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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Monocular elevator paresis, Argyll Robertson pupils and sarcoidosis.

A patient with sarcoidosis involving the central nervous system is described who developed monocular paralysis of elevation and Argyll Robertson pupils. A schema for the control system for vertical eye movements is presented as well as an explanation for monocular elevator palsy. The postulated lesion for monocular elevator palsy could well produce at the same time Argyll Robertson pupils and the cause of this papillary abnormality is discussed.

Eye Movements↗
PubMed1976

Potentiation of the effects of topical epinephrine on the pupil and intraocular pressure in the sympathetically denervated rabbit eye by a catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitor.

Dose-response curves of increase in pupil size and decrease in intraocular pressure with topical epinephrine have been determined in the sympathetically denervated rabbit eye. Topical pretreatment with the catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitor U-0521 potentiated the effects of epinephrine on both the pupil and pressure. These observations suggest a possible role for catechol-O-methyl transferase in the aqueous humor dynamics of the supersensitive eye. The possible use of the denervated rabbit eye as an experimental model for the glaucomatous eye in evaluating the ocular effects of adrenergic agents is discussed.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1977

Tonic pupils with acute ophthalmoplegic polyneuritis.

Two patients with the symmetrical ophthalmoplegic variant of acute idiopathic polyneuritis (Fisher's syndrome) developed bilateral dilated pupils with cholinergic supersensitivity and light-near dissociation (tonic pupils), indicating involvement of the postganglionic parasympathetic neuron within the orbit. Supranuclear eye movement dysfunction also was present, indicated by relative levator sparing in both patients and by preservation of Bell's phenomenon in 1 patient despite paralysis of voluntary upward gaze. The lesions that produce the eye signs of ophthalmoplegic polyneuritis are not necessarily restricted to the cranial nerve trunks. The present cases support a relationship between the ophthalmoplegic variant of the Guillain-Barré syndrome and acute postinfectious encephalomyelitis (brainstem encephalitis) on the one hand, and idiopathic autonomic neuropathies such as the Holmes-Adie syndrome and pandysautonomia on the other.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Pupil-involving third-nerve palsy and carotid stenosis: rapid recovery following endarterectomy.

We report a patient who presented with a painful pupil-involving third-nerve palsy. Cerebral angiography revealed a high-grade stenosis of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with a 4-cm intraluminal thrombus. Following emergent carotid endarterectomy, the patient's partial third-nerve palsy resolved in 1 hour. A pupil-involving third-nerve palsy may be an unusual presentation of impending carotid occlusion.

Carotid Stenosis↗
PubMed1989

Insight into the transfer function, gain, and oscillation onset for the pupil light reflex using nonlinear delay-differential equations.

Analogies are drawn between a physiologically relevant nonlinear delay-differential equation (DDE) model for the pupil light reflex and servo control analytic approaches. This DDE is shown to be consistent with the measured open loop transfer function and hence physiological insight can be obtained into the gain of the reflex and its properties. A Hopf bifurcation analysis of the DDE shows that a limit cycle oscillation in pupil area occurs when the first mode of the characteristic equation becomes unstable. Its period agrees well with experimental measurements. Beyond the point of instability onset, more modes become unstable corresponding to multiple encirclings of (-1, 0) on the Nyquist plot. These modes primarily influence the shape of the oscillation. Techniques from dynamical systems theory, e.g. bifurcation analysis, can augment servo control analytic methods for the study of oscillations produced by nonlinear neural feedback mechanisms.

Blinking↗
PubMed1997

Adie's tonic pupil as a manifestation of Sjögren's syndrome.

We here report two cases of Adie's tonic pupil, associated with clinical sensory polyneuropathy and Sjögren's syndrome, in one of whom it actually heralded the onset of the syndrome. Electrophysiology studies indicated absent H reflexes but normal peripheral nerve conductions, thus suggesting an involvement of the dorsal roots or spinal ganglion that would be in line with previously published reports of dorsal ganglionitis as the primary neuropathological lesion in Sjögren's syndrome. We suggest that all cases of tonic pupils should be screened for polyneuropathy and Sjögren's syndrome.

Adie Syndrome↗
PubMed1994

The effects of ergonomically designed school furniture on pupils' attitudes, symptoms and behaviour.

We tested the effects of implementing ergonomically designed school furniture on measures of comfort, sitting posture and symptoms. Three classes of fourth graders (10 years old) were randomly assigned either to a control group using traditional furniture or to an experimental group which received the ergonomically designed furniture. In both groups questionnaires were completed and sitting behaviour was observed twice before and after the intervention as well as at a five-month follow-up period. Although the experimental groups rated their furniture as being significantly more comfortable, differences in actual sitting behaviour were small. The experimental class experienced a reduction in musculoskeletal symptoms relative to the control group after implementing the ergonomically designed furniture. Since pupils did not automatically sit 'properly' in the ergonomic furniture, these results demonstrate the need for proper instructions and adjustment. Increased comfort and decreased symptoms may be used to motivate pupils to sit correctly. Our results suggest that furniture design is one aspect of a multidimensional problem.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Does pupillary sparing oculomotor nerve palsy really spare the pupil?

