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PubMed1999

Communications between staff and adults with intellectual disabilities in naturally occurring settings.

Videotapes were made of 43 staff-client dyads in small-scale residential and day service settings. Frequency counts were made of carers' communicative acts, and two experienced speech and language therapists rated these for appropriateness. Recommendations for enhancing communication were also noted. The results showed that clients were presented with few opportunities to engage as equal partners in the conversational interchanges: staff overly relied on verbal acts, even when they were communicating with predominantly non-verbal clients; they tended to favour the use of directives and questions, and the majority of staff failed to adjust their language to the client's level of understanding. The most commonly recommended changes for staff were to use simpler sentences and words, to increase their use of non-verbal signals and open questions, to provide more opportunities for clients to initiate topics, and to increase their responsiveness to client's non-verbal signals. The explanations for staff behaviour are reviewed and the implications for changing practice are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Youngsters with moderate or severe mental retardation and severe spoken language impairments. I: Extant communicative patterns.

This study characterizes the communicative patterns of youngsters with moderate or severe mental retardation and severe spoken language impairments who are not independent speakers with conversational partners at home and at school. Nine subjects were observed during six 1-hr mealtime sampling periods in both settings for a total of 12 hr. Live continuous observations were made, employing a coding scheme designed to record occurrences of the subjects' communicative behaviors. Findings are discussed with respect to the modes and functions of the youngsters' communications with home and school conversational partners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A communication-theory based view on telemedical communication.

Communication theory based analysis sheds new light on the use of health telematics. This analysis of structures in electronic medical communication shows communicative structures with special features. Current and evolving telemedical applications are analyzed. The methodology of communicational theory (focusing on linguistic pragmatics) is used to compare it with its conventional counterpart. The semiotic model, the roles of partners, the respective message and their relation are discussed. Channels, sender, addressee, and other structural roles are analyzed for different types of electronic medical communication. The communicative processes are shown as mutual, rational action towards a common goal. The types of communication/texts are analyzed in general. Furthermore the basic communicative structures of medical education via internet are presented with their special features. The analysis shows that electronic medical communication has special features compared to everyday communication: A third participant role often is involved: the patient. Messages often are addressed to an unspecified partner or to an unspecified partner within a group. Addressing in this case is (at least partially) role-based. Communication and message often directly (rather than indirectly) influence actions of the participants. Communication often is heavily regulated including legal implications like liability, and more. The conclusion from the analysis is that the development of telemedical applications so far did not sufficiently take communicative structures into consideration. Based on these results recommendations for future developments of telemedical applications/services are given.

Communication↗
PubMed2001

Parental alcoholism as a risk factor for DSM-IV-defined alcohol abuse and dependence in American women: the protective benefits of dyadic cohesion in marital communication.

Important trends in research over the past decade indicate that women are as greatly affected by familial alcoholism as are men. Although it is increasingly recognized that the adverse drinking outcomes predicted for adult children of alcoholics (COAs) are not inevitable, and only a small percentage develop alcohol dependence or grow up to be alcoholic, relatively little knowledge exists regarding moderating factors that reduce their vulnerability. This study identifies a multiple mediator latent structural model of the intergenerational transmission of risk for DSM-IV-assessed alcohol abuse and dependence among women COAs in adulthood. The effects of both parental alcoholism and family environment are estimated at three time points spanning 10 years across 5-year intervals (1984, 1989, and 1994) using data from a subsample of 4,449 women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Dyadic cohesion in marital communication (greater marital cohesion, harmony, and less verbal disagreement, discord, and conflict) is a proposed moderating factor that may operate in adulthood to lower the risk of female COAs developing alcohol abuse and dependence. Maximum likelihood standardized estimates of the effects of alcohol mediators measured over time indicate that direct parental effects for adverse outcomes decline when COAs are in their late 20s and early 30s. Indirect parental effects through environmental influences dramatically increase the risk of abuse and dependence among COAs at this time if they have one or more alcoholic siblings, especially an alcoholic sister. Dyadic cohesion and positive interpersonal communication patterns were found to moderate effectively the relationship that existed among parental alcoholism, environmental influences, and adverse alcohol consequences. COAs with satisfactory marital communication also evidenced higher levels of intimacy with their partners, perceived the division of housework to be fairer, shared more responsibilities and burdens of the household, and had less conflict over critical domestic issues than other women COAs. The protective benefits of a good marriage against the risks of alcoholism remained when applied to younger and older subjects, across diverse backgrounds, and after adjusting for other factors such as employment status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Information about a layperson's knowledge supports experts in giving effective and efficient online advice to laypersons.

