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PubMed1996

Effect of mood and food cues on body image in women with bulimia and controls.

OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated body image assessment and cue reactivity in women with bulimia and controls in response to neutral, mood, and food cues in isolation, and mood and food cues in combination. METHOD: Subjects were 7 women with bulimia nervosa and 8 control women. Food cues were individualized high-risk/favorite foods. Low mood was elicited using the Musical Mood Induction Procedure. Order of cue presentation was random across subjects. Body image and cue reactivity were assessed using a computer version of the silhouette method and self-report ratings, respectively. RESULTS: Women with bulimia consistently rated their current body as being larger and their body image satisfaction as being lower than control women. In addition, women with bulimia differentially rated their current body and a picture of a healthy weight woman as being larger following exposure to food and/or mood cues. Ratings of ideal body were differentially affected by mood cues for control women. Ratings of body satisfaction were not affected by cue presentation. Mere presentation of high-risk foods in the absence of eating was sufficient to elicit urges to binge in women with bulimia. DISCUSSION: Body size estimation is not only affected by enduring characteristics (i.e., bulimia nervosa), but also more transient factors such as short-term exposure to salient food and mood cues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Physiognomic form perception: a comparison of normal and schizophrenic subjects.

The following reports the findings of a study that tested the hypothesis that schizophrenics--contrary to what has been suggested in the literature--are deficient, rather than superior, in perception of physiognomic properties. The Physiognomic Form Perception Test (RFPT), developed for the purpose and found reliable, was administered to 19 normal and 19 schizophrenic Sc. Results were in support of the hypothesis: normal Ss scored significantly higher than schizophrenics (t = 3.01, p less than .01). In addition, a qualitative analysis of verbalizations showed, as predicted, that schizophrenics gave significantly fewer "physiognomic-expressive" responses and significantly more of those rated "associations-rationalizations," as well as more "personalized and self-referent" responses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Generality in the errors of estimation of body image.

An aspect of the considerable research on the association between eating disorders and discrepancies in body image estimation is the extent, if at all, that such discrepancies could be due to a more general tendency to show a positive or negative bias in estimation of the size of objects. One hundred female subjects, without known eating disorder, estimated the width of their own bodies (head, shoulders, waist, and hips), of another person's body (waist and hips), of four commercial packages, and of a cylinder. Errors in estimation, computed as algebraic differences from the true value, were computed, and all error means were found to be positive. Correlations between the error scores were all positive. Factor analysis of the correlations between the 11 error scores indicated a substantial general factor plus a bipolar factor, or alternatively two positively correlated factors referring to human body or physical measures. Results were interpreted as supporting the notion of a broad general tendency to enhance or diminish estimations of the width of familiar objects including estimations of the width of own body parts. The relevance of this finding to eating disorders was discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Effects of high calorie preloads on selective processing of food and body shape stimuli among dieters and nondieters.

Preloaded and nonpreloaded dieters (restrained eaters) and nondieters (unrestrained eaters) completed a modified version of the Stroop task to measure selective biases in cognitive processing. In two separate studies, a milkshake preload led to increased cognitive interference for body shape words, especially for restrained eaters. There were no differences between restrained and unrestrained eaters in Stroop interference for either common or forbidden food words, whether subjects were preloaded or not. Taken together, these results indicate that chronic dieting is associated with selective processing of body shape words.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Body Shape Questionnaire: derivation of shortened "alternate forms".

The 34-item Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) has demonstrated sound psychometric properties in all samples reported to date (including this study). However, the unidimensional nature of the 34 items suggests that the BSQ may be unnecessarily long for use in studies when body disparagement is not the main focus of investigation. This study of 342 adult women presents two 16-item "alternate forms" of the BSQ which showed equivalent means and excellent internal consistency in both derivation and replication samples. Two 8-item scales were also derived. The 34-, 16-, and 8-item versions showed equivalent convergent and discriminant validation against the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT)-26 and other parameters. We suggest that use of these 16-item versions may be more efficient than the original BSQ where body disparagement is not the sole focus of a study, or where a repeated measures design is employed. Furthermore, the 8-item versions are sufficiently robust to be used as "alternate forms" where speed of completion and economy are of the essence.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Feelings of Fatness Questionnaire: a measure of the cross-situational variability of body experience.

The Feelings of Fatness Questionnaire (FOFQ) was developed to assess the variability of bodily feelings of thinness-fatness across life situations. The FOFQ, three other conventional measures of perceptual and cognitive-affective body experience, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Eating Attitudes Test were administered to 132 undergraduate women. The FOFQ demonstrated acceptable construct validity and revealed considerable variation in "felt" body experience across psychosocial contexts. Problems with summary measures of body experience and possible cognitive processes mediating the relationship between context and subjective body experience are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Body image and food consumption: three laboratory studies of perceived calorie content.