We examined the pupillary cycle time (PCT) in eight elderly patients with isolated oculomotor nerve palsy (ONP) that was characterized by complete involvement of the extraocular muscles. In addition to advanced age, all patients had at least one other vasculopathic risk factor. Although in all cases the pupil was completely spared by clinical impression, the PCT was significantly prolonged compared with the other eye and well outside the normal range (mean 1590 +/- 212 msec on the involved side and 1076 +/- 110 on the uninvolved side). On re-examination, after an interval of 2-3 months, the PCT was either normal or markedly improved in all patients, paralleling the recovery of extraocular muscle function. These findings suggest that even in pure, noncompressive ONPs there is subclinical pupillary involvement. Repeated PCT examinations may provide an objective means to estimate recovery. Moreover, in the problematic subgroup of "pupil sparing" incomplete ONP, PCT monitoring during the first days may indicate possible progression of a compressive lesion.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Knowledge about AIDS and self-reported behaviour among Zimbabwean secondary school pupils.

Knowledge about AIDS and self-reported sexual behaviour was studied among 1532 (893 male, 633 female) Zimbabwean secondary school pupils drawn from 12 schools. Most subjects knew that AIDS is fatal and incurable. However, over 40% of subjects believed that most people with AIDS in Africa are homosexual. Over 40% of respondents did not know that many HIV seropositive individuals look healthy. Nearly 40% of participants believed that HIV can be contracted from toilet seats and 54% of subjects believed that mosquitos can transmit HIV. Pupils from homes in urban areas were better informed about AIDS than were those from homes in rural areas. Forty-six percent of males and nearly 3% of females were reportedly sexually experienced. It is suggested that female under-reporting of sexual activity occurred. Nearly 16% of males reported coital experience with a prostitute. The implications of these findings for future AIDS awareness campaigns in Zimbabwe are considered.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Diamond iris retractor configuration for small-pupil extracapsular or intracapsular cataract surgery.

We describe a technique that uses flexible iris retractors in a diamond configuration for small-pupil extracapsular or intracapsular cataract surgery in eyes with unusually dense nuclear sclerosis. Advantages of this technique include ease of conversion from phacoemulsification, optimal orientation of the maximum pupil diameter for nucleus expression or intracapsular lens removal, and conservation of iris tissue.

Cataract↗
PubMed2005

Pupil block glaucoma after neodymium:YAG capsulotomy in a patient with a partially subluxated posterior chamber intraocular lens.

A 73-year-old-woman presented following neodymium:YAG capsulotomy for posterior capsular opacification with acute glaucoma. Previous cataract surgery had left her with a subluxated lens. Cornea edema obscured detail of the anterior chamber, but the edge of the lens could be seen clearly within the pupillary space. This produced a diagnostic dilemma because no obvious cause for pupil block could be seen. She failed to respond to medical therapy and had a laser iridotomy, following which her symptoms resolved. We believe this case demonstrates the importance of a laser iridotomy to exclude pupil block glaucoma when adequate visualization of the pupillary space is obscured.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Lack of sustainable prevention effect of the "Smoke-Free Class Competition" on German pupils.

BACKGROUND: This study examines the effectiveness of the school-based campaign "Smoke-Free Class Competition" as a means of preventing young non-smokers from taking up smoking. METHODS: Based on two measurements of the Heidelberg Children's Panel Study (1998 and 2000), a longitudinal sample of 1704 pupils was examined: 948 in the intervention group and 756 in the control group. In order to evaluate the effects of the intervention, we compared the smoking behavior in the intervention and the control group at two points in time, shortly before, and 18 months after the intervention, on an individual case basis. RESULTS: (1) Stabilization of never-smoking rates: the proportion of pupils remaining a never-smoker at the follow-up is 62.1% in the intervention group and 61.5% in the control group (OR 1.02, 95% CI: 0.83-1.24); (2) Lowering of relapse rates among ex-smokers: the proportion of former smokers who had not started smoking again in the follow-up is 45.1% in the intervention group and 41.4% in the control group (OR 1.07, 95% CI: 0.77-1.49). CONCLUSION: The "Smoke-Free Class Competition" did not prevent smoking among adolescents and does not appear to be an effective substitute to the complete ban of tobacco advertising, the abolition of vending machines and the creation of smoke-free environments in German schools.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Pupil block glaucoma in phakic and pseudophakic patients after vitrectomy with silicone oil injection.