To give effective and efficient advice to laypersons, experts should adapt their explanations to the layperson's knowledge. However, experts often fail to consider the limited domain knowledge of laypersons. To support adaptation in asynchronous helpdesk communication, researchers provided computer experts with information about a layperson's knowledge. A dialogue experiment (N = 80 dyads of experts and laypersons) was conducted that varied the displayed information. Rather than sensitizing the experts to generally improve the intelligibility of their explanations, the individuating information about the layperson enabled them to make specific partner adjustments that increased the effectiveness and efficiency of the communication. The results are suggestive of ways in which the provision of instructional explanations could be enhanced in Internet-based communication.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The importance of human odour in non-verbal communication.

Approximately one-third of the human subjects could identify their own odour and that of their partner among 10 subjects. Nearly 50% consistently identified their own odour, or that of their partner, incorrectly. One-third of the subjects were capable of distinguishing between male and femal odour. Asked to attach the attributes 'pleasant', 'indifferent' or 'unpleasant' to several odour, the subjects judged femal odours more often pleasant and less often unpleasant than male odours. Women judged their own odours more often pleasant and less than unpleasant, men on the contrary their own odours more often unpleasant and less often pleasant. Both sexes judged the odour of their partner more often pleasant than unpleasant.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A photonic quantum information interface.

Quantum communication requires the transfer of quantum states, or quantum bits of information (qubits), from one place to another. From a fundamental perspective, this allows the distribution of entanglement and the demonstration of quantum non-locality over significant distances. Within the context of applications, quantum cryptography offers a provably secure way to establish a confidential key between distant partners. Photons represent the natural flying qubit carriers for quantum communication, and the presence of telecommunications optical fibres makes the wavelengths of 1,310 nm and 1,550 nm particularly suitable for distribution over long distances. However, qubits encoded into alkaline atoms that absorb and emit at wavelengths around 800 nm have been considered for the storage and processing of quantum information. Hence, future quantum information networks made of telecommunications channels and alkaline memories will require interfaces that enable qubit transfers between these useful wavelengths, while preserving quantum coherence and entanglement. Here we report a demonstration of qubit transfer between photons of wavelength 1,310 nm and 710 nm. The mechanism is a nonlinear up-conversion process, with a success probability of greater than 5 per cent. In the event of a successful qubit transfer, we observe strong two-photon interference between the 710 nm photon and a third photon at 1,550 nm, initially entangled with the 1,310 nm photon, although they never directly interacted. The corresponding fidelity is higher than 98 per cent.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Preschoolers' communication during scripted interactions.

The communicative interactions of 15 dyads of four- to five-year-olds during pretend play involving routine, or scripted, events were investigated as a function of the children's knowledge of the scripts. Measures of the quantity and quality of interaction and the strategies that the children used to establish mutual knowledge (i.e. assess and adapt to their discourse partner's level of expertise), which is essential to good communication, were examined. Each dyad participated in a MATCHED condition (both members had extensive knowledge of the script) and a MISMATCHED condition (one member had extensive script knowledge and the other did not). Shared script knowledge facilitated communicative interactions, as indicated by more topic maintenance and fewer requests for clarification in the matched condition than in the mismatched condition. The children attempted to establish mutual knowledge more frequently in the mismatched condition than in the matched condition and, moreover, mutual knowledge establishment was related to the children's communicative effectiveness.

Child Language↗
PubMed1999

Remote Communities Services Telecentre Project.

The delivery of teleservices to rural communities is challenged by the high cost of infrastructure and maintenance. This is compounded if land-based telecommunication links are absent or if bandwidth is limited, as is the case in many areas of the world. The concept of the Remote Communities Services Telecentre (RCST) is a shared-use facility that can be implemented in rural and remote communities to provide telelearning, telehealth, communications, and information access services. This can be through conventional telephony or cable or, as more likely in remote regions, through the use of a shared wireless facility using satellite. This model is being implemented as a wireless network in the Province of Newfoundland through collaboration between the Telemedicine and Educational Technology Resources Agency (TETRA) of Memorial University and a number of partners. Private sector partners in St John's include Collaborative Network Technologies Inc. (CNTI) and FutureWorks Inc. Partners in Ottawa include Telesat Canada, QTECH Hybrid Systems, and the Communications Research Centre. Funding support has been provided by the Canadian Network for the Advancement of Industry, Research and Education (CANARIE); Operation ONLINE of Newfoundland and Labrador; and the European Space Agency. The Newfoundland partners were part of the Team Canada exhibitors group at the G7 Information Minister's Summits in 1995 (Brussels) and 1996 (Johannesburg). The TETRA Centre at Memorial University has previously been involved with international telehealth and telelearning projects in Africa and the Caribbean. This presentation will discuss the RCST project as a model for widespread implementation in the belief that many rural communities world-wide which currently lack adequate wired telecommunications, will opt strategically for a wireless solution given technologic and economic realities. The concept of the Remote Communities Services Telecentre (RCST) is to provide a telecommunications resource facility in small remote communities that have limited communications infrastructure. Such communities are found throughout the world, in lesser-developed and developed countries. In Canada, these communities tend to be in the north. The Telemedicine and Educational Technology Resources Agency (TETRA) of Memorial University has considerable experience in the delivery of services in education and health to such northern Canadian communities.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1960

Early infectious syphilis. Male homosexual relations as a mode of spread.

Homosexual relations play an important part in the transmission of infectious syphilis. A preponderance of the males with infectious syphilis treated in Los Angeles City Health Department clinics in 1959 admitted to exclusively homosexual relations during the period in which they became infected. In the interviewing of males with infectious syphilis, inquiry should routinely be made relative to possible homosexual relations, for investigation of the sexual partners of homosexual males is particularly productive in terms of new case finding. The practicing physician's awareness of the epidemiological significance of homosexual activity will influence his degree of clinical suspicion, his attitude in the physician-patient relationship and his concept of the opportunity and responsibility of bringing to examination the infected patient's sexual partners.

Attitude↗
PubMed1978

[Training in mutual communication of married couples addicted to alcohol (author's transl)].

The article reports on the planning and realization of a two-weeks' therapeutic recreation programme involving addicts and their partners. Twelve couples participated, of whom 10 men and 4 women were addicts (alcohol and drugs) who had just completed a successful four-months' withdrawal treatment course on an inpatient basis. The aim was to change partnership interaction patterns via systematic training of communication rules according to a sort of "model" design. Tape playback and group feedback techniques were used. The result of this communication training was greater mutual frankness of the partners. The positive results of this type of married-couple therapy encouraged the authors to institutionalize concomitant communication therapy in collaboration with the couples themselves during inpatient withdrawal treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Living in the shadow of fibromyalgic pain: the meaning of female partners' experiences.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the meaning of being a female partner living with a man with fibromyalgic pain. Fourteen partners were interviewed about the meaning of their experiences, using a narrative approach. A phenomenological hermeneutic method, inspired by the French philosopher Ricoeur, was used to interpret the interview text. The structural analysis is presented in three major themes: struggling to give support and comfort, struggling to keep going on, and experiencing lack of understanding and support. The findings elucidate that the meaning of living with a man with fibromyalgic pain meant living a life strongly influenced by the man's illness and in the shadow of the man's pain. Taking daily life for granted was interrupted and restricted family and social life. Prominent in this study was the frustration partners felt as a result of men's reluctance to communicate. This led to feelings of being excluded from men's emotions. The responsibility day in and day out meant that women's own caring and tenderness were replaced, which brought about an almost constant sense of fatigue. Women became drained by the long duration of men's illness. This gave them a feeling of being alone, although they were a couple. Gaining comfort outside the family helped partners to reach a new insight and appreciation for life, which was viewed from a renewed perspective. This involved feelings of both togetherness and separateness in the relationship. The findings also consider the lack of support from the health care system for female partners living with men with fibromyalgic pain.

Adaptation, Psychological↗