Three studies are reported that measured body image and mood changes consequent to the consumption of a milkshake that differed in perceived number of calories (high vs. low). The pilot investigation on normal-weight college females produced an interaction between perceived calorie content (PCC) and time of testing--subjects who received the high-calorie shake overestimated body size and were more dysphoric at posttest than subjects who received the low calorie shake. Study 2 provided a credibility check that the pilot investigation failed to include and replicated the interaction between PCC and time of testing for size estimation accuracy. The effect was also found for an attitudinal measure of body satisfaction, but only a main effect of time eventuated for the mood measure. Study 3 compared subjects who differed on exercise status (runners vs. sedentary controls). In general, runners were less negatively affected by the high-calorie shake than controls, however, none of the hypothesized three-way interactions among group, PCC, and time of testing were significant. The findings are discussed in terms of the need to further experimentally investigate factors that affect different aspects of body image.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Volume perception in parkinsonian speech.

This study contrasted the volume level of speech production with perceived volume. Fifteen idiopathic patients with Parkinson's disease who have hypophonic dysarthria and 15 healthy age- and sex-matched control subjects participated in this study. Testing took place in a sound-proof room. Ability to regulate volume was tested at three instructional levels of loudness: participants were given no instructions regarding volume (to elicit normal default volume) or were asked to read loudly or quietly. Two types of volume-perception judgments were made. First, an estimate of one's own volume, immediately after speaking (that is, immediate perception), and secondly, an estimation of reading volume after hearing one's own voice played back (that is, playback perception). These perceptual ratings were compared with actual speech volume produced in reading and conversation tasks. It was found that there was less of a difference between patients' production and perception of speech volume compared with that of the control subjects. While patients spoke more quietly than control subjects, they nevertheless perceived (immediate and playback perception) their own speech to be louder than did the control subjects. Patients overestimated the volume of their speech during both reading and conversation. The findings raise the question as to whether impaired speech production is driven by a basic perceptual fault or whether perception is abnormal as a consequence of impaired mechanisms involved in the generation of quiet speech.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

A mismatch between kinesthetic and visual perception in Parkinson's disease.

Kinesthesia may be defective in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and this defect conceivably has a role in parkinsonian hypokinetic symptoms. In the present study, PD patients used kinesthetic perception to estimate the amplitude of passive angular displacements of the index finger about the metacarpophalangeal joint and to scale them as a percentage of a reference stimulus. The reference stimulus was either a standard kinesthetic stimulus preceding each test stimulus (task K) or a visual representation of the standard kinesthetic stimulus (task V). In task V, the PD patients' underestimation of the amplitudes of finger perturbations was significantly greater than that of normal subjects, but not for task K. PD patients' underestimation was also greater in task V than in task K; the difference between the underestimations was significantly greater than for normal subjects. These results suggest that, when kinesthesia is used to match a visual target, distances are perceived to be shorter by the PD patients. Assuming that visual perception is normal, kinesthesia is "reduced" in PD patients. This reduced kinesthesia, when combined with the well-known reduced motor output and probably reduced corollary discharges, implies that the sensorimotor apparatus is "set" smaller in PD patients than in normal subjects.

Aged↗
PubMed2007

Dysfunctional attitudes and personality disorder comorbidity during long-term treatment of MDD.

A key component of how depression may impact personality pathology involves an understanding of how cognition and dysfunctional attitudes may change as a result of experiencing a depressive state, and how these changes may affect reporting of personality disorder symptoms. This study examines whether dysfunctional attitudes are related to the stability of personality disorder diagnoses. The sample comprised 64 outpatients who were treatment responders following an 8-week acute treatment phase for major depressive disorder (MDD), met criteria for remission throughout a 26-week continuation phase, and completed a personality disorder assessment Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Axis II Disorders (SCID-II) at the beginning and end of each treatment phase. The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) was given to patients at the beginning of the continuation phase. We found that following successful treatment of the MDD, individuals with stable personality disorder diagnoses (e.g., meeting criteria for a personality disorder at both the beginning and endpoint of continuation treatment) had greater severity of dysfunctional attitudes (P =.001) at the beginning of the continuation treatment compared to those who never met criteria for a personality disorder during continuation treatment. Though there was no significant relationship between DAS scores and the stability of a Cluster A or Cluster B personality disorder diagnosis, there was a significant relationship between DAS scores and the stability of a Cluster C personality disorder diagnosis (P <.001). Outpatients who had a stable Cluster C personality disorder diagnosis had higher scores on the DAS at the beginning of continuation treatment compared to outpatients who never met criteria for a Cluster C diagnosis. This finding suggests that dysfunctional attitudes that persist beyond remission of MDD may be a marker for certain personality disorders that are stable across long-term treatment.

Adult↗