PURPOSE: To describe pupil block glaucoma in phakic and pseudophakic patients after vitrectomy with silicone oil injection. DESIGN: Interventional case series. METHODS: Cases were collected from January 1997 to July 2000 from three tertiary referral centers. RESULTS: Seven phakic patients (seven eyes) and one pseudophakic patient (one eye) presented 1 to 90 days after vitrectomy and silicone oil injection with intraocular pressures of 36 to 70 mm Hg. Five patients had an observed or potential weakness of the iris-lens diaphragm. Treatment with Nd:YAG-laser peripheral iridotomy or inferior iridectomy provided a temporary reduction in intraocular pressure for some patients, but all eventually required removal of silicone oil. CONCLUSION: Pupil block glaucoma after silicone oil injection is well recognized in aphakic patients, but ophthalmologists should be aware that it can occur in phakic and pseudophakic patients, particularly in complicated cases and patients with a weakness of the iris-lens diaphragm.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Fixed dilated pupil (Urrets-Zavalia syndrome) after air/gas injection after deep lamellar keratoplasty for keratoconus.

PURPOSE: To describe three cases of fixed dilated pupil and presumed iris ischemia (Urrets-Zavalia syndrome) after anterior chamber air/gas injection after deep lamellar keratoplasty for keratoconus. METHODS: Interventional case series. Three eyes of three patients with keratoconus underwent deep lamellar keratoplasty and intraoperative or postoperative injection of air/gas in the anterior chamber to appose the host-donor lamellar graft interface. RESULTS: Urrets-Zavalia syndrome was diagnosed on clinical grounds in three cases and was associated with the Descemet membrane microperforation intraoperatively and introduction of air/gas into the anterior chamber intraoperatively or postoperatively. CONCLUSION: A fixed dilated pupil is an uncommon complication of penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus that can also develop after deep lamellar keratoplasty. Leaving an air or gas bubble in the anterior chamber of a phakic eye after deep lamellar keratoplasty is a risk factor and should therefore be avoided.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Plasma fatty acid levels in South African interethnic male high school pupils at different ultimate risks of coronary heart disease.

While coronary heart disease (CHD) is responsible for about a quarter of deaths in South African white, coloured and Indian populations, the rate is very low in the black population. Dietary risk factors for CHD include high intakes of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, with low intakes of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In a characterization study, plasma fatty acid profiles have been determined in seven groups of high school pupils aged 16-18 years, namely, white, rural black, urban black and middle-class and lower socio-economic class coloureds and Indians. Plasma fatty acids were measured by gas liquid chromatography in 20 subjects from each group. Contrary to expectation, urban and rural black pupils had the highest mean molar composition of saturated fatty acids, largely myristic (14:0) and palmitic (16:0) acids. Rural blacks and middle-class coloureds had the highest molar percentage composition of monounsaturated fatty acids, primarily oleic acid (18:1). Again unexpectedly, white, coloured and Indian groups had the highest level of polyunsaturated fatty acids, due entirely to linoleic acid (18:2). As the findings are unrelated to proneness to CHD mortality in the particular communities studied, plasma fatty acid levels are not predictive of the disease. Epidemiologically, there are many examples of lack of correlation in serum lipid levels and proneness to CHD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The role of the school nurse in special schools for pupils with severe learning difficulties.

The work of two paediatric nurses working full-time in special schools was monitored over a full school year. Most of their time was spent on routine tasks with small numbers of pupils who required enteral feeding and suctioning. They were also responsible for administering medications to around 1 in 6 of the pupils. Both nurses had an involvement in staff training and health promotion classes; more so in one school than the other. In two similar schools which did not have a nurse, the routine tasks were done mainly by teachers or assistants with support from visiting community nurses. Health promotion formed part of the school curriculum. The presence of the nurses in schools was valued by school staff, parents and other health and social care professionals. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of the British Government's aspirations for school nurses to play a key role in reducing health inequalities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Investigation of smoking habits among 14-17-year-old boarding school pupils: factors which influence smoking status.

A questionnaire-based investigation was performed to elucidate factors with possible influence on smoking status in 557 14-17-year-old boarding school pupils. A representative sample of boarding school pupils in Denmark participated. Before entering boarding school an increased risk of being a smoker was present if a majority of one's schoolmates were smokers (odds ratio 5.9; P < 0.0001); if parents were not living together (odds ratio 2.1; P < 0.005); if older brother or sister was a smoker (odds ratio 3.1; P < 0.0001); and if both parents smoked (odds ratio 1.9; P < 0.01). After changing to boarding school there was an increased risk of starting to smoke if a majority of the schoolmates were smokers (odds ratio 4.6; P < 0.0001). Believing that smoking causes damage to the smokers' own health decreased the risk (odds ratio 2.9; P < 0.01). More efficient smoking prevention programmes should be created by aiming particularly at the special problems encountered in certain age groups, and possibly through a better understanding of the influence that psycho-social factors may have on youngsters' risk of becoming smokers.

Adolescent↗