus was suggested. Analysis of PRA and PA by the two dimensional cordinate system and analysis of the behavioral reaction in NaCl loading test were supposed to be clinically useful for classification of the clinico-pathological types of toxemia of pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The response of serum lipids and lipoproteins to high intensity endurance training.

The response of serum lipids and lipoproteins to high intensity endurance training was studied in 12 males. Nine additional subjects were assigned to a control group. The mean age of participants was 25.0 years. Members of the exercise group trained on a bicycle ergometer at a power output equivalent to 80% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), 4 times per week for 30 minutes, for 9 weeks. Nine weeks of detraining followed. Fasting blood samples and maximum bicycle tests were administered prior to the program, and at 3 week intervals, for determination of serum triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, (VLDL + LDL) cholesterol, the ratio of HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol, and VO2max. Per cent body fat, caloric intake, and the composition of the diet were also assessed during the training and detraining periods. Analysis of variance revealed no significant difference between or within groups for the lipid variables, per cent body fat, or diet parameters. A significant group X time interaction occurred in VO2max (p less than 0.05) indicating a cardiovascular training effect. These data suggest that 9 weeks of high intensity endurance training may not alter lipid or lipoprotein metabolism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Structure of the specific oligosaccharides from the glycopeptidolipid antigens of serovars in the Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare-Mycobacterium scrofulaceum complex.

The specific oligosaccharide units of the C-mycosidic glycopeptidolipid antigens from serovarieties in the Myobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare-Mycobacterium scrofulaceum complex were liberated as oligosaccharide alditols by treatment of the glycopeptidolipids with alkaline borohydride. The complete structures of the oligosaccharide alditols have been derived from their 1H-NMR spectra or those of their permethylated (or pertrideuteriomethylated) derivatives, the mass spectra of the methylated derivatives, and from methylation fragmentation analysis. Periodate oxidation was also used to confirm the position of the link between the ultimate and penultimate sugars. The following structures are proposed (with some extrapolation of enantiomeric configurations where evidence for assignment is not yet complete) for the oligosaccharide alditols: Serovar 9 2,3-Me2-alpha-L-Fucp-(1 leads to 4)-2,3-Me2-alpha-L-Fucp-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1 leads to 2)-6-deoxy-L-Talol Serovar 25 2-Me-alpha-L-Fucp-(1 leads to 4)-2-Me-alpha-L-Fucp-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1 leads to 2)-6-deoxy-L-talol Serovar 8 4,6-(1'-carboxyethylidene)-3-Me-beta-D-Glcp-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1 leads to 2)-6-deoxy-L-Talol Thus, 6-deoxytalitol (6-deoxytalose in the original glycopeptidolipid) invariably occupies the reducing terminus. Rhamnose is invariably the penultimate sugar, and the link between rhamnose and 6-deoxytalose is invariably alpha 1 leads to 2. Moreover, the results point to the outer one or two appendages for the provision of individually distinctive features required for antigen specificity. The abbreviations used are: serovar, serologically distinct varieties; Me, methyl; Fucp, fucopyranose; Rhap, rhamnopyranose; Talol, talitol.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1981

Biochemical and clinical effects of selenium on dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in rats.

The biochemical and clinical effects of selenium (Na2SeO3) on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis in male Sprague-Dawley rats are presented. A 4-ppm selenium supplement to the drinking water was provided before, during, and after 20 weekly injections of 20 mg DMH per kg body weight. Immediately after the 20th DMH injection, part of the rats were sacrificed. The incidences of colon tumors in groups provided selenium before DMH, before and during DMH, and only during DMH treatment were reduced to 39, 43, and 36%, respectively. The incidence in the DMH only control was 63%. Other rats in all treated and control groups were maintained up to 5 months post-DMH treatment. At 10-week intervals throughout the study, selected blood and tissue components were analyzed. The following hematological changes correlated with DMH treatment. (a) Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase increased 2-fold (normal, 66 +/- 14 g/dl). (b) Serum alkaline phosphatase increased 24% (normal, 166 +/- 56 units/liter). (c) Serum protein decreased 14% (normal, 6.77 +/- 0.48 g/dl). (d) White blood count increased 2- to 3-fold (normal, 7.7 +/- 2.7 X 10(3)/cu mm). And (e) hemoglobin decreased 67% (normal, 18.1 +/- 1.3 g/dl). The magnitude of these changes varies with each selenium treatment group and with each 10-week analysis period. Provision of 4 ppm selenium doubled both liver and blood selenium levels compared to unsupplemented controls. The effects of selenium and DMH treatments on glutathione peroxidase and beta-glucuronidase activities and on sialic acid are presented. Possible mechanisms by which selenium protects against DMH-induced neoplasia are discussed.

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine↗
PubMed1980

Urinary oligosaccharides of mannosidosis.

Nine oligosaccharide fractions were purified from the urine of mannosidosis patients by Bio-Gel P-4 column chromatography, paper chromatography, and paper electrophoresis. Studies using exoglycosidase digestion, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and acetolysis revealed that most of the fractions were mixtures of two or three isomeric oligosaccharides. The structures of a total of 16 oligosaccharides were elucidated to be as follows: (formula: see text).

Adolescent↗