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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

6-Hydroxydopamine treatment blocks the effects of chronic monocular paralysis in the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus.

The abnormal patterns of binocular stimulation produced by unilateral eye immobilization (monocular paralysis) alter the physiology of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), shifting the LGN X/Y ratio in such a way that X cells are encountered far less frequently than Y cells. These changes are not observed in cats treated with intraventricular injections of the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) during the period of chronic monocular paralysis. Additional experiments indicated that the blockade was not due to any non-specific effects associated with the injection procedures, nor to any direct effects the drug itself may have had on LGN cell recording. These results suggest that the neuronal mechanism mediating the shift in the X/Y ratio produced by monocular paralysis contains elements that are sensitive to 6-OHDA.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Delayed facial paralysis after a condylar fracture.

Facial paralysis following facial injuries during childhood is rare. The literature is reviewed and the mechanisms of facial nerve injuries are discussed. The case of a five-year-old boy with facial paralysis 48 hours after a condylar fracture is presented. The surgical and conservative treatment of traumatic facial paralysis is discussed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1996

Regulation of myosin heavy chain expression in adult rat hindlimb muscles during short-term paralysis: comparison of denervation and tetrodotoxin-induced neural inactivation.

The extent to which myosin profiles within adult fast and slow muscles are altered by short-term paralysis remains equivocal. We used an array of specific antibodies to identify adult and developmental MHC isoforms within EDL and soleus muscle fibers, and show a marked multiple expression of MHCs with a general shift towards slower and more energy efficient MHC profiles after 2 weeks of denervation or TTX nerve conduction block. Paralysis also induced marked expression of an embryonic MHC within most EDL cell types, and a subtle, paralysis-sensitive, expression of alpha-cardiac MHC within specific EDL and soleus extrafusal fibers. Comparison of treatment groups also permitted assessment of the relative influence of neural activity versus trophic factors on these isoforms, and confirmed activity as a major, but not sole, regulator of MHC expression.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effect of phenytoin on skeletal muscle from quarter horses with hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis.

The contractile activity, the threshold for calcium-induced calcium release in fractions of sarcoplasmic reticulum and the potassium concentration were determined in preparations of semimembranosus muscle from normal quarter horses and quarter horses with hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis before and after they were treated with phenytoin. Before the treatment there was no difference in caffeine contracture or electrically elicited twitch response between the two groups. For one week after the treatment, the time to peak tension of caffeine contractures was significantly (P < 0.005) reduced in the horses with hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis but unchanged in the normal horses. The variance but not the mean values for the threshold for Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum was greater for the horses with hyperkalaemic period paralysis before but not after the treatment with phenytoin.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Laryngeal paralysis on receptor and reflex responses to negative pressure in the upper airway.

Mechanoreceptors affected by changes in transmural pressure and/or contraction of intrinsic muscles are present in the larynx. This study is designed to test the hypothesis that laryngeal paralysis alters laryngeal mechanoreceptor and reflex responses to collapsing pressure. Experiments were carried out on anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs. The activity of 65 mechanoreceptors was recorded from the superior laryngeal nerve during upper airway occlusion before and during laryngeal paralysis induced by cold block of both recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLN). Esophageal and upper airway pressures were also recorded. Thirty-three laryngeal mechanoreceptors stimulated by negative pressure decreased their inspiratory activity during upper airway occlusion from 48.1 to 30.4 imp/sec when the RLNs were blocked. In contrast, 21 inspiratory modulated mechanoreceptors inhibited by negative pressure and 11 responding only to negative pressure did not change their activity during RLN block. The effect of laryngeal paralysis on the cricothyroid muscle response to negative pressure was assessed in 7 dogs and found to be minimal. These results suggest that 'drive' receptors stimulated by negative pressure do not play a significant role in the reflex activation of upper airway dilating muscles.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

3,4-Diaminopyridine reverses respiratory paralysis induced by a presynaptically active snake venom and its major neurotoxin.

Presynaptically active snake venom neurotoxins induce a potentially fatal neuromuscular blockade which cannot be reliably overcome by current therapy. The drug 3,4-diaminopyridine (DAP) is effective in other presynaptic paralytic conditions and was therefore tried in anaesthetized rabbits with respiratory paralysis induced by krait (Bungarus fasciatus) venom. A strain gauge pneumograph measured rabbit chest circumference during the respiratory cycle to document objectively effects of toxins and treatments. DAP counteracted the effects of both whole krait venom and its purified presynaptically active component, beta-bungarotoxin. Respiratory excursions increased within 4-8 min after DAP injection in animals paralysed with beta-bungarotoxin and 4-10 min after the injection of DAP in animals paralysed with 1 mg/kg whole krait venom. The onset of complete respiratory paralysis after a lethal dose of whole krait venom (2 mg/kg) was delayed significantly by DAP. This is the first indication that presynaptic venom paralysis can be reversed and suggests that DAP merits further evaluation as treatment for this condition.

4-Aminopyridine↗
PubMed1989

The role of the thymus in the pathogenesis of hind-limb paralysis induced by ts1, a mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus-TB.

Newborn homozygous BALB/c nude (nu/nu) mice, their heterozygous (+/nu) littermates, and normal BALB/c (+/+) mice were infected with ts1, a paralytogenic mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus-TB (MoMuLV-TB). Our results indicate that while infection of +/nu and +/+ mice with ts1 results in severe pathological changes in the central nervous system (CNS) and paralysis, infection of nu/nu mice results in only mild to moderate pathology within the CNS and no paralysis. On the other hand, 50% of nude mice reconstituted with T cells when infected with ts1 developed paralysis and showed more pronounced degeneration of nervous tissue than nude mice infected with ts1 alone. These observations strongly suggest that the thymus, the functional T lymphocytes, or both play an important role in the ts1-induced neurologic disorders in infected mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effect of transient neonatal muscle paralysis on the growth of soleus motoneurones in the rat.

The postnatal growth of soleus motoneurones was studied during normal development and following transient paralysis of the soleus muscle in neonatal rats. Paralysis was achieved by implanting a silicon strip containing alpha-bungarotoxin alongside the soleus muscle in rat pups within 3-6 h of birth. The soleus muscle was completely paralysed for at least 24 h, and by 9 days neuromuscular transmission was fully restored. The soma size of normal and target-deprived soleus motoneurones was compared at intervals during the first 3 postnatal weeks and in adults, using the retrograde horseradish peroxidase technique. There was a four-fold increase in the soma area of normal motoneurons during the first 3 postnatal weeks, with the greater part of the increase occurring between 7 and 14 days. At 3 days, the distribution of soma areas was unimodal and became bimodal by 21 days. Paralysis during the first postnatal week did not significantly affect the developmental changes in motoneurone soma area or their distribution up to 3 weeks of age. Thus, motoneurones deprived of functional neuromuscular contact appear to grow normally during the early postnatal period, although previous results show that at later stages (2-3 months of age), many of these motoneurones die and the remaining cells are smaller than normal.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Correlation between presence of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus RNA and antigens in motor neurons and paralysis in infected C58 mice.

Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) induces poliomyelitis in immunosuppressed C58 mice resulting in fatal paralysis. We have synthesized and cloned cDNA complementary to the LDV genome, and used the cDNA clones as in situ hybridization probes for the detection of LDV RNA in tissue sections. Direct fluorescent antibody staining using IgG from chronically infected mice was used for the detection of LDV antigens. Using these methods, we have detected LDV RNA and antigens in anterior horn neurons of paralyzed mice. The appearance of LDV RNA and antigen positive motor neurons and their location in the spinal cord correlated with the development of paralytic symptoms. No positive neurons were detected in LDV-infected, susceptible mice without signs of paralysis, but some glial cells of the white and gray matter in the spinal cords of these mice were found to contain LDV RNA. These analyses broaden the host cell range of LDV to include neuronal and other cells in the CNS and support the hypothesis of LDV replication in neurons as the cause of poliomyelitis and paralysis.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Pharmacological properties of melochinine, an alkaloid producing Central American cattle paralysis.

A Central American cattle paralysis is produced by ingestion of the plant Melochia pyramidata L. (Sterculiaceae). Its main alkaloid "melochinine" has been shown to produce paralysis, bradypnea, bradycardia and hypotension in laboratory animals after p.o., i.p. and i.v. applications. Bradycardia and negative inotropia have been demonstrated in isolated guinea pig atria and paralysis in the isolated phrenic nerve diaphragma preparation as well as in the phrenic nerve in situ preparation with local application. Gas chromatographic measurements suggest a rapid disappearance of melochinine after intravenous application and showed the similarity of the biologically active melochinine concentrations in vivo and in vitro. No unchanged melochinine was found in the urines of mice by thin-layer chromatography. A slight inhibition of the mitochondrial respiration and of some cholinesterases and none of the ATPase was found. Melochinine does not reveal insecticidal activity as does its structural analogue piericidin A, a well known inhibitor of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The action of the alkaloid may be explained by an unspecific interaction with membranes, partially responsible for a Ca2+-antagonistic effect found in the isolated guinea pig papillary muscle. The proposed non-specific action could be a possible reason for the fact that trials of a specific therapy failed in our experiments.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1994

Effects of pulsed ultrasound on the mouse neonate: hind limb paralysis and lung hemorrhage.

Exposure conditions were determined for hind limb paralysis and lung hemorrhage of neonatal mice due to pulsed exposure (10 microsecond pulse duration) to 1 MHz focused ultrasound. Spatial peak pulse average intensity and peak rarefactional pressure levels for paralysis in 50% of specimens sonicated were determined for pulse repetition frequencies of 1, 5 and 50 kHz at 10 degrees C and 2.4 s exposure duration. The results suggest that cavitation was involved in the paralysis at a pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 50 kHz, but that cavitation took place in the coupling medium and probably not within the specimen during exposures at a PRF of 5 kHz. The results show an inverse relation between spatial peak pulse average intensity, or peak rarefactional pressure and sound on-time. Exposure conditions for lung hemorrhage were determined for a pulse duration of 10 microseconds at 10 degrees C and exposure durations of 2.4 and 180 s. The results show that the threshold exposure conditions for lung hemorrhage are much less than the conditions for cavitational or other effects reported for tissues that do not contain well defined gas bodies. In addition, the results show an inverse relation between exposure level and either exposure duration or sound on-time, suggesting that time is an important parameter associated with bubble effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Seasonal occurrence of Karoo paralysis in Angora goats in relation to the infestation density of female Ixodes rubicundus.

The seasonal occurrence of Karoo paralysis in relation to the infestation density of female Ixodes rubicundus was investigated in an enzootic area of the southwestern Orange Free State, South Africa. Young and adult Angora goats were exposed to infestation during two paralysis tick seasons. Only the young goats became paralysed and their infestation densities (female ticks kg-1 host body weight) were significantly higher than those of healthy animals. The infestation densities on paralysed goats varied between 0.64 and 3.56 ticks kg-1. During the 1988 season, 30% of the naive young goats became paralysed compared with 67% the following season. Twenty-nine percent of previously paralysed goats were paralysed again during the same season. Paralysis occurred during periods of peak tick activity (April-June).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Nonoperative treatment of anterior interosseous nerve paralysis.

Although the current recommendation for the treatment of spontaneous anterior interosseous nerve paralysis is surgical decompression, there has been recent evidence in the neurologic literature that these lesions are examples of a neuritis. We followed 10 cases of spontaneous partial anterior interosseous nerve paralysis. All patients were seen initially with a typical history of pain. Seven had signs of other nerve involvement either on physical examination or electromyogram analysis. Eight patients treated by observation had signs of recovery in 6 months and full recovery within 1 year. Surgical decompression did not affect recovery time in the other patients. Our findings suggest that anterior interosseous nerve paralysis is a form of neuritis and can safely be treated without operation. These patients will achieve complete recovery.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aneurysmal bone cyst of the temporal bone associated with reversible hemifacial paralysis.

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is an uncommon lesion of the temporal bone (TB), with only 20 cases reported. Facial paralysis is a rare complication (2 cases); however, no cases have been reported with preoperative reversal of paralysis. We report a 60-year-old man with a history of remote head trauma, who presented with serious otitis media and right hemifacial paralysis, which resolved with nonsurgical therapeutic measures. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography showed a destructive and expansile lesion of the TB. The lesion was surgically removed, and ABC was diagnosed histologically. The patient had an uneventful recovery and demonstrated no recurrence at 1 year of follow-up. This report presents an unusual presentation of ABC in the TB, with a review of the clinical, radiological, pathological, and therapeutic features of this entity.

Bone Cysts, Aneurysmal↗
PubMed2004

[Hypokalaemic paralysis disclosing hyperthyroidism].

Thyrotoxic hypokaliaemic paralysis is a rare cause of severe hypokalaemia. We report the case of a 34-year-old Asiatic man who presented in our emergency department an episode of quadriplegia due to low plasma potassium levels. Biological test discovered a Basedow disease, confirmed thyrotoxic paralysis. Intravenously potassium treatment allowed complete recovery from paralysis. Also, the patient received specific medical treatment with antithyroid drugs and propranolol.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2005

Paralysis of the phrenic nerve as a risk factor for suboptimal Fontan hemodynamics.

OBJECTIVE: The introduction of the Fontan operation for single ventricle physiology was based on the dual principle of the pulmonary blood flow. It is postulated that normal breathing movements are necessary for passive blood flow into the lungs. We compared patients with and without palsy of the phrenic nerve regarding the sufficiency of Fontan hemodynamics. METHODS: We analyzed 85 consecutive patients, who were available for follow-up after completion of their total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) between February 1992 and February 2003. The median age at TCPC completion was 4.3 (range 1.3-37) years. Sixty were operated on with an extracardiac conduit and 25 with a lateral tunnel. Fifty patients underwent postoperative heart catheterization with contrast angiography. The diagnosis of diaphragm paralysis was made using echocardiography, fluoroscopy and X-ray examination. Surgical diaphragm plication was performed in 13 patients (Four before and nine after Fontan operation) at a median of 2.2 years after the diagnosis. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients developed fixed palsy of the phrenic nerve during a total of 225 operations before and including completion of TCPC. There were no differences in the incidence of phrenic nerve paralysis between small children (aged <3 years) and older patients or between patients with the extracardiac and intracardiac Fontan procedures. There were no differences in the duration of mechanical ventilation. However, prolonged pleural effusions and a hospital stay of longer than 2 weeks were noted more frequently in patients with palsy (P<0.05). During the median follow-up of 4.6 (range: 0.7-11.4) years significantly more patients with phrenic nerve palsy developed chronic ascites compared to those without palsy (8 of 20 vs. 2 of 65; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Phrenic nerve palsy was recognized as a risk factor for suboptimal Fontan hemodynamics due to the hindrance of passive venous blood flow. Patients with phrenic nerve palsy have a longer hospital stay and a higher incidence of prolonged pleural effusions and of chronic ascites, than those without. Early diaphragm plication may be favorable to optimize the Fontan circuit in these patients. Completion of the TCPC in patients with diaphragm paralysis should be viewed critically.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Hemidiaphragmatic paralysis: an underestimated etiology of right-to-left shunt through patent foramen ovale?

OBJECTIVE: To report a specific pathophysiology of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis that may result in severe hypoxemia. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Intensive care unit in a cardiology hospital. PATIENTS: The series included three patients with refractory hypoxemia in whom a diagnosis of right-to-left-shunt through a patent foramen ovale was made by contrast echocardiography. The three patients had a complete right hemidiaphragmatic paralysis. INTERVENTION: Permanent percutaneous closure of the patent foramen ovale was successfully proceeded in all cases. MAIN RESULT: These procedures resulted in complete normalization of arterial oxygen saturation. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, only three previous reports have described the association of right-to-left shunt through a patent foramen ovale and hemidiaphragmatic paralysis. Such association may be underestimated.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Reversible skeletal neuromuscular paralysis induced by different lysophospholipids.

Lysophosphatidylcholine rapidly paralyses the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), similarly to snake phospholipase A2 neurotoxins, implicating a lipid hemifusion-pore transition in neuroexocytosis. The mode and kinetics of NMJ paralysis of different lysophospholipids (lysoPLs) in high or low [Mg2+] was investigated. The following order of potency was found: lysophosphatidylcholine>lysophosphatidylethanolamine>lysophosphatidic acid>lysophosphatidylserine>lysophosphatidylglycerol. The latter two lysoPLs closely mimic the profile of paralysis caused by the toxins in high [Mg2+]. This paralysis is fully reversed by albumin washing. These findings provide novel insights on the mode of action of snake neurotoxins and qualify lysoPLs as novel agents to study neuroexocytosis.

Albumins